Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

B. 1853 C.E.

The first railway line was started from Mumbai to Thane in the year 1853 C.E.

खजूराहो में चंदेल राजाओं के समय ई.स. 905 से 1050 तक 80 मंदिर बने थे ।

(i) Stapes 

(ii) Clavicle 

(iii) Patella 

(iv) Femur 

(v) Humerus 

(vi) Atlas

The Indian Constitution has divided the subjects into three: 

Central List, State List, and Concurrent List. 

The Central Government has full authority to make laws on the subjects in the Central list. The State government can legislate on their subjects. In the Concurrent List, both States and the Centre can legislate. In the Upper House of the Parliament, members are chosen from the State Assemblies. Moreover, when occasion demands, Committees and Commissions are appointed to determine center-state relations.

bases of community’s being are birth and inclusion.

Individuals develop their sense of being (identity) through Socialization

Even before independence, the idea that States should be organized on a linguistic basis was discussed. In the 1920s, this idea was approved by the Indian National Congress. Provincial Units of the Congress were made on linguistic basis. Thus there were the unit of Marathi speakers, Oriya speakers and so oh. Gandhiji and other Congress leaders promised that after independence States would be formed on language basis.

But when independence was got, in Congress itself there were different opinions. Some leaders felt that if States are formed on linguistic basis, it would promote regionalism, causing the nation to disintegrate. Nehru, Patel and Rajaji opposed the formation of States on language basis. But a good number of leaders stood firm in their former decision. In this situation of uncertainty, people began to agitate demanding States based on language. Bengalis, Tamils and Telugus joined the agitation.

It was in the Telugu speaking areas that this agitation was the strongest. Sriramulu, a Congress leader and Gandhian, started a fast and he died. His death made the agitation are-up. People fought on the streets. Finally, the government had to grant Andhra State. In 1953, a State Reorganization Commission under Fazal Ali was appointed. The Commission gave its report. On 1 November 1956, the report was enforced. According to this, 14 States and 5 Centrally administered regions came into existence.

Some leaders including Nehru were afraid that the division of States on linguistic basis might cause disintegration of the country. But things happened the other way. The linguistically formed States helped in unifying the country. It also strengthened democracy. Above all, the language States approved the concept of unity in diversity.

It should, however, be noted that not all states were formed on language basis. In 2000, three States – Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal, and Jharkhand – were formed. Language did not have a role in their formation. Here the considerations were cultural and economic. India now has 29 States and 2 Central Areas. By merely forming States based on language, regional feelings won’t be satisfied. There is a need for a guarantee for their existence. This is done by the Constitution. It denes clearly the powers jf the States and the Centre.

सही विकल्प है (D) तमिलनाडु

The Subsidiary Alliance policy was like a slow poison.

Railway, telegraph and postal system started in India during the tenure of Governor General Dalhousie.

सही उत्तर है 200 फूट

सही उत्तर है शिव

(D) इलोरा की गुफाओं को चार भागों में बाँटा गया है ।

सही विकल्प है (D) रूद्रमहाल

(D) चौंसठ योगिनी

सही विकल्प है (A) चोल

India is a land of many languages, regions, and religions with different habits and customs. It is a land of diversity. Integrating the different people here is not an easy task. In some countries, they use force to integrate the people. They suppress regional, religious and linguistic minorities and force them to accept the cultural values and rules of the majority community. This is very unfair. But in India national integration is done keeping the linguistic, regional and religious diversities intact. We seek unity in diversity.

India has a positive approach to communal being since it is a nation of different faiths and beliefs. From the very beginning, India had accepted equal treatment to all manners of people. Although some leaders of the majority community wanted India to be a Hindu nation, the leaders of the country did not approve it. India stresses national integration. The Constitution declares India to be a secular State. But the fact remains that we have not been able to integrate ourselves fully. Even now we have evil things like “Jati’ in our midst.

• India gives strong protection to the religious minorities. 
• In India, there is no shortage of ideas or rules. But the difficulty is inputting the rules into practice. 
• In spite of our limitations, India is a good example of a secular, democratic State.

The British Queen Elizabeth-I granted the East India Company the trade privileges of 15 years to trade with India.

There were trade relations between India and Europe right from ancient times. Three main routes were there of this trade :

1. First route was northern route. This route was going on through Afganisthan, Caspean Sea and Black Sea.
2. Second route was middle route which was going on through Iran, Iraq and Seria.
3. Third route was southern route. This route was going on through Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Egypt.

States of Western Asia and Southern-Eastern Europe were occupied by Turkey in 15th century. It led to closure of ancient trade routes between India and Europe. That’s why European countries tried to find new sea routes to reach India. First of all the Portuguese sailor Vasco-de-Gama reached port of Calicut of India on 27th May 1498. So, Portuguese started to do trade with India. This process is known as Merchantilism whose objective was to earn money.

Trade Wars: Other European powers also established trade relations with India When they found Portuguese earning money through trade with India. These European powers were Dutch, the British and the French. Wars started between them to establish their supremacy on Indian trade. These wars are known as Trade Wars.

Gradually they established their factories and establishments in India:

• Main Portuguese establishments in India were at Goa,’ Daman, Basin, Bombay, Saint Tom, Hugli and Salset.
• Main Dutch establishments in India were at Cochin,* N&gapatnam, Pulkit and Chinsura.
• Main British establishments in India were at Surat, Ahmedabad, Baloch, Agra, Bombay and Calcutta.
• Main French establishments were at Pondicherry, Chandranagar and Karikal.

With the passage of time, all these four European powers came in direct conflict with each other to win over each other’s establishments. Impact of Portuguese and Dutch reduced to a great extdht till 17th century due to this conflict. Till this time, only French and the British remained in Indian scenario. They both were also engaged in conflict with each other to keep monopoly over Indian trade. Later on the British emerged victorious out of this conflict.

The British Company got the right of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. As such, the English became the real rulers of Bengal.

Nizam was first accepted Subsidiary Alliance.

A. Lord Wellesley

B. Subsidiary Alliance

(D) उपरोक्त सभी सत्य है ।

Correct answer is c) Article 29

सही विकल्प है (D) द्रविड़

Countries that suppress minorities alienate them. They develop enmity and hat Ted for the nation. Very often such suppressions bring the opposite result, instead of destroying the communal spirit of the suppressed, it increases that spirit. The best way is to allow the cultural difference to coexist.

1. Subsidiary Alliance

To ensure that the French did not become powerful _ in India, Governor General Wellesley introduced the policy of ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ to expand British rule in native states. The princely states that accepted this policy had to keep and maintain the British army as well as have a British representative in the Royal Court.

2. Annexation Policy

Dalhousie brought in the Policy of Annexation which meant bringing an end to the rule of native kings and bringing his state under the British rule directly.

Local rulers who entered into Subsidiary Alliances with the company, were free from internal and external dangers. They started leading a luxurious life and became careless about the welfare of their subjects.

(1 – 4), (2 – 1), (3 – 5), (4 – 2).

According to Subsidiary Alliance system, Indian rulers were not allowed to maintain any political relations with any internal or external power.

The subsidiary alliance system was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 A.D. He wanted to expand the British Empire in India and to make the company very powerful. It was possible only if all the native rulers and Nawabs were made powerless. He took advantage of the subsidiary alliance system and brought many native rulers under the British control.

Terms of the Subsidiary Alliance: Subsidiary Alliances were made between the company and the native rulers. The company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliances with it in case of any internal or external trouble.

In lieu of it, the local rulers had to accept the following terms :

• He had to accept the supremacy of the company. He was not allowed to make war or any treaty with any other ruler without the permission of the company.
• He had to keep a battalion of the English army in his state for his safety and he had to pay its expenses to the British.
• He had to keep an English Resident at his court.

Political position of the English East India-Company became very strong as a result of the Subsidiary Alliances.

The British took advantage of the weakness of Indian kings. Many kings became worthless due to the Subsidiary Alliance and the Annexation policies and accepted the British rule. Glimpses of heroism shown by Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi, Nana Saheb Peshwa, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah, Begam Hajarat Mahal of Ayodhya, Kunwarsingh the Jagirdar of Jagdishpur, Tatya Tope, etc. during the uprising of 1857 are not seen in this book.

The mutiny of 1857 was India’s first freedom fight. It is not mentioned anywhere in the book. The British accepted fraudulent politics in 1857 to gain victory. The whole book is written on the basis of falsehood with the feelings of partiality.

One of the important spheres where citizen groups work is in the area of Right to Information. This started in the villages of Rajasthan. In the 1990s, a Citizens’ Organization named Mazdoor-Kisan Sakti Sangham wanted to get the records showing how the government money for village development was spent. Soon such demands came from different parts of the country. In spite of the strong objections from officials, government was forced to pass the Right to Information Bill. This ensured that the government has obligations to the people and the country and people can demand information on things they want to know.

The emergency declared by Indira Gandhi in 1975 was a big shock to the people. People came out strongly against the Emergency. This resulted in the formation of many citizen organizations. Many social organizations also came up during this period. Today the working of citizen organizations has extended to different spheres. Some of them are strong enough to influence national and international agencies.

Citizenry (Citizen group) is whole body of citizens which goes beyond family, community, market, or region. Here individuals come on their own and form organizations and institutions. It is a field where citizens are active. Here individuals take up social problems and try to exert pressure on authorities for the welfare of people. It consists of voluntary organizations, political parties, media houses, labor organizations, religious organizations, and non-governmental organizations. It works for the common good of the citizens.

This Act was passed by the Parliament on 15 June 2005. On 13 October, it became law. With this, the people of India, except in Jammu-Kashmir, got the right to get government documents. Before this law came there were some other laws in India regarding the right of people for information. With the coming of the new law, all other laws of the past in this regard have become irrelevant. With this Law, anybody can seek information from authorities. In 30 days the authorities should reply to the requests. The law demands that each official should keep the information related to his office in the computer. This will help people to get quick replies. 

This Law empowers the citizens:

• To seek any kind of information.
• To get certified copies of documents related to the subject.
• To get copies as print or on disc, tape, oppy or video cassette.

The British East India Company promised security of the native ruler under this system in case of internal revolt or external aggression. The British company promised to protect the Indian rulers.

When the British came to India, there were many small and large states in our country. There was no internal unity among them. Sometimes a king took the help of the British army to defeat another king. No king had the foresight to see the welfare of the whole nation. Many kings who accepted Subsidiary Alliance, became a slave of the British and also became irresponsible, idle and sensual. Their battle skill and bravery were ruined. Consequently, Lord Dalhousie conquered many states and brought them under the company rule with the help of his Annexation policy. In a short time, he established British rule all over India.

Correct answer is c) Fazal Ali

Gandhiji opined that it was the duty of women to look after hearth and home, be good mothers and good wives.

The Third War of Carnatic took place in 1J56 A.D. It was fought between the English East India Company and The French East India Company. The French were defeated in it.

This war was fought between French East India Company and English East India Company.

Nationalism spread in a country when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that bounds them together.

Red, Green and white.

The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers. Peasants, tribals and workers joined the movement from the countryside. They did so with hopes of self-emancipation. Peasants rebelled against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and also forced them to do begar or free labour. Tribal peasants revolted against the enclosure of large forest tracts by the British government, which left them devoid of a livelihood as well as traditional rights. Plantation workers, on the other hand, desired freedom to move about and retain links with the villages they came from. All three believed that Gandhi Raj would come with the Non-Cooperation Movement, and this would mark an end to their sorrows. Hence, they joined the anti-colonial struggle.

Mahatma Gandhi designed the Swaraj Flag in 1921. It was a tricolour (red, green, white) flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre. It represented the Gandhi an ideal of self help. The three colours of the flag stated that red stood for the sacrifice of the people, white for purity and green for hope. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance. This flag gave the nationalist a strong patriotic feeling. The Swaraj flag became the Official Flag of Congress in 1931 became the symbol of the Independence Movement.