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The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

A. Vyomeshchandra Bannerjee

The first session of the Indian National Congress was held on 28th December 1885, in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School in Mumbai. Vyomeshchandra Bannerjee was its president.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Madam Annie Besant started the Home Rule movement in 1916 C.E.

The Bang-Bhang movement was led with three main objectives :

1. To trade and use Indian (Swadeshi) goods only,

2. To boycott imported (British) goods and

3. To acquire national education and boycott English education.

The Non-Cooperation movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh was led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. 

1. Alluri Sitaram Raju led the militant guerrilla movement in the early 1920s in the Gudem Hills. 
2. This was a protest against the British Government which prevented the hill people from entering the forests, collecting fuelwood and grazing the cattle. 
3. Sitaram Raju, who was considered as an incarnation of God, persuaded the rebels to wear Khadi clothes and stop taking liquor. 
4. Under his leadership, Gudem rebels attempted to kill the British officials, raided on Police stations. Guerilla warfare was carried on to achieve independence. 

Thus, the rebellion at Gudem Hills was in response to Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation movement.

31st May 1857.

The day of the partition of Bengal was observed as a ‘Sad Day’ (Day of National Mourning). The day was also observed as ‘Day of Unity’ as per Rabindranath Tagore’s suggestion.

B. ‘Vande Mataram’.

The Bang-Bhang movement was led with three main objectives :

1. To trade and use Indian (Swadeshi) goods only,

2. To boycott imported (British) goods and

3. To acquire national education and boycott English education.

Under the leadership of renowned members like Surendranath Bannerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal, Arvind Ghosh, etc. of the Indian National Congress, a committee was formed to spread the protest against the partition of Bengal by urging Indians to boycott foreign goods.

This message was spread through newspapers, processions and meetings. Factories producing swadeshi goods were set up. Thus there was a sharp decline in the use of foreign. goods. Since many students participated in the protest against the Bang Bhang movement, punitive actions such as expelling them from schools and colleges were levied S by the British government. So, 25 national secondary schools and 300 national primary schools were started in Bengal in 1907 C.E. Rabindranath Tagore had started the ‘Vishwabharti School’ at Shanti Niketan.

Leaders like Dadabhai Navroji, Gopalkrishna Gokhale, Firozshah Mehta, Badruddin Tayaabji, K. T. Telang, Dinshaw Vachcha, etc. were present at the first session of the Indian National

The song ‘Vande Mataram’ from the novel ‘Anand Math’ written by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyaya became the popular slogan during the Bang-Bhang movement.

D. Rabindranath Tagore

The main intention for dividing Bengal was that Viceroy Lord Curzon wanted to promote communed differences among the Hindus and Muslims by separating Muslim dominated East Bengal and to weaken the momentum of national political awakening among the people of India.

Viceroy Lord Curzon adopted the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy started by the British to divide Bengal.

C. In 1905 C.E.

Correct option is (d) The Muslim League

Correct option is (d) Aga Khan

The background behind the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885: 

1. Centralisation of administration : 

1. The uniform policies, identical reforms and equality before law brought the nation under one roof. 2. The network of roads and railways brought the people of India together.

3. It developed the feeling of unity among Indians.

2. Economic exploitation : 

1. The economic exploitation of India through the imperialistic policies led to the drain of the Indian wealth to England. 

2. Industries declined and the farmers became bankrupt. 

3. Imposition of taxes on middle class and the exploitation of worker class by the capitalist led to growth of discontent. 

3. Western education : 

1. Western education familiarised the educated Indians with modern values and principles such as liberty, equality and democracy. 

2. They accepted principles like rationalism, humanity and nationalism.

3. They realised that they can carry out work of the country by following them. 

4. Study of Ancient Indian History : 

1. The manuscripts in Sanskrit, Persian and many other languages were examined and research was published. 

2. Many western Scholars started to study Indian culture. 

3. The realisation that India had a rich ancient heritage aroused the feeling of national pride among Indians

5. Role of newspapers : 

1. Newspapers in English and vernacular languages carried articles criticising the policies of the government. 

2. It led to social and political awakening.

1. With the motive to create a divide between the Hindus and the Muslims, Lord Curzon divided the province of Bengal in the Muslimmajority East Bengal and the Hindu-majority West Bengal in 1905. 

2. The day of partition, 16th October was observed as the ‘National Mourning Day’. 

3. All over India, protest meetings were organised to condemn the decision of the government. 

4. Singing of Vande Mataram and Rakshabandhan programmes were arranged to mark the protest. 

5. Government-run schools and colleges were boycotted in large number by the students. 

6. Sensing the intensity and severity of dissatisfaction the British annulled the Partition of Bengal.

Correct option is (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

1. The founding session of the Indian National Congress took place on 28th December, 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit school in Mumbai. 

2. It was presided by Wyomesh Chandra Banerjee, a renowned lawyer from Kolkata. 

3. It was attended by seventy-two delegates from different provinces of India.

4. Allen Oct avian Hume took the initiative in establishing of the Indian National Congress. 

5. Increase in the number of Indians in the administration, reduction in military expenditure were the demands placed before the British government.

Surendranath Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose, Rabindranath Tagore and such other leaders led the Anti-Partition Movement.

1. Bengal was a large province. So under the pretext of administrative convenience, the province of Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon. 

2. Accordingly, the Muslim-majority East Bengal and the Hindu-Majority West Bengal were created in 1905. 

3. The real motive was to create a divide between the Hindus and the Muslims and thereby weaken the nationalist movement. The British used the Policy of ‘Divide and Rule.

In the session of 1906 of the Indian National Congress, the four-point programme was unanimously accepted.

1. Swadeshi: To make use of capital, resources, manpower in our country so that it becomes self-sufficient. 

2. Boycott: It was decided to boycott foreign goods as a first step, and boycott of foreign rule be the next step. It would be an attack on the roots of British imperialism. 

3. Swaraj: The final objective is to attain freedom. 

4. National Education: To impart education which will create pride for the nation among people.

Correct option is (b) Mumbai

Correct option is (b) Ireland

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 with the following objectives:

1. To bring together the people of India on a common platform. 

2. To create a feeling of unity among them, irrespective of religion, race, language, geographical territories. 

3. To provide opportunities to understand one another’s problems and views. 

4. To increase the feeling of unity among the people. 

5. To take measures for the upliftment of the country.

Answer is (B) Cricket

Answer is (A) Khokho

Answer is (C) Games

1. An attempt was made under the leadership of Lokmanya Tilak to resolve differences in the Indian National Congress at its Lucknow session in 1916. 

2. In the same year, there was an agreement between Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, known as the Lucknow Pact. 

3. According to this Pact, Indian National Congress agreed to separate electorate for Muslims. 

4. In return, the Muslim League agreed to support the Indian National Congress in its work for getting political rights to India.

1. Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in 1905. 

2. Its main objectives were :

• to create love for the county. 
• teach them sacrifice of self-interest. 
• no differentiation on the basis of caste and religion.
• to create social harmony. 
• to spread education.

Correct option is (B) old ratio

1. There was wide protest against the partition of Bengal throughout the country. 

2. With a view to restrain the anti¬partition movements government resorted to many suppressive measures. 

3. Strict action was taken against extremists leaders which caused severe reactions in Bengal.

4. The revolutionaries adopted means of firing and bomb blasts which was advocated by Lokmanya Tilak through his newspaper Kesari.

Therefore, the charge of sedition was put on Lokmanya Tilak by the British government for which he was sent to Mandalay jail for 6 years.

1. In 1897, hundreds of people died in Pune due to the epidemic of Plague. 

2. An officer name Rand was appointed to bring the epidemic under control. 

3. He started a search campaign to find Plague patients and adopted oppressive measures.

4. To avenge this cruel and oppressive treatment meted out to people, the Chapekar brothers assassinated him. 

5. An unsuccessful attempt was made by the government to connect Lokmanya Tilak with this conspiracy. 

6. When they failed in their attempt, they imprisoned him with revenge.

1. The British established a centralised administration in India and applied uniform policies all over the country. 

2. They also laid down the principle of equality before law. 

3. They introduced the modern means of transport and communication. 

4. It benefited Indians as well. This made possible for the people living in different parts of India to establish contact with one another. This factors developed a feeling of nationalism among the Indians.

1. English educated Indians were instrumental to bring about Renaissance. 

2. They launched reform movements in social, political, religious, economic and cultural field in different parts of the country. 

3. The political organisations in different parts of the country formed during various movements felt the need to create a political organisation on an all India level having common goal. 

4. It was necessary to bring together groups and people who had political awareness. 

5. It was necessary to draw attention of the people towards questions of the nation. This led to the emergence of a political organization on all India level.

The Montague-Chelmsford Act disappointed the people of India, because:

1. The British Government had declared its intention to gradually grant the right to selfrule and responsible government in 1917. 

2. In 1919, the British Parliament passed an act to bring constitutional reforms in India. 

3. According to the Act, less important departments were transferred to Indian ministers and important departments like Finance, Home affairs and Revenue was kept with the Governor. 

4. Thus, it belied the hope that the Act would lay foundation of responsible government in India and disappointed the people.

1. Home rule means self-rule or selfgovernment. 

2. It was modelled after the Home Rule Movement in Ireland. 

3. It was led by Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak. 

4. They made extensive tours in different parts of the country so that the demand of selfgovernment could reach the common people.

In the pre-independence period, Indian National Congress implemented the four-fold programme of Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National education. The programme needs to be implemented today but with slight changes.

1. Swaraj: Today we have political freedom but we lack good Governance. Common man, farmer, women and the backward classes still suffer.

2. Swadeshi: In the world of Globalisation, goods from other countries have entered Indian markets. It is necessary for the Indian industries to implement programme of Swadeshi to sustain. 

3. Boycott: It is not possible to boycott foreign goods but we should insist on indigenous goods wherever possible. 

4. National education: Schools in India impart education catering to different needs and ideologies but they fall short to create national pride and imparting character training.

The British government adopted following measures to suppress the anti-partition movement: 

1. The public meetings were banned. 

2. Strict punishment was given to those who broke the law. 

3. Even school children were beaten up. 

4. Many restrictions were imposed on the newspapers. 

5. The British confiscated many printing/presses on false ground of criticising the ; government. 

6. Writers and editors were imprisoned. 

7. Strict actions were taken against many extremist leaders. 

8. Lokmanya Tilak was sent to Mandalay jail at Myanmar for 6 years on the charge of sedition.

9. Bipin Chandra Pal was sent to jail and Lala Lajpat Rai was deported out of Punjab.

1. India had to face the brunt of First World War which led to growing dissatisfaction among people. 

2. To curb their dissatisfaction and get cooperation, Montague, the Secretary of State for India, declared in 1917 that Britain would gradually grant the right to self-rule and a responsible government to India.

3. Lokmanya Tilak declared that if the British Government showed sympathy and a considerate attitude to the demands of the people then the people of India would cooperate with the government. This is called ‘Responsive Cooperation’.

When retires partners not got the dues amounts immediately then it will be taken as loan A/c of partner and it will be shown in new balance sheet of firm under the heading of liabilities.

1. The Above picture is of Lokmanya Tilak. 

2. He started the newspapers Kesari and Maratha.

3. He started festivals like Ganesh Utsav and Shiv Jayanti for people to come together and get inspiration from contribution of national personalities. 

4. The bomb attacks by the revolutionary was advocated through newspaper Kesari and Maratha. 

5. Due to this, he was charged with sedition and put in Mandalay jail for 6 years. 

6. When he was in Mandalay prison he wrote Geetarahasya which advocated philosophy of Karmayoga and stressed upon the people to always remain in action. 

7. An attempt was made under his leadership to resolve differences between two groups in the Indian National Congress in its session of 1916. 

8. He started the Home Rule Movement along with Dr. Annie Besant. 

9. He travelled in different parts of India so that the demand for self government reach the common man. 

10. He firmly declared, ‘Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.’ 

11. He criticised the Montague Chelmsford Reform Act when it failed to fulfill the demand of responsible government.

1. Extremist leaders Lokmanya Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai advocated intensification of the struggle since the British did not respond to the petitions and appeals. 

2.Initially, they used the mediums of newspapers, national festivals and national education to bring about political awakening.

3. They formed educational institutions to sow the seeds of nationalism in society and to create a generation which will show concern about their language and tradition. 

4. Lokmanya Tilak severely criticised the suppressive policies or the British through the newspapers like ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’. 

5. Lokmanya Tilak started Ganesh Utsav and Shiv Jayanti to bring people together. 

6. The leaders did not adopt the means of armed revolution but insisted on extensive agitations. 

7. Swaraj, Swadeshi, National Education and Boycott was the four-point ‘ programme accepted. 

8. The Moderates laid the foundation of freedom struggle and the Extremists carried it forward.

Correct option is (B) Old share + gain

Correct option is (C) Compulsory

Correct option is (A) a liability in new balance sheet.