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1. Kovalan and Kannagi were the well known characters of Silapathikaram.

2. They lived in Poombuhar.

(d) City of Temples -Kancheepuram

(b) Madurai is known as city of lakes.

1. Poompuhar 

2. Pattinappaalai 

3. Madurai

The Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta describes four different kinds of rulers and tells us about Samudragupta’s policies towards them: 

1. The nine rulers of Aryavarta were up rooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire. 

2. The twelve rulers of Dakshinpatha (South India), who surrendered to Samudra gupta after being defeated, were liberated and allowed to rule again over their kingdoms.

 3. The inner circle of neighboring states, including Assam, Coastal Bengal, Nepal and a number of gana sanghas (organisation of many kings) in the north-west. They brought tribute, followed his ordered and attended his court. 

4. The rulers of the outlying areas, who submitted to him and offered their daughters in marriage

In contex of the brilliant achievements in the fields of literature during the Pallava period, the given headlines are explained as under: 

(a) Their patronage to literature: The Pallava rulers patronised Sanskrit scholars. Mahendravarman himself was a scholar and a musician. He wrote Prahasans (farces) – Mattavilasa and Dandin, who wrote Daskumaracharita and Kavyadarsha, lived in the court of Narasimhavarman II. Dinnaga Vatsayana the author of Nyayabhasya, was also associated with Kanchipuram, Sanskrit was the language of courts and men of literature, but Tamil became the vehicle for popular composition of devotional poetry. It received encouragement from the rulers. Perundevanar wrote Bharatam and a court-poet of King ; Nandivarman III composed Nandikalambalkam. 

(b) Contributions in the field of architecture: Many magnificent temples were built by the Pallava kings. Under the Pallava rulers; of Kanchipuram, two forms of temple-architecture were evolved in the South-—the rock-cut’and the structural shrinks. The rock-cut architecture includes two types of shrines—the Mandapas and the Rathas. Mandapas are open pavilions with one or more cells in the back-wall. This type of architecture is found in places like—Pallavaram, Trichinopoly and Dalavanur. Rathas are monolithic shrines. The best examples of monolithic shrines or Rathas are found at Mahabalipuram in Tamilnadu.

(a) Poompuhar – Educational centre

Correct option is: (a) Kamrup

Correct option is: (b) Chinese

Correct option is: (c) veena

1. Samundragupta introduced the Gupta monetary system.

2. Kushana coins provided inspiration to Samudragupta.

3. The Gupta gold coins were known as Dinara.

4. Gutpas issued many gold coins but comparatively fewer silver and copper coins. 

5. However, the post-Gupta period saw a fall in the circulation of gold coins, indicating the decline in the prosperity of the empire

The inscription on the Allahabad pillar was written by Harisena, a poet in the court of Samudragupta. It tells us that Samudragupta of the Gupta dynasty defeated nine kings North India.

Correct option is: (a) Samudragupta’s

Answer is (D) An Act

(d) They are environment friendly.

Fertilizers are chemical compounds which provide immediate a particular nutrient to plants and help them grow faster. Whereas manure is low in nutrient content and it takes a longer time to release nutrients in the soil. As the result plants grow slowly. But the use of manure improves soil textures, as well as its water, retaining capacity. It replenishes the soil with all the nutrients.

Manures are substances added to the soil to add organic matter such as carbon. Hence, manure enhances soil fertility which is dependent on the interaction of various organisms and reactions. Fertilizers are chemical compounds. It provides specific nutrient such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to the soil. Fertilizers increase crop production but it harmful for the soil and environment if it is used continuously.

The various sources of irrigation in our country are- wells, tubewells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and canals.

Manure is an organic substance obtained by the decomposition of plants or animals wastes.

Advantages of manure: 

• it enhances the water holding capacity of the soil. 

• it makes the soil porous due to which exchange of gases becomes easy. 

• it increases the number of friendly microbes.

• it improves the texture of the soil

B. pea 

The nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in root nodules of leguminous plants is rhizobium bacteria. Rotation of crops (leguminous and non-leguminous crops) in the same field replenishes the soil with nitrogen naturally and increases the soil fertility.

These grass is known as weed.

Manure: 

1. It is organic in origin 

2. It does not cause pollution

Fertilizer: 

1. It is synthetic in origin 

2. It causes water and air pollution.

Fertilisers are chemical substances which are rich in a particular nutrient. Some examples of fertilizers are urea, potash, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), etc. 

Harmful effects caused by the excessive use of fertilizers are-

1. Excessive use of fertilizers makes the soil less fertile. 

2. Excessive use of fertilizers causes water pollution.

If continuous plantation of crops is done in the fields then the soil will become poor in necessary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. Plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning. When a farmer continues to grow crops one after the other, then all nutrients available in the soil reduce and the crop yield decreases automatically.

Manure and fertilizers are added to the fields by the farmers to maintain the fertility of soil.

If continuous plantation of crops is done in the fields then the soil will become poor in necessary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. Plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning. When a farmer continues to grow crops one after the other, then all nutrients available in the soil reduce and the crop yield decreases automatically.

1. Some plants like Sun hemp or guar are grown in the field prior to the sowing of the crop seeds. 

2. These plants gradually decompose and turn into green manure which helps in ensuring the soil in nitrogen and phosphorous. 

3. Application of green manure always enhance the growth and yield of the crops.

Plants require nutrients for their proper growth and functioning. If continuous plantation of crops is done in the fields then the soil will become poor in necessary nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. This affect the yield and also affects the quality of soil. So, the nutrients once consumed by crop must be replenished so that soil get all its nutrients back and it will be ready for the next harvest.

Fertilizers help the farmers to get better yield of crops such as wheat, paddy and maize.

Weedicides are special chemicals which are used to control weeds. 2,4-D is an example of weedicide.

The undesirable plants growing naturally with crop plants are called weeds. The removal of weeds is called weeding.

The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light. Thus, they affect the growth of the crop. Some weeds interfere even in harvesting and may be poisonous for animals and human beings.

Agricultural practice weeding comes first.

V shaped ridges are formed when ploughing is done. 

(a) Preparation of soil is the first step before growing of crop. It helps to turn the soil and loosen it to allow the roots to penetrate deep into it. The loosening of the soil helps in the growth of several soil microbes, earthworms etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other essential nutrients. The process of turning and loosening is called ploughing. This is done using a plough, hoe and cultivators. 

(b) Sowing is the process of putting the seeds into the soil for growing crops. We need to use quality seeds for sowing. Sowing is done manually using mechanical equipment like Seed Drill. Seeds of few plants like rice are first grown in a separate area and then transplanted in the fields. 

(c) In a field many other undesirable plants may grow along with the crop. These undesirable plants are called weeds. Farmers use many ways to remove weeds. Methods to control weeds are: tilling before sowing of crops, physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground, using certain chemicals called weedicides etc. 

(d) Threshing is the process of separating grains or seeds from chaff. It is done after harvesting the crop. It is usually carried out with the help of a machine known as 'Combine'. This machine is a combined harvester and thresher. It harvests plants as well as cleans grains.

(C) Sprinkler

A) i – d, ii – a, iii – b, iv – c, v – f

Diesel, biogas, electricity is used to run the pumps.

The constituents are N, P, K.

B) Ploughing

B)  ploughing.

Answer is (C) Japan

B) National Seed Development Corporation

Answer is (C) Both A & B

Farmers should use fertilizers keeping in view with the nature of the soil and the crops he wants to grow.

Answer is (C) Virus

(C) Both A & B

(D) iii only

Answer is (A) Srivari

Answer is (A) Chilli