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1. Human insulin was synthesized by American company Eli Lilly by recombinant DNA technology. The 2 DNA sequence coding for A & B polypeptide chain were introduced into E coli. The 2 polypeptide chains are synthesized independently and later linked by disulphide bond to form mature insulin.

2. It causes allergy

Conventional methods of disease diagnosis like serum and urine analysis are not able to detect low concentration of viruses and other pathogens.

(C) Disguised unemployment

Educational skills

Navodaya Vidyalayas

(D) Infant Mortality rate

More than required

Both in rural and urban areas

The number of females per thousand males refers to Sex Ratio.

Agriculture is disguised unemployment found.

Infant mortality rate refers to the death of a child under the age of 1 year.  

74.04% is the literacy rate of India as per 2011 census.

One who can read and write in any language with understanding is termed as literate.

Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU).

The answer is (C) Japan 

Agriculture sector

Tertiary sector provides services.

933 females per 1000

Primary Health Centre

Golden rice is genetically modied and contain Carotene, which is a precursor of Vitamin A.

1. Cry I Ac, Cry ll Ab, Cry lAb

2. Cry IAc& Cry ll Ab – Produces toxic protein to control cotton boll worm

Cry lAb – Produce toxic protein to control corn borer.

1. Agro bacterium tumifaciens.

2. Offers resistance to the plant by silencing mRNA by the process of RNA interference.

Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the prevailing wages rates cannot find jobs.

Unemployment in rural areas :

(i) Disguised unemployment: When more persons are working in a job than actually required, the situation is termed as disguised unemployment. For example, if in an agricultural activity eight people are engaged but this work activity actually requires the services of five people, then three persons are extra. It these three people out of eight are withdrawn, total production will remain unaffected.

(ii) Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are able to find jobs only during some months of the year. This kind of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector.

Wastage of manpower resource: In case of unemployment, manpower who is an asset for an economy turns into liability because utilisation of manpower becomes nil.

Economic overload: Unemployment tends to increase economic overload because of dependence of unemployed on the working population increases. So the quality of life is adversely affected.

Unemployment leads to social waste: Inability of educated people who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste. Increase in employment in an indicator of a depressed economy.

(i) Opening schools in villages: Opening vocational and elementary schools in villages create employment opportunities for people living these. Earlier people were involved in primary sector only but now they have better employment opportunities in other sectors also.

(ii) Small scale manufacturing: Opening opportunities of self-employment in the form of small scale manufacturing units like basket weaving, etc. ads to the employment opportunities in removes disguised and seasonal unemployment away people.

(iii) Introduction to modern farming methods: Use of modern farming methods gave the surplus members of family to get involved in other employment opportunities.

(iv) Proper health facilities: Improvement in health facilities in urban and rural areas improved in quality of human resource which in turn work more efficiently and contributed to national income.

(v) NREGA 2005: According to this Act the NREGA was launched in February 2006. The scheme guaranteed 100 days of wage employment in a year to every household in 200 districts.

India has vast manpower. But she could not utilise this manpower for country’s economic development. Rather, population growth has posed a big threat for the country. It needs to be controlled without further delay. It has become a big hurdle in the way of country’s economic development in the following ways:

(i) Despite considerable growth in national income, per capita income could not increase much due to fast population growth.

(ii) Fast population growth is considered as one of the major causes of unemployment in India.

(iii) Heavy pressure of population has led to the problem of overcrowding in cities, unplanned urbanisation, emergence of slums etc.

All these factors lead us to believe that rapidly growing population has become a big challenge before the Indian economy. It is the biggest roadblock in the path of its economic development. Indian poverty is deeply rooted in population growth. It, therefore, becomes highly necessary to check population growth in India.

The three ways to transform population load into an asset are:

(i) To improve literacy rate: Education provides new aspirations and developed values of life. Education helps in enhancing the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance.

(ii) Health: The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. Increase in longevity of life in an indicator of good quality of life marked by self-confidence. It involves protection of children from infection, ensuring nutrition and along with mother and child care.

(iii) Formation of skills: Providing vocational and skilled based education helps the people to get employment and therefore they contribute to the national income later on.

(i) Opening of NavodayaVidyalaya: Government has started to establishNavodayaVidyalayas in each district vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.

(ii) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan: It is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all the children of age group 6-14 years. It is an initiative of the central government in partnership with states, local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalization of elementary education.

(iii) Mid-day Meal Scheme: It is a programme aimed to encourage attendance and retention of children in schools and improve their nutritional status.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the total number of children dying under one year of age in a particular period of time. Infant Mortality Rate is decreasing due to the following reasons :

(i) Increase in life expectancy due to improved medical facilities.

(ii) Better protection of children from infection, ensuring nutrition along with mother and child care.

Human Capital can be defined as the knowledge, ability, skill and physical capacity of the people which help them to produce more. Human beings can be turned into resources only if their qualitative aspects are developed. Education and health are the major human resource inputs of a country. Human capital is beneficial both individually as well as socially.

(i) Human capital contributes to the social development of the country.

(ii) Human capital contributes to the economic development of the country.

(iii) Human capital helps in proper utilisation of resources available or imported in the country.

(iv) Human capital also contributes in the race of development from an underdeveloped to a developed nation.

(b)  4, 3, 2, 1

Disadvantages of unemployment are:

(i) It leads to wastage of manpower resources. It turns the population into liability for economy instead of asset. It even fills the country's youth with the feeling of hopelessness and despair.

(ii) It increases the economic load. The dependence of unemployed on the working population increases. Due to unemployment that adversely affects the quality of life of an individual as well as society.

(iii) It affects the overall growth of an economy. It indicates a depressed economy and wastage of resources which could have been gainfully employed.

Strategies undertaken by the government to reduce unemployment.

(i) Rural Self-Employment Scheme: Our government has introduced various schemes for creating self-employment opportunities in rural areas. In April 1999, SwarnaJayantiGram-SewaRozgarYojana (SGSY) was introduced whose main aim was to improve opportunities of self-development in rural areas.

(ii) Wage-employment Schemes: Main objective of this scheme was to provide opportunities for wage earning to rural people. Since June 23, 1999, all these schemes were merged with Jawahar Gram SamridhiYojana (JGSY).

(iii) Various schemes for providing employment to educated in urban areas: Various schemes (like Prime Minister RozgarYojana PMRY), SwarnJayantiShahriRozgarYojana (SJSRY) has been started by the government for providing employment to the educated youth in urban area.

Primary Sector

(A) Human capital

(a) Psy and Cry 1 genes

(A) Primary Sector

There are 3 types of endocrine systems.

1. Discrete endocrine system : The glands exclusively endocrine in function are called discrete endocrine glands. 

2. Mixed endocrine system : The glands endocrine as well as exocrine in function are called mixed endocrine glands. 

3. Diffused endocrine system : Some endocrine cells scattered in a particular region/gland form diffused endocrine system.

(a) Cornea is comparable to the lens cover of the camera. The iris and pupil act like the aperture of a camera.

(b) The cornea is the eye's main focusing element. It takes widely diverging rays of light and bends them through the pupil; the rays are further converged by the lens.

1. The external ear receives the sound waves and sends to the tympanic membrane. The tympanum vibrates transmitting the vibrations to the chain of three ossicles and then to the oval window. 

2. The vibrations are further passed on to the fluid of cochlea. 

3. The waves in the perilymph and endolymph induces movements in the basilar membrane. 

4. The hair cells of organ of Corti bend and are pressed against the tectorial membrane. 

5. Due to this pressure, the nerve impulses are generated and are sent to the afferent nerve fibres. 

6. The impulses are carried by the auditory nerves to the auditory centre of the brain, where the impulses are analyzed and the sound is perceived.

(i) Knee jerk reflex.

(ii) Sneezing.

(iii) Coughing.

1. The light rays of visible wavelength pass through the cornea and the lens and are focused on the retina of the eye. 

2. The sight is possible due to conjugated proteins present in the rods and the cones. 

3. These are photo pigments which are composed of opsin (a protein) and retinal (Vitamin A derivative). 

4. The light induces dissociation of retinal from the opsin, which causes a change in the structure of the opsin. 

5. This causes the change in the permeability of the retinal cells. 

6. It generates action potential which is carried via bipolar cells and ganglion cells and further conducted by the optic nerves to the visual cortex (vision centre) of the brain. 

7. The neural impulses are analyzed and the image formed on the retina is thus recognized.

Because all are the examples of reflex action. In all the examples a sudden response is given to stimuli.

(i) Knee jerk reflex. (ii) Sneezing. (iii) Coughing.

The sudden involuntary movement in a voluntary organ; in response to a stimulus; is called reflex action. 

Examples of reflex action: 

(a) Moving your hand away from a hot iron plate 

(b) Blinking of eyes 

Reflex arc

Reflex arc is a path of electrical impulse during a reflex action. It is composed of sensory neuron, spinal cord, motor neuron and muscle. 

Steps of reflex arc 

• The sensory neuron picks signals from the stimulus and carries the signals to the spinal cord.
• Spinal cord process the signals and sends message through the motor neuron.
• Motor neuron transmits the signals to the effector muscle so that the muscle can take immediate action.

1. Conditional reflex was demonstrated by Pavlov while performing experiments with dogs. 

2. Pavlov offered some food to dog and noticed that the dog starts salivating after smelling and seeing the food. 

3. Simultaneously he rang the bell so that the dog associated the food with the sound of bell. This experiment was repeated many a times by him. 

4. Later he only rang the bell and did not give any food to the dog. But still the dog salivated. 

5. This shows that the dog was conditioned to the sound of bell. The dog learnt that there is a relation between food and sound of bell. This is called conditional response.

1. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the CNS causes Parkinson’s disease. 

2. Symptoms develop gradually over the years. 

3. Symptoms are tremors, stiffness, difficulty in walking, balance and coordination. 

4. Seen in old age and is incurable.

1. The reflex actions are of two types, viz. cerebral and spinal. 

2. Cerebral reflex actions are controlled by the brain. 

3. Spinal reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord. 

4. In man, most of the reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord.

1. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. 

2. Its incidence increases with the age. 

3. Symptoms include the loss of cognitive functioning, thinking, remembering, reasoning and behavioural abilities. It interferes with the person’s daily life and activities. 

4. It occurs due to loss of cholinergic and other neurons in the CNS and accumulation of amyloid proteins. 

5. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s, but treatment slows down the progression of the disease and may improve the quality of life.