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Veto is the negative vote by any one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council which leads to the cancellation of the resolution.

People in the middle of 4th century B.C. lived in the houses of clay (Kuccha). They reared sheep and goats. They made clay pots on the wheel of potter, painted them and made metal-bronze pots. This human civilization is known as ancient ‘Harappan Civilization’.

After the invention of wheel, the early man made vehicles like bullock-cart, horse-carriage, camel-cart, etc. and started using animals to pull them. As a result of these vehicles, the life of early man became easy; travel and transportation of goods became speedy. Time was saved as travelling on foot came to an end. As a result, the early man started thinking in new ways. Therefore, the invention of wheel is considered to be the most revolutionary invention in the life of early man.

In context to population density, the world has been divided into five parts – very high density regions, high density regions, normal density regions, low density regions and very low density regions.

Population density in the world exhibits variations on regional basis. In those regions of the world where distribution of population is more, density is also found to be more there. The level of population density in the entire world exhibits significant variations. At some places in the world, density is 1 person per sq. km., and at other places, it is upto 7797 persons per sq. km. On the basis of these diversities, the world is mainly divided into the following parts with the point of view of population density:

1. Very high density regions 

2. High density regions

3. Normal density regions 

4. Low density regions 

5. very low density regions

1. Very High Density Regions: 

Those areas of world where population density is found to be above 250 persons per sq. km. are included in this category. In this part, world’s three agglomerations are included –

• east, south, and south east Asia. 
• western and central Europe. 
• North – east America.

Due to favourable condition of climate, plain surface, fertile, soils, water, minerals, modes of transportation, there is high density.

2. High Density Regions: Those regions of the world, where population density is 101-250 persons per sq. km. are included in this part. Mostly, neighbouring regions of very high density regions are included in this category. Southern, southern-eastern and eastern Europe, central and northern America, coastal area of South America and Africa, internal parts of south – east Asia, north – western China, central India and southern Australia are included in this category.

3. Normal Density Regions: Those areas of world where population density is found to be between 10-100 persons per sq. km. These are included in this category. Such as grassland areas of Asia, Africa, and South America. Instable agriculture, livestock, forestory and agriculture near desert area are included.

4. Low density Regions: Those areas of world where population density is found to be between 1-10 persons per sq. km. Sudan in Africa, Libia, Malagasi, Canada in North America, North Argentiana in South America, Peru, Equador, West Siberia in Asia, Bornio etc. are included in this category.

5. Very Low Density Regions: Those areas of world where population density is found to be below 1 person per sq. km. are included in this category. 70% area of earth’s land is included in this category. World’s very cold Tundra regions, very hot equatorial regions, very dry desert regions and highly mountainous regions are included in this category.

1. World population is distributed unequally. In context to the population of Asia, George B. Kracy says that, “In Asia, less people reside at very large number of places and very large number of people reside at very less number of places.” 

2. Broadly, 90 per cent of the world population lives in about 10 per cent of its land area. 

3. The 10 most populous countries of the world contribute about 60 per cent of the world’s population. 

4. 85 per cent world population lives in Northern hemisphere while only 15 per cent population lives in Southern hemispheres.

After the invention of wheel, the early man made vehicles like bullock-cart, horse-carriage, camel-cart, etc. and started using animals to pull them. As a result of these vehicles, the life of early man became easy; travel and transportation of goods became speedy. Time was saved as travelling on foot came to an end. As a result, the early man started thinking in new ways. Therefore, the invention of wheel is considered to be the most revolutionary invention in the life of early man.

Large cities develop due to urbanisation and abundant opportunities of employment, facilities related to education and healthcare and better modes of transport and communication are available. Better civil facilities and urban life attract people towards the cities. As a result, people migrate from rural regions towards urban regions. Large cities of the world attract people in large numbers every year.

The modern period is considered to start from the middle of the 17th century. At this time, i.e., in 1650, the world population was approximately 55 crore. By 1750, this population increased to 72 crore. After this period, the rate of population growth increased and in 1850, world population increased to 133 crore. By 1950, the world population increased to 251 crore. World population unexpectedly increased to 610 crore by the time we reached the year 2000. By 2013, world population further increased to 714 crore.

Human is the center point in study of human geography due to his central role. Human uses the natural and cultural environment. Human changes and affects this condition. Land, water, soil, minerals, vegetation and animals are also used by human. Production, agriculture, livestock, manufacturing, trade and transport activities are also done by human.

Social organisation, political management and cultural development are done by human. By using natural resources, human creates culture. Thus, study of human is the most important for geographers on the earth.

(a) Functions of the ECOSOC:

1. To promote economic growth and social progress (z’z) To create a spirit of respect for human rights

2. To solve problems related to health, illiteracy, drugs, employment, a status of women etc. 

3. To supervise the work of various specialized agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United 

4. Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), International Labour Organization (ILO) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), etc. 

(b) The International Court of Justice (ICJ) consists of 15 judges from different countries, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Each judge has a 9- year term. Two judges cannot be from the same country. 

Functions of International Court of Justice: 

1. To settle disputes brought to it by member nations. 

2. To give legal advice to the other organs of the UN, on request. 

(c). Achievement of the UN 

1. Although it has not been able to prevent war, in many cases, it has taken effective action to restore peace, e.g., the Korean War, the Suez Canal crisis, the Gulf War, etc. 

2. Many countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Morocco, have achieved their independence with support from the UN. 

3. By imposing economic sanctions against the South African government, it played a significant role in challenging the apartheid policy and liberating the South African people from apartheid rule. 

4. It has worked consistently for the protection and preservation of human rights around the world. 

5. It has worked actively to end the nuclear arms race and encouraged the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. 

6. It has achieved great success in the fields of labor, health, the welfare of children and education by fighting poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, hunger and disease through its specialized agencies.

(c) two years

There are ten non-permanent members in the Security Council.

The tools of stone were very useful for the primitive man. Therefore, he found out the places from where he could get good quality of stone. The places which can be called as ‘the workshop of primitive man’ are found. The tools, which he had prepared and left or not prepared well, are also found. Such workshops and residences most probably were found either on the river banks or caves.

The primitive man used vehicles after the invention of wheel. He started using tame animals for different forms of transport.

The primitive man was a hunter and a gathers used. He hunted animals, fish and birds and ate their raw meat. He also roots, leaves, fruits and flowers from various trees as food.

The most revolutionary invention of the primitive man is the invention of wheel.

The population which resides on earth’s surface shows variations on regional basis due to being controlled by various factors. 

This unequal distribution of population found in the world has been explained through the following points:

1. World’s two – third population resides on its approximately 14 per cent part. According to another estimate, almost 57 per cent population of the world resides on its 5 per cent land part.

2. World’s two – third part is almost desolate. Only 10% population resides on 90% part. Centralisation of 90% of population is thereon 10% land part.

3. 85% population of the world is found in the Northern Hemisphere and 15% population is found in the southern hemisphere.

4. Around three – fourth of world population lives in Asia and Europe continents. More than 60% population of the world lives in the Asian continent. Only half per cent of World Population resides in Oceania.

5. Around 80% population of the world lives between 20° to 60° northern latitudes. Less than 1% of world population resides in the north of 60° latitude.

6. Around 75% part of world population is settled on the edges of the continents. Centralisation of population declines towards the central parts of the continents.

7. Around 80% of world population resides in regions situated at upto the height of 500 m from sea level.

It is dear from the above fact that many extremely large regions of the world are sparsely populated, while certain relatively smaller regions are excessively densely populated.

In the world, distribution of density of population is also in accordance with the distribution of population. This exhibits unequal and disproportionate tendencies. At places, where settlement of population is found to be more, the density is also naturally found to be more.

Significant diversity is found in population density across the world. On one hand, population density even less than 1 person per sq. km. is found in Sahara, Greenland, Siberia and Mongolia, while on the other hand, population density of 7797 persons per sq. km. is found in Singapore.

According to World Population Bureau, Washington, in 2015, population density of the world stands at 47 persons per sq. km, but due to regional inequality, population density is 116 persons in Asia, 32 persons in Europe, 27 persons in Africa, 16 persons in North America, 20 persons in South America and 3 persons per sq. km in Oceania.

According to 2013 data, total population of world was 714 crore. Distribution of population is unequal in the world. World’s total 75% population lives in developing countries and rest 25%, population lives in developed countries. With continental point of view, Asia is the largest populated continent of the world.

In Asia, 430 crore population lives, after this Africa is at the second place with 110 crore population. In Europe 74 crore, in north America 56 crore, South America 40 crore and in Oceania 3.8 crore population resides.

Thus, distribution of population is dense or sparse at different places. In a continent, many places are densely populated or many places are sparsely populated. In world’s top ten populated countries – China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, Bangladesh, Japan and Nigeria are included in which 60% population of the world lives. Out of these 10 countries, 7 countries are situated in Asian continent.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji had raised Sri Hari mandir Sahib in the centre of the Sarovar Amritsar after the final union of Guru Ram Das Ji with the Divine Power. Sufi fakir, Mian Mir laid the foundation stone of Sri Hari mandir Sahib in 1589. Guru Sahib had constructed doors in each of the four directions of Sri Hari mandir Sahib. It was done to declare that the doors of Sri Hari mandir Sahib were open to the people of all the castes and religions without distinction. Baba Budda Ji supervised the work of construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib and completed it in 1601. In 1604, Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Baba Budda Ji was appointed as the first Granth  of Sri Hari mandir Sahib.

Sri Harmandir Sahib is the main centre of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. According to one scholar, “Amritsar is for the Sikhs what Mecca is for the Muslims.”

1. International Court of Justice.

(i) International Court of Justice means the judicial branch of the United Nations. The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in the Netherlands. 

(ii) There are 15 judges in the International Court of Justice. 

(iii) They are chosen by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Every judge has tenure of nine years. 

(iv) Functions:

• To settle the disputes between two or more member nations of the United Nations.
• To interpret international law authentically. 
• To advise the various organs or subsidiary bodies of the United Nations about legal issues.

2. The UN Security Council.

Security Council is one of the 6 main organs of the UN: 

(i) There are 15 members in the Security Council. Of them, five are permanent members, while ten are nonpermanent members.

(ii) The non-permanent members are chosen every two years by the General Assembly. America, Russia, England, France and China are permanent members of the Security Council. They have the veto power. 

(iii) For any decision to be taken, the assent of all five permanent members and four non permanent members is necessary. If even one of the five permanent member uses his veto i.e. gives a negative vote, the decision cannot be taken.

(iv) Functions of the Security Council: 

(a) The main responsibility of the Security Council is to maintain international peace and security. 

The Security Council may suggest one among the following alternatives in situations of international conflict:

End/resolve conflict and make efforts to establish peace 

Impose economic sanctions or take a decision of military action against the aggressor nation.

(b) To prepare policies for arms control. 

(c) To play a joint role along with the General Assembly in the appointments of the judges of the International Court of Justice and of the United Nations Secretary General.

The Masand System played an important role in the development and organisation of the Sikh religion. The importance of the Masand System for Sikh religion was as under:

1. The system ensured regular and fixed donations for the Guru Gaddi. With a fixed income from donations, Guru Sahib was able to undertake much constructive work for the development of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev Ji not only built tanks at Amritsar and Santokhsar, but also built new cities, constructed ponds, dug wells, etc.

2. Masand System, not only ensured fixed donations, but also, helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion more enthusiastically. Earlier, the work of spread of religion was done through Manji system. It was confined only to the Punjab during those days. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It helped in the spread of Sikh religion even outside.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court when he had an assured income through Masand System. The Masands and the devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi day and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings. Gradually, the court of Guru Sahib acquired the status of a court of an emperor for the Sikhs and Sikh Sangat started calling Guru Arjan Dev Ji as Sachcha Padshah (The True Emperor) out of love and devotion for him.

Big pieces of stone, the tools left by the primitive man and the tools which were not well-prepared are found from ‘the workshops or factory sites of primitive man’.

Very low population distribution is found in world’s very cold areas, dry deserts, highland areas, equatorial regions and mid latitudinal desert areas.

The town of Tarn Taran was founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Tarn Taran has great significance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for the Sikhs. A large number of Sikh pilgrims come to Tarn Taran and take bath in the Sarovar. It was because of Tarn Taran that the Jats of Majha region of Punjab adopted Sikh religion during the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Jats of the Majha region proved to be most courageous and fearless while fighting against the Mughals in the battles. Indu Bushan Banerjee remarks that the history of the Sikhs took a new turn with the entry of the Jats into Sikh religion.

The foundation stone of Sri Hari mandir Sahib was laid in 1589 A.D. by the renowned Sufi Saint of his times, Miari Mir.

Answer is (a) 9 years

He was faced with the opposition of Bhai Dattu and Bhai Dasu.

(c) October 24,1945

(i) India had participated in the different Conferences that were held before the establishment of the United Nations.

(ii) India has participated in bringing issues like decolonisation, disarmament and racial segregation on the United Nations platform. 

(iii) In 1946, India was the first country to raise the question of racism in the United Nations. India has always led the discussions about the problems of undeveloped and developing countries.

(iv) India has always sent her troops to participate in the United Nations peacekeeping forces. Not just that, India has sent an all-woman peacekeeping force as well.

(v) It is evident from the foregoing analysis that India makes serious efforts to solve international conflicts by peaceful means.

The factor’s which affect population distribution are: global factors, regional factors, cultural factors and periodical factors.

The economic factors that affect the distribution of population are as follows: 

1. Minerals: The regions rich with minerals attract industries. Mining and industrial activities produce employment.

2. Urbanisation: Cities provide good opportunity of educational and medical facilities and also provide good means of transport and communication.

3. Industrialisation: Industrialisation attracts people on very large scale. In it, not only the workers of industries, but drivers, shopkeepers, workers of banks, doctors,’ teachers and other service sectors are also included.

4. Social and cultural factors: Some places attract people more for religious and cultural importance, so many people populate such regions.

In global factors: location, climate condition, surface and height from sea level are included.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji made many rules for Masand System. The most important rule was about ‘Daswandh’. According to it, the devotees were required to donate tenth part of their income to the Guru for religious activites. It was called Daswandh.

Agglomeration is a big group of population. These areas are found near river’s plain and lake based area. Areas of favourable climate and plain surface area.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji had constructed a large well (Baoli) in Dubbi Bazaar in Lahore. It became a place of pilgrimage for his Sikh followers.

Guru Amar Das Ji completed the work of construction of the Baoli at Goindwal, which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib told his Sikh followers that whosoever would recite the hymns of ‘JupJi Sahib’ with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh types of lives (Yonis) and achieve Moksha (Salvation). Indu Bushan Banerjee says that the Baoli played a significant role in the history of Sikh religion. The Baoli of Goindwal became a popular place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. The Gurudwara Baoli Sahib stands there.

Guru Amar Das Ji laid the foundation of a large well (Baoli) in Goindwal.

The city of Goindwal is situated on the bank of river Beas. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed here a Baoli, a large oblong tank of water. This Baoli has eighty four steps with landing places. Guru Sahib had decreed that whoever would reverently repeat the Japuji Sahib on every step shall escape from wandering in the wombs of the eighty four lakhs of living .creatures. In the course of time, Goindwal became an important centre of Sikh pilgrimage.

Guru Amar Das Ji had two sons and two daughters.

Answer is (a) UNICEF

They are economic condition, level of development, political condition, psychological condition, transport and trade.

The Mughal Emperor Akbar had very cordial relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. However, Jahangir the next Mughal emperor, abandoned the policy of toleration after the death of Akbar. Jahangir was on the lookout for an opportunity to give mortal blow to Sikh religion. In the meantime, Prince Khusro, the son of Jahangir, revolted against his father. After being defeated at the hand of his father, Khusro came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Sahib blessed him. Jahangir imposed a fine of two lakh rupees on Guru Sahib on the charge of helping rebellious Khusro. Guru Sahib showed his inability to pay. As a result, Guru Sahib was detained and subjected to severe torture. It infuriated the Sikhs. The Sikhs learned that the only course then left open to them was to rise in arms for the protection of their religion.

They are: adaption with the environment, interdependency religion, social recognitions and social structure.

The regional factors are: structure of earth, water supply, soils, vegetation, minerals and sources of energy.

The Manji System was founded by Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of his Sikh followers had increased immensely by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. However, Guru Amar Das Ji was very old and it was difficult for him to visit his large spiritual empire of Sikh followers in order to spread his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his spiritual empire into 22 regions called the Manjis. Each Manji was further divided into Pieces. The Manji system had great significance in the history of Sikh religion. Dr. G.C. Narang says that this work of Guru Sahib consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion and helped to spread Guru’s teachings in all parts of the country.

Bhai Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji.

The name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji was Bibi Bhani.

The earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar was Ramdaspur.