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Every organisation gets set up in the changing environment and survives. The several constituents of environment; namely, social, economic and political continue changing. In order to overcome these changes successfully, the management has to effect changes in its goals and policies. Hence, we may say that there is nothing stable in management.

For example, the fast food company McDonalds effected several revolutionary changes in its ‘Menu’ in order to survive in the Indian market.

Management is dynamic.

Management enables the organisation to make available employment opportunities, hence helping in the development of society.

Management creates such type of organisation which is able to face the regularly changing environment easily.

According to Trewelly and Newport "Management is defined as the process of planning, organising, and controlling an organisation's operations in order to achieve co-ordination of the human and material resources essential in the effective and efficient attainment of objectives."

Management creates a dynamic organisation: An organisation operates in a consistently changing environment. In order to survive and grow, the organisation has to adapt itself as per the environment. Employees generally resist to changes. Management helps in implementing such changes by convincing the employees that such changes will benefit their future prospects.

Management helps in the development of society: While achieving the development of organisation, management also aims to develop the society by giving due importance to social obligations. Efficient management improves living standard of people in the society by creating employment opportunities, by providing good quality products and by using latest technology. It leads the path towards growth and development through optimum utilization of available resources.

Management is considered as a multi-faceted concept because it is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. These are 

(i) Management of Work : All organisations perform some work e.g., producing or selling. A work is defined as the goals to be achieved. 

(ii) Management of People : The main asset of an organisation is the human resources. This resource has to be managed in such a manner that it helps to achieve the goals of the organisations. Nature and Significanceof Management 

(iii) Management of Operations : All organisations either produce a product or provide a service. This requires a production process which means using an operation to convert the inputs into the output, dt is interlinked with both management of work and management of output.

Management is considered as a multi-faceted concept because it is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. They are: 

a. Management of Work. 

b. Management of People. 

c. Management of Operations.

Coordination is the process whereby an executive develops an orderly pattern of group efforts among his subordinates and ensures unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose.
Features/Nature of Coordination 
The features or nature of coordination are as follows:
(i) Integration of group efforts All business activities are interdependent. Therefore, there should be coordination among them. Coordination enables the business to make efficient use of its available resources.
For example, supply of material should come, when production needs it. If there is a mismatch in the time schedule, it is an instance of lack of coordination. It is the central task of the manager to reconcile differences in approach, timing, efforts or interests to harmonise individual goals with organisational goals. Coordination is the effort to ensure a smooth interplay of the functions and forces of all the different components of an organisation so that its purpose will be realised with minimum friction and maximum collaborative effectiveness

(ii) Coordination is needed at all levels Coordination is an essential function which is required at all levels of management. The content and scope of coordination will vary at different levels. However, it is a part of duty which should be performed by every managerial personnel right from operational level to the top management.
(iii) Coordination ensures unity of action The purpose of coordination is to unite the efforts of every individual in the realisation of common purpose.

Coordination is the process whereby an executive develops an orderly pattern of group efforts among his subordinates and ensures unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose.
Features/Nature of Coordination 
The features or nature of coordination are as follows:
(i) Integration of group efforts All business activities are interdependent. Therefore, there should be coordination among them. Coordination enables the business to make efficient use of its available resources.
For example, supply of material should come, when production needs it. If there is a mismatch in the time schedule, it is an instance of lack of coordination. It is the central task of the manager to reconcile differences in approach, timing, efforts or interests to harmonise individual goals with organisational goals. Coordination is the effort to ensure a smooth interplay of the functions and forces of all the different components of an organisation so that its purpose will be realised with minimum friction and maximum collaborative effectiveness

(iii) Coordination is needed at all levels Coordination is an essential function which is required at all levels of management. The content and scope of coordination will vary at different levels. However, it is a part of duty which should be performed by every managerial personnel right from operational level to the top management.
(iv) Coordination ensures unity of action The purpose of coordination is to unite the efforts of every individual in the realisation of common purpose.

The shapes and functions of our teeth is different. According to their function the teeth are classified into three types. 

1. cutting and biting – incisor 

2. Piercing and tearing – canine 

3. Chewing and grinding – pre-molor and molar.

It is one of the amazing fact. The starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium carbonate. After opening the shell the starfish pops out its stomach through its mouth to eat the soft animal inside the shell. The stomach then goes back into the body and the food is slowly digested.

The large intestine is winder and shorter than small intestine. It is about 1.5 metre in length. Its function is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested food material.

Two monovalent cations: Na⁺ and K⁺ 

Compounds they make: NaCl and KCl 

Two divalent cations: Ca²⁺ and Ba²⁺ 

Compounds they make: CaCl₂ and BaCl₂ 

Two trivalent cations: Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ 

Compounds they make: AlCl₃ and FeCl₃ 

Note: Monovalent cations: The cations (positively charged species) which have a valency of +1 are called monovalent cations. 

Divalent cations: The cations which have a valency of +2 are called divalent cations.

Trivalent cations: The cations which have a valency of +3 are called trivalent cations.

Seeing Derry in his garden, Mr Lamb asks him if he wants to have apples. He tells him that he did not need to come there by climbing over the wall. He could come by the gate. He makes him feel relaxed. He behaves in a friendly manner with him.

डैरी को अपने बाग में देखकर श्रीमान् लैम्ब उससे पूछते हैं कि क्या उसे सेब चाहिए। वह उससे कहते हैं कि उसे दीवार के ऊपर से चढ़कर आने की आवश्यकता नहीं थी। वह द्वार से आ सकता था। वह उसे आराम महसूस कराते हैं। वह (श्रीमान् लैम्ब) उसके साथ मित्रता का व्यवहार करते हैं।

Derry takes the garden for a lonely place. So he climbs over the garden wall and enters it. Though the garden’s gate is open, he does not notice it. He walks slowly and cautiously through the long grass.

डैरी को लगता है कि बाग में कोई नहीं है। इसलिए वह बाग की दीवार पर चढ़कर वहाँ प्रवेश कर जाता है। यद्यपि बाग का द्वार खुला हुआ है परन्तु वह उस पर ध्यान नहीं देता है। वह लम्बी घास में से होकर धीरे-धीरे और चौकन्ना होकर चलता है।

Both Derry, as well as Mr Lamb, suffers from some kind of physical disability. Mr Lamb’s positive attitude towards life inspires Derry. Mr Lamb offers to be his friend. Finding him an interesting person, Derry returns to his house.

डैरी और श्रीमान् लैम्ब दोनों ही किसी न किसी प्रकार की शारीरिक अक्षमता से ग्रस्त हैं। डैरी को श्रीमान् लैम्ब के जीवन के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण से प्रेरणा मिलती है। श्रीमान् लैम्ब उसके सामने मित्रता का प्रस्ताव रखते हैं। उन्हें एक रोचक व्यक्ति पाने के कारण डेरी उनके घर वापस लौटता है।

Derry has a burnt face. So he suffers from inferiority complex. People always say such things about him that he does not like. So he avoids their company and wants to be alone. So he enters the garden thinking a lonely place.

डैरी का चेहरा जला हुआ है। इसलिए वह हीन भावना से ग्रस्त है। लोग हमेशा उसके बारे में ऐसी बातें करते हैं जो उसे पसन्द नहीं हैं। इसलिए वह उनके साथ से बचता हैं और अकेले रहना चाहता है। इसलिए वह बाग को एकान्त स्थान समझ कर वहाँ प्रवेश करता है।

Mr Lamb was picking ripe crab apples in his garden. That time he was alone. He fell from the ladder and died. When Derry reaches there, he finds Mr Lamb dead. He starts weeping because being late, he couldn’t help him.

श्रीमान् लैम्ब अपने बगीचे में पके हुए जंगली सेब तोड़ रहे थे। उस समय वह अकेले थे। वह सीढ़ी से गिर गए और मर गए। जब डेरी वहाँ पहुँचता है, वह श्रीमान् लैम्ब को मृत पाता है। वह रोना शुरू कर देता है क्योंकि देर से आने के कारण वह उनकी सहायता नहीं कर सका।

Derry's conversation with Mr. Lamb has a great effect on Derry. He realizes that he should not confine himself. Rather he should come out in the world. He should see the world, face it and emerge as a winner. Now he wants to live, he wants to forget about his ugly face, and makes his own wishes and his priorities. His life is more important than the views of other people about his face and life.

It is true that physical impairment causes physical pain. The person suffering from it feels hurt. But what’s more painful is the behaviour of others. Some laugh at such persons while some others show too much sympathy. In both cases, the person feels offended. Derry is suffering from an inferiority complex because of people’s strange behaviour towards him. People show hatred to see his burnt face. He feels alienated from society. Such a person expects a normal behaviour. People should understand his problem and behave accordingly. They should never make him feel that he lacks something. That is what a physically impaired person expects from others. Each person needs normal behaviour from others to live in the mainstream of society.

यह सत्य है कि शारीरिक विकलांगता से कष्ट होता है। इससे पीड़ित व्यक्ति स्वयं को आहत अनुभव करता है। लेकिन जो इससे भी अधिक कष्टकर होता है, वह है दूसरे व्यक्तियों का व्यवहार। कुछ लोग ऐसे व्यक्तियों पर हँसते हैं जबकि कुछ अन्य आवश्यकता से अधिक सहानुभूति दिखाते हैं। दोनों ही मामलों में, ऐसा व्यक्ति आहत अनुभव करता है। डैरी अपने प्रति दूसरों के अजीब व्यवहार के कारण हीन भावना से पीड़ित है। लोग उसके जले हुऐ चेहरे को देखकर घृणा व्यक्त करते हैं। वह अपने आपको समाज से अलग-थलग महसूस करता। है। ऐसा व्यक्ति सामान्य व्यवहार की आशा करता है। लोगों को उसकी समस्या समझनी चाहिए और उसी के अनुसार व्यवहार करना चाहिए। उन्हें उसे कभी यह अनुभव नहीं कराना चाहिए कि उसमें कुछ कमी है। एक शारीरिक रूप से विकलांग व्यक्ति दूसरों से यही आशा करता है। समाज की मुख्यधारा में जीने के लिए प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को दूसरों से सामान्य व्यवहार की आवश्यकता होती है।

We are pushed forward because of the inertia of motion, as our body opposes the sudden change.

नदी की युवावस्था मे अपरदन द्वारा उत्पन्न दो स्थलाकृतियाँ निम्नलिखित हैं

1. V’ आकार की घाटी-पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में नदी को निम्न कटाव अधिक सक्रिय होने के कारण वह अंग्रेजी के अक्षर V-आकार की घाटी का निर्माण करती है। कुछ नदियाँ लगातार अपनी घाटी के तल को गहरा करती जाती हैं। इस गहरी V-आकार की घाटी को कन्दरा (Gorge) कहते हैं। कन्दरा का निर्माण वहाँ होता है जहाँ कठोर शैलें पाई जाती हैं। कन्दरा का विस्तृत रूप कैनियन (Canyon) कहलाता है।

2. जल-प्रपात-पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों में नदी द्वारा निर्मित जल-प्रपात एक प्रमुख स्थलाकृति है। जब नदी ऊँची पर्वत-श्रेणियों से नीचे की ओर प्रवाहित होती है, तो धरातलीय ढाल की असमानता के कारण मार्ग में अनेक जल-प्रपात या झरने बनाती है, परन्तु यदि उच्च पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों में नदी के प्रवाह-मार्ग में कोमल एवं कठोर चट्टाने एक साथ आ जाएँ तो जल कोमल चट्टानों का आसानी से अपनदन कर देता है जबकि कठोर चट्टानों को अपरदन करने में वह सफल नहीं हो पाता। इस प्रकारे प्रवाहित जल अकस्मात ऊँचाई से नीचे की ओर गिरने लगता है जिसे जल प्रपात या झरना कहते हैं।

Correct option is (b) was a good bowler

(i) (a) his team lost the match 

(ii) (b) was a good bowler. 

(iii) (c) a grassy land.

(a) of
(b) in
(c) on
(d) for
(e) to

(i) T
(ii) F
(iii) F
(iv) T
(v) T

Correct option is (a) his team lost the match

Alan’s father promised him that if Alan’s side won the match, he would buy him a bicycle.’

(i) I know what he had done.

(ii) I under stand what he means.

(iii) I know what is worrying her.

(iv) I can not remember what had gone wrong with the car.

(v) I do not know what made you laugh.

(vi) I remember quite clearly what you said to me.

(i) He asked me not to read his letter aloud. 

(ii) The teacher ordered him to do the work again. 

(iii) The old man requested Alan to help him. 

(iv) The Principal told them not to make a noise in the hall. 

(v) He begged his friend not to be cruel to the dog. 

(vi) He advised his son, play on the road. 

(vii) He advised the boy not to sit on that chair. 

(viii) She begged me to write to her soon.

1. The father patted Alan on the back because he had helped an old man.

2. Alan wished to say that he had not played in the match.

3. The policeman told Alan’s father what had happened?

4. Alan was playing the game not on the cricket pitch but he was helping an old man on the way.

5. The name of the lesson is ‘Playing the Game’ and the author is Arthur Mee.

1. The father patted Alan on the back because he had helped an old man.

2. Alan wished to say that he had not played in the match.

3. The policeman told Alan’s father what had happened?

4. Alan was playing the game not on the cricket pitch but he was helping an old man on the way.

5. The name of the lesson is ‘Playing the Game’ and the author is Arthur Mee.

(i) We knew that our school team would win the match easily. 

(ii) I trust that you are well. 

(iii) I was sure that I would pass. 

(iv) He forgot that he had left the child on the road.

The boys gave Alan three loud cheers next morning for they too had learned about his kind act.

The boys gave Alan three loud cheers next morning for they too had learned about his kind act.

1. Alan’s mother came to the gate to see him off. She said, “Good bye” and called out to do his best.

2. Alan was mightily proud of being chosen to play in the school cricket match.

3. Alan reacted his mother’s advice in his mind that he would try to win the match.

4. Alan’s father promised to buy a bicycle if Alan’s side won the match.

5. The name of the lesson is ‘Playing the Game’ and the author is Arthur Mee.

(i) I under stand what he means. 

(ii) I know what is worrying her. 

(iii) I can not remember what had gone wrong with the car. 

(iv) I do not know what made you laugh. 

(v) I remember quite clearly what you said to me.

Alan made his way slowly home because another boy named Harold Banks was playing in his place.

The old man stumbled over a loose paving stone and fell heavily on the ground.

The old man stumbled over a loose paving stone and fell heavily on the ground.

Alan made his way slowly home because another boy named Harold Banks was playing in his place.

1. Alan’s mother came to the gate to see him off. She said, “Good bye” and called out to do his best.

2. Alan was mightily proud of being chosen to play in the school cricket match.

3. Alan reacted his mother’s advice in his mind that he would try to win the match.

4. Alan’s father promised to buy a bicycle if Alan’s side won the match.

5. The name of the lesson is ‘Playing the Game’ and the author is Arthur Mee.

(a) Stumbled
(b) Practice
(c) Leaning
(d) Interrupt
(e) Waving

Alan was happy at last because a jolly-looking policeman came there. He was ready to help the old man.

Alan was late for the match because he had helped an old man on the way.

Alan was late for the match because he had helped an old man on the way.

Alan was happy at last because a jolly-looking policeman came there. He was ready to help the old man.

(a) answer
(b) chosen
(c) try
(d) obliged
(e) loose

Alan had practised bowling with his father for weeks. His father told him that he was shaping well. His father was excited over the match.

(a) answer 

(b) chosen 

(c) try 

(d) obliged 

(e) loose