Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. 

Correct option is a. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

1. Trade enquiry: The importing firm approaches the export firms with the help of trade enquiry they collecting information about their export prices and terms of exports. After receiving a trade enquiry, the exporter will prepare a quotation called proforma invoice.

2. Procurement of import licence: There are certain goods that can he imported freely, while others need licensing. The importer needs to consult the Export Import (EXIM) policy in force to know whether the goods that he or she wants to import are subject to import licensing. 

3. Obtaining foreign exchange: Since the supplier in the context of an import transaction resides in a foreign country he/she demands payment in a foreign currency. Payment in foreign currency involves exchange of Indian currency into foreign currency.

4. Placing order or indent: After obtaining the import licence, the importer places an import order or indent with the exporter for supply of the specified products. The import order contains information about the price, quantity size, grade and quality of goods ordered and the instructions relating to packing, shipping, ports of shipment and destination etc.

5. Arranging for finance: The importer should make arrangements in advance to pay to the exporter on arrival of goods at the port. Advanced planning for financing imports is necessary so as to avoid huge demur rages (i.e.. penalties) on the imported goods lying uncleared at the port for want of payments.

6. Obtaining letter of credit: If the payment terms agreed between the importer and the overseas supplier is a letter of credit. then the importer should obtain the letter of credit from its bank and forward it to the overseas supplier. 

7. Receipt of shipment advice: After loading the goods on the vessel, the overseas supplier dispatches the shipment advice to the importer. A shipment advice contains information about the shipment of goods. 

8. Retirement of import documents: Having shipped the goods, the overseas supplier prepares a set of necessary documents as per the terms of contract and letter of credit and hands it over to his or her banker for their onward transmission and negotiation to the importer in the manner as specified in the letter of credit.

9. Arrival of goods: Goods are shipped by the overseas supplier as per the contract. The person in charge of the carrier (ship or airway) informs the officer in charge at the dock or the airport about the arrival of goods in the importing country. LIC provides the document called import general manifest. Import general manifest is a document that contains the details of the imported goods.

10. Customs clearance and release of goods: All the goods imported into India have to pass through customs clearance after they cross the Indian borders. Customs clearance is a somewhat tedious process and calls for completing a number of formalities. It is, therefore, advised that importers appoint C&F agents who are well versed with such formalities and play an important role in getting the goods customs cleared.

1. Transportation or interstate movement of goods: The Chambers of Commerce and Industry help in many activities concerning interstate movement of goods which Includes registration of vehicles, surface transport policies, construction of highways and roads. 

2. Marketing of agro products and related issues: The associations of agriculturists and other federations play an important role in the marketing of agro products. Streamlining of local subsidies and marketing policies of organisations selling agro products are some of the areas where the Chambers of Commerce and Industry can really intervene and interact with concerned agencies like farming cooperatives.

3. Weights and measures and prevention of duplication brands: Laws relating to weights and Measures and protection of brands are necessary to protect the interest of the consumers as well as the traders. They need to be enforced strictly. The Chambers of Commerce and Industry interact with the government to formulate such laws and take action against those who violate rules and regulations.

4. Promoting sound infrastructure: A sound infrastructure like road, port. electricity railways, etc. plays a catalytic role in promoting trade. The Chambers of Commerce and Industry in collaboration with the government needs to take up heavy investment projects. 

5. Labour legislation: A simple and flexible labour legislation is helpful in running industries, maximizing production and generating employment. The Chambers of Commerce and Industry and the government are constantly interacting on issues like labour laws, retrenchment, etc

6. Octroi and other local levies: Octroi and local taxes are the important sources of revenue of the local government. These are collected on the goods and from people entering the state or the municipal limits. The government and Chambers of Commerce should ensure that their imposition is not at the cost of smooth transportation and local trade.

7. Harmonisation of sales tax structure and value added tax: The Chambers of Commerce and Industry play an important role in interacting with the government to harmonise the sales tax structure in different states.

8. Excise duty: Central excise is the chief source of the government revenue levied across states by the central government. The excise policy plays an important role in pricing mechanism and hence the associations need to interact with the government to ensure streamlining of excise duties. 

1. An activity of business concerned with the acquisition and conservation of capital fund in meeting the financial needs and overall objective of the business.

2. To purchase fixed assets: Every type of business needs some fixed assets like land and building, furniture, machinery, etc. A large amount of money is required for purchase of these assets.

3. To meet day-to-day expenses: After establishment of a business, funds are needed to carry out day-to-day operations. 

4. To fund business growth: Growth of business may include expansion of existing line of business as well as adding new lines. To finance such growth, one needs more funds. 

5. To bridge the time gap between production and sales: The amount spent on production is realised only when sales are made. Normally, there is a time gap between production and sales and also between sales and realisation of cash. Hence during this interval, expenses continue to be incurred, for which funds are required.

6. To meet contingencies: Funds are always required to meet the ups and downs of business and for some unforeseen problems.

Some of the common incentives provided by the Government for industries in backward and hills areas are as follows: 

1. Land: Every state offers developed plots for setting up of industries. The terms and conditions may vary. Some states don’t charge rent in the initial years, while some allow payment in installments.

2. Power: It is supplied at a concessional rate of 50%, while some states exempt such units from payment in the initial years.

3. Water: It is supplied on no-profit, no-loss basis or with 50% concession or exemption from water charges for a period of 5 years. Sales Tax: In all union territories, industries are exempted from sales tax, while some states extend exemption for 5 years period. 

4. Octroi: Most states have abolished octroi.

5. Raw materials: Units located in backward areas get preferential treatment in the matter of allotment of scarce raw materials like cement, iron and steel, etc.

6. Finance: Subsidy of 10-15% is given for building capital assets. Loans are also offered at concessional rates.

7. Industrial estates: Some states encourage setting up of industrial estates in backward areas.

8. Tax holiday: Exemption from paying taxes for 5 or 10 years is given to industries established in backward, hilly and tribal areas.

Merits: 

• The deposits that are raised by organisations directly from the public are known as public deposits. 
• The procedure of obtaining deposits is simple and does not contain restrictive conditions as are generally there in a loan agreement. 
• Cost of public deposits is generally lower than the cost of borrowings from banks and financial institutions.
• Public deposits do not usually create any charge on the assets of the company. The assets can be used as security for raising loans from other sources. 
• As the depositors do not have voting rights, the control of the company is not diluted.

The unwanted side-effects that might arise from the imposition of budgets by senior management include the following: 

(i) Non-acceptance of budgets. 

(ii) The budgetees might consider the method of performance evaluation to be unjust. 

(iii) Creation of anti-management cohesive work groups.

Some managers are reluctant to participate in budgeting because they do not like to discuss financial matters. They may also feel like developing a budget stops flexibility in an organization. Some want to control all the money without any restraints. Certainly in the wrong situation the budget process can be upsetting and demoralizing. It helps to have as much input from lower levels as to the content of the budget and the parameters. They also need to know how they are doing with the budget as the year goes on. If the budget is forced.

Wholesalers services to producer are:

1. Facilitating large scale production: Wholesalers collect small orders from number of retailers and pass on the pool of such orders to manufacturers and make purchases in bulk quantities. This enables the producers to undertake production on a large scale.

2. Bearing risk: The wholesale merchants deal in goods in their own name, take delivery of the goods and keep the goods purchased in large lots in their warehouses. In the process they bear lots of risks such as the risk of fall in prices, theft, pilferage, spoilage, fire, etc.

3. Financial assistance: The wholesalers provide financial assistance to the manufacturers in the sense that they generally make cash payment for the goods purchased by them. To that extent, the manufacturers need not block their capital in the stocks.

4. Expert advice: As the wholesalers are in direct contact with the retailers, they are in a position to advice the manufacturers about various aspects including customer’s tastes and preferences, market conditions, competitive activities and the features preferred by the buyers.

1. Cost: There are two types of costs., the cost of procurement of funds and cost of utilizing the funds. Both these costs should be taken into account while deciding about the source of funds that will be used by an organisation.

2. Financial strength and stability of operations: The financial strength of a business is also a key determinant. In the choice of source of funds business should be in a sound financial position so as to he able to repay the principal amount and interest on the borrowed amount.

3. Form of organisation and legal status: The form of business organisation and status influences the choice of a source for raising money.

4. Purpose and time period: Business should plan according to the time period for which the funds are required. A short-term need for example can be met through borrowing funds at low rate of interest through trade credit, commercial paper, etc. For long term finance, sources such as issue of shares and debentures are more appropriate.

5. Risk profile; Business should evaluate each of the sources of finance in terms of the risk involved. For example, there is a least risk in equity as the share capital has to be repaid only at the time of winding up and dividends need not be paid if no profits are available.

6. Control: A particular source of fund may affect the control and power of the owners on the management of a firm. Issue of equity shares may mean dilution of the control.

7. Effect on credit worthiness: The dependence of business on certain sources may affect its credit worthiness in the market.

8. Flexibility and ease: Another aspect affecting the choice of a source of finance is the flexibility and ease of obtaining funds. Restrictive provisions, detailed investigation and documentation in case of borrowings from banks and financial institutions. 

9. Tax benefits: Various sources may also be weighed in terms of their tax benefits. For example, while the dividend on preference shares is not tax deductible, interest paid on debentures and loan is tax deductible and may, therefore, be preferred by organisations seeking tax advantage.

Merits:

• Economics of scale: As there is central procurement/manufacturing, the multiple-shop organisation enjoys the economies of scale. 
• Elimination of middlemen: By selling directly to the consumers, the multiple-shop organisation is able to eliminate unnecessary middlemen in the sale of goods and services.
• No bad debts: Since all the sales in these shops are made on cash basis, there are no losses on account of bad debts. 
• Transfer of goods: The goods not in demand in a particular locality may be transferred to another locality where it is in demand. This reduces the chances of dead stock in these shops. 
• Diffusion of risk: The losses incurred by one shot may be covered by profits in other shops, reducing the total risk of an organisation. 
• Low cost: Because of centralised a purchasing, elimination of middlemen, centralised promotion of sales and increased sales, the multiple shops have lower cost of business. 
• Flexibility: Under this system, if a shop is flow operating at a profit, the management may decide to close it or shift it to some other place without really affecting the profitability of the organisation as a whole.

Limitations:

• Limited selection of goods: The multiple shops deal only in limited range of products, mostly those produced by the marketers. They do not sell products of other manufacturers.
• Lack of initiative: The personnel managing the multiple shops have to obey the instructions received from the head office. This makes them habitual of looking up to the head office for guidance on all matters, and takes away the initiative from them to use their creative skills to satisfy the customers.
• Lack of personal touch: Lack of initiative in the employees sometimes leads to indifference and lack of personal touch in them. 
• Difficult to change demand: If the demand for the merchandise handled by multiple shops change rapidly, the management may have to sustain huge losses because of large stocks lying unsold at the central depot.

Cost as on 01.04.2016 = Rs.28,000/0.70 = Rs. 40,000 

A. Total Depreciation under Old Method = Rs.40,000 - Rs.28,000 = Rs.12,000 

B. Total Depreciation under New Method = Rs.40,000 -[40,000 × 90%, × 90% × 90%] = Rs.10,840 

C. Excess Depreciation to be written back Rs.1,160

Benefits of international business to nation:

1. Earning of foreign exchange: International business helps a country to earn foreign exchange which it can later use for meeting its imports of capital goods, technology, petroleum products and fertilisers, pharmaceutical products and a host of other consumer products which otherwise might not be available domestically.

2. More efficient use of resources: As stated earlier, international business operates on a simple principle produce what your country can produce more efficiently, and trade the surplus production so generated with other countries to procure what they can produce more efficiently. When countries trade on this principle, they end up producing much more than what they can when each of them attempts to produce all the goods and services on its own.

3. Improving growth prospects and employment potentials: Producing solely for the purposes of domestic consumption severely restricts a country’s prospects for growth and employment. Many countries, especially the developing ones, could not execute their plans to produce on a larger scale, and thus create employment for people because their domestic market was not large enough to absorb all that extra production.

4. Increased standard of living: In the absence of international trade of goods and services, it would not have been possible for the world community to consume goods and services produced in other countries that the people in these countries are able to consume and enjoy a higher standard of living.

5. Greater variety of goods available for consumption: International trade brings in different varieties of a particular product from different destinations. This gives consumers a wider array of choices which will not only improve their quality of life but as a whole it will help the country to grow. 

6. Consumption at cheaper cost: International trade enables a country to consume things which either cannot be produced within its borders or production may cost very high. Therefore it becomes cost cheaper to import from other countries through foreign trade.

7. Reduces trade fluctuations: By making the size of the market large with large supplies and extensive demand, international trade reduces trade fluctuations. The prices of goods tend to remain more stable.

Benefits of international business to firms:

1. Prospects for higher profits: International business can be more profitable than the domestic business. When the domestic prices are lower, business firms can earn more profits by selling their products in countries where prices are high.

2. Increased capacity utilization: Many firms setup production capacities for their products which are in excess of demand in the domestic market. By planning overseas expansion and procuring orders from foreign customers, they can think of making use of their surplus production capacities and also improving the profitability of their operations.

3. Prospects for growth: Business firms find it quite frustrating when demand for their products starts getting saturated in the domestic market. Such firms can considerably improve prospects of their growth by plunging into overseas markets. This is precisely what has prompted many of the multinationals from the developed countries to enter into markets of developing countries.

4. Way out to intense competition in domestic market: When competition in the domestic market is very intense, internationalization seems to be the only way to achieve significant growth. Highly competitive domestic market drives many companies to go international in search of markets for their products.

5. Improved business vision: The growth of international business of many companies is essentially a part of their business policies or strategic management. The vision to become international comes from the urge to grow, the need to become more competitive, the need to diversify and to gain strategic advantages of internationalization.

Statement Showing the Valuation of Stock As At 31^st March

(i) False 

(ii) False 

(iii) False 

(iv) False 

(v) False 

a) Word-of -mouth communication :

Opinion ladders in local communities have to be nurtured to win that confidence so salon owners or parlour owners are contacted by the company.

b) 

1) They derive more utility from the product 

2) Their excitement makes their decision contiguous

Five measure to control environment pollution are:

• Definite commitment by top management of enterprise to create, maintain and develop work culture for environmental protection and pollution prevention. 
• Complying with laws and regulations enacted by the government for prevention of pollution. 
• Participation in government programmes relating to management of hazardous substance, plantation of trees and checking deforestation. 
• Ensuring that commitment to environmental protection is shared throughout the enterprise by all divisions and employees. 
• Arranging educational workshop and training materials to share technical information and experience with suppliers, dealers and customers to get them actively involved in pollution control programmes.

Factors to be considered for choice of channels of distribution: 

1. High price – premium quality, smaller chain 

2. Direct sales to schools 

3. Size of the order – on order – No middlemen 

4. Objective of purchase – Direct sale is justified because it is for industrial use

The formation of informal groups is quite helpful for the management. They provide support to the existing formal groups thereby improving the interpersonal relationships. The communication process is relatively faster in informal groups as it is free from the barriers of status and formality. Existence of informal group provides gratification to the employees as they get a place to vent out their feelings. The managers can also develop better relationships with their subordinates owing to the informal groups.

cotx/2 - tanx/2

Take x/2 = a for easy notation

= cosa / sina - sina/cosa

= cos²a - sin²a / sin a cosa

Multiply by 2 .

= 2 ( cos2a) / 2sina cosa

= 2cos2a / sin2a

= 2 cot 2a

= 2 cot 2 ( x/2)

= 2 cot x.

So, the value of cotx/2 - tanx/2 is  2 cot x.

Sequential codes: 

These are the codes in which code numbers and/or letters are assigned in a consecutive order. These codes are applied primarily to source documents such as cheques, invoices etc. This facilitates document searches. This process enables either identification of missing codes (numbers) relating to a particular document or to trace a relevant document on the basis of the codes.

Mnemonic codes: 

These codes consist of alphabets or abbreviations as symbols to codify a piece of information. SJ for sales journal, HQ for Headquarters are examples of mnemonic codes

Let one zero of the polynomial 2x² - 3x + k be α.

So, the other zero is 1/α.

Here, 

a = 2

b = -3

c = k

So,

α x 1/α = c/a

1 = k/2

k = 2

The value of k is 2.

Concept:

If a directed line L passing through the origin makes angles α, β and γ with x, y, and z-axes, respectively, called direction angles, then the cosine of these angles, namely, cosα, cosβ and cosγ are called direction cosines of the directed line L.

These unique direction cosines are denoted by l, m, and n.

And l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

Given:

α = β = γ

∴ l = cosα

m  = cosβ = cosα

n = cosγ = cosα

\({l^2} + {m^2} + {n^2} = 1 \)

\(\Rightarrow 3{\cos ^2}\alpha = 1 \)

\(\Rightarrow \cos \alpha = \pm \frac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}\)

Thus the direction cosines of the line which is equally inclined to the coordinate axes are 

\(\pm \frac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}, \pm \frac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}\;and\; \pm \frac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}\)

Correct option is Hygroscopic nature of CaCl₂

Applications of Adsorption

• Activates charcoal is used in gas masks to remove poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide, methane etc. Animal charcoal is used to remove colouring matter from sugarcane juice in the manufacture of sugar. 

• Ion exchange resin is used to remove hardness of water. 

• Several organic compounds are purified by chromatographic adsorption.

• Silica gel is used for removing and controlling humidity.

• The catalytic effect of a number of catalysts like spongy iron (in the manufacture of ammonia) and nickel, platinum or palladium (used in the reduction of unsaturated hydrocarbons is based on the principle of adsorption. 

• Production of high vacuum. 

• Gas masks-It is a device which consists of activated charcoal. This is used to adsorb poisonous gases. 

• Humidity control-Silica gel and aluminium gel are used for this purpose. 

• Removal of colouring matter from solutions-Animal charcoal is used for decolorising cane sugar. 

• Heterogeneous catalysis 

• Separation of inert gases by coconut charcoal 

• Softening of hard water 

• De-jionising of water 

• Cleaning agents 

• Froth floatation process 

• Adsorption indicators 

• Chromatographic analysis 

• In curing diseases. 

C₁ = (–g, –f) 

C₂ = (–g^–1, f^–1) 

r₁ = √(g² + f²) 

r₂ = √(g'² + r'²) 

C₁ C₂ = r₁ + r₂ 

(C₁ C₂)² = (r₁ + r₂)² 

(g' – g)² + (f' – f)² = g² + f² + g'² + f'² + 2√(g² + f²) √(g² + r²)

–2(gg' + ff') = 2{g² g'² + f² f'² + g² f'² + f² g'² }^1/2 

Squaring again 

(gg' + ff')² = g² g'² + f² f'² + g² f'² + g'² f² 

g² g'² + f² f'² + 2gg'ff' = g² g'² + f² f'² + g² f'² + g'² f'² 

2gg'ff' = g² f'² + f² g'² 

⇒ g² f'² + g'² f² – 2gg'ff' = 0 

(or) (gf' – fg')² = 0 

(or) gf' = fg' 

x²-14x+45

x²-9x-5x+45

x(x-9)-5(x-9)

(x-5)(x-9)

Now:

x-5=0

x = 5

x-9 = 0

x = 9

By using formula, 

Mode = 3 median - 2 mean 

112 = 3 median - 2 x 100

112 = 3 median - 200

112 + 200 = 3 median

312 = 3 median

312/3 = median

104 = median

Median = 104.

dy/dx = e^{x – y} + x².e^–y 

= e^x/e^y + x²/e^y 

∫ e^y.dy = ∫ (e^x + x²) dx

Solution is e^y = e^x + x³/3 + c

Given line is 2x – y + 2 = 0 

⇒ y = 2x + 2 

Comparing with y = mx + c 

we get m = 2, c = 2

Comparing y² = 16x with y² = 4ax 

We get 4a = 16 

⇒ a = 4 

a/m = 4/2 = 2 = c 

∴ Point of contact = 

(a/m², 2a/m) = (4/2², 2(4)/2)

= (1, 4)

Let the equation of the line parallel to x−2y=1 is x−2y+λ=0
Since, it passes through (3,5)
⇒3−10+λ=0
⇒λ=7
Therefore, the line is x−2y+7=0.
The point of intersection of x−2y+7=0 and 2x+3y−14=0 is (1,4).
The distance between (3,5) and (1,4)

\(=\sqrt{3-1)^2+(5-4)^2}=\sqrt{4+1}=\sqrt5.\)

C = (4, -2) & r = \(\sqrt {4^2 + (-2)^2} = \sqrt{16 + 4} = \sqrt{20}\)

Equation of the circle (x + 4)² + (y + 2)² = (√20) 

⇒ x² + 16 – 8x + y² + y + 4y – 20 = 0 

⇒ x² + y² – 8x + 4y = 0

The correct option is (b) Even.

Correct option is (b) even

If a polynomial is a perfect square then factors repeat even number

then

p(x) = x² + 10x + 25

= (x + 5)(x + 5)

= (x+ 5)² 

If a polynomial is a perfect square then its factors repeated even number of times.

\(\therefore\) p(x) = (g(x))² = g(x). g(x)

g(x) or its factors repeated2(even) number of times.

Let the equation of the required circle is 

x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 given that this 

Equation passes through the points (0,5) and (6, 1) 

∴ (0,5) 02 + 52 + 2(0)g + 2(5)f + C=0 

10f + C + 25 = 0 

(6, 1) 62 + 12 + 2.6g + 2.1f+C = 0 …. (1) 

12g + 2f + C + 37 = 0 …. (2) 

Also the centre (-g, -f) lies on the line 

12x + 5y – 25 = 0 

∴ -128 – 5f – 22 = 0 …. (3) 

Equation (2) – Equation (1) gives 

12g – 8f + 12 = 0 …(4) 

Adding equations 3 and 4 we get 

-13f – 13 = 0 → f = \(\frac{13}{-13}\) - 1

⇒ f = -1 

From equation 4 

12g = 8f + 12 = – 8 + 12 = 4 

g = \(\frac{1}{3}\)

10 + C + 25 = 0 ⇒ c = -15 

∴ Required equation is x² + y² + 2\(\frac{1}{3}\)x + 2(-1)y -15 = 0

⇒ 3x² + 3y² + 2x – y – 45 = 0

i¹⁸ + (1/i)²⁵ = i² + (-i)²⁵ 

= i² - i²⁵ = i² - i = - 1 - i

sin A = 3/5cos A = 4/5, sin 2A = 2sinAcosA = 2(3/5)(4/5) ⇒ sin 2A = 24/25

For one second, number of revolutions = 6.

A = {-1,0, 1} 

A × A = {(-1,-1),(-1,1), (0-1), (0,0),(1,-1), (1,1), (1,0)}

(-5/8)i² = - 5/8(-1) = 5/8 + i(0) (∵i² = - 1)

4! – 3! = (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) – (3 × 2 × 1) = 24 – 6 = 18

a_n = 2n + 5; a₁ = 7, a₂ = 9, a₃ = 11

Slope = (4 - (-2))/(-1 - 3) = 6/-4 = -3/2

Australia is not a continent.

A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {3,5,7,9,11} ∩ {7,9,11,13,15} = {7,9,11}

Domain of f(x) = {x : x ∈ 2, -3 ≤ x ≤ 3}, 

Range of f(x) = [x : x ∈ R]

Let the function be f(x) = mx + c, f(0) = -1 = c = -1 

f(1) = m. 1 + c ⇒ 1 = m – 1 ⇒ m = 2 ∴ f(x) = 2x – 1

n(X ∩ Y) = n(X) + n(Y) – n(X ∪ Y) = 17 + 23 – 38 = 2.

If n(X ∪ Y) = n(X) + n(Y) – n(X ∩ Y) = 38 + 25 – 10 = 53

n(X ∩ Y) = n(X) + n(y) – n(X ∪ Y) = 17 + 23 – 38 = 2 

No. of Relation = 2^pq = 2² × 2 = 2⁴ = 16 relations.