Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Answer is (c) (a² - b²)/2

Answer is (d) 1/4

Answer is (b) 2/e

tan 2Å = cot(A – 18°) 

⇒ 90 – 2A = A – 18° 

⇒ 3A =108°

⇒ A =36

⁽ⁿ⁺¹⁾P_(r+1)= ^(n+1)!/(n-r)!=(n+1)×n!/(n-r)=(n+1)×ⁿP_r

Increases with increase in temperature

1. Number of straight lines that can be formed using 12 points = 12C₂ = \(\frac{12 \times 11}{1 \times 2}\) = 66. Number of straight lines that can be formed using 4 collinear points = 4C₂ = \(\frac{4 \times 3}{1 \times 2}\) = 6.  

Since the 4 points are collinear, the required number of lines = 66 – 6 + 1 = 61.

2. Number of triangles that can be formed using 12 points = 12C₃ =\( \frac{12 \times 11 \times 10}{1 \times 2 \times 3}\) = 220.

Number of triangles that can be formed using 4 collinear points = 4C₃ = 4. 

Since the 4 points are collinear, the required number of triangles = 220 – 4 = 216.

1. Exactly two ladies can be selected from 4 in 4C₂ = \(\frac{4 \times 3}{1 \times 2}\) = 6.

 The remaining 4 should be selected from 7 men in 7C₄ = \(\frac{7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4}{1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4}\) = 35. 

The required number of ways = 6 × 35 = 210.

2. At least 2 ladies can be selected as follows;

The required number of ways = 210 + 140 + 21 = 371.

1. The box contains 6 + 5 + 8 = 19 fruits, from this one fruit can be selected in 19C₁ = 19 ways.

2. An apple is to be selected from 6 apples and an orange be selected from 5 oranges. 

The required number of ways = 6C₁ × 5C₁ = 30.

3. An apple is to be selected from 6 apples, an orange is to be selected from 5 oranges and one mango is to be selected from 8 mangoes. 

The required number of ways = 6C₁ × 5C ₁ × 8C₁ = 240.

1. Number of chords = ¹⁵C₂ = \(\frac{15 \times 14}{1 \times 2}\) = 105

2. Selection of 2 black and 3 red balls = ⁵C₂ × ⁶C₃ = 10 × 20 = 200.

The different possibilities are mentioned below;

The required number of ways

= 5C₁ × 5C₂ + 5C₃ × 5C₃ + 5C₂ × 5C₁

= 5 × 10 + 10 × 10 + 10 × 5 = 200.

 The least number which is divisible by 14, 35 & 42 is LCM of 14, 32 & 42.

\(\because\) 14 = 7 x 2

35 = 7 x 5

42 = 7 x 2 x 3

\(\therefore\) LCM(14, 32, 42) = 7 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 210

Hence, the least number which is divisible bt 14, 35 & 42 is 210.

\(\therefore\) 210 + 6 = 216 is the least number which when divided by 14, 35 & 42 leaves remainder 6 in each case.

\(A \times (B\cup C) = (A\times B)\cup (A\times C)\)

Let \((x, y) \in A\times (B \cup C)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x \in A \) and \(y \in (B\cup C)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x \in A \) and \(y \in B \;or\;y\in C\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x \in A \) and \(y \in B \;or\;x\in A \;or\; y\in C\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (x,y) \in A \times B \;or\; (x,y)\in (A \times C)\)

\(\Leftrightarrow (x, y) \in (A \times B)\cup (A\times C)\)

\(\therefore A \times (B \cup C) = (A \times B)\cup (A \times C)\)

(i) Ground waves- the ground waves which progress along the surface of the earth are called ground waves or surface waves.The ground propagation is suitable for low and medium frequency. i.e., up to 2 MHz only, hence it is also called medium ware propagation The maximum range of ground or surface wave propagation depends on : 

(a) The frequency of the radio waves and 

(b) power of the transmitter.

(ii) The sky waves-The sky waves are the radio waves of frequency between 2MHz to 30 MHz. The ionosphere reflects those radio waves so that they can propagate through atmosphere. The sky wave propagation is also known as ionosphere propagation.

The sky waves are used for very long distance radio communication at medium high frequencies (i.e. at medium waves and short waves.) The radio waves can cover a distance opproximately 400 km in a single reflection from the ionosphere.

(iii) Space wave- The space waves are the radio waves of very high frequency (i.e. between 30 MHz to 300 MHz or more). The space waves can travel through atmosphere form transmitter antena to receive antenna eighter directly or after reflection from ground in the earth's troposphere region. lt is also called Tropospherical propagation or line of sight propagation. this propagation is limited (a) to the line of sight distance. (b) by the curvature of the earth.

It is utilized in T.V. communication, radar communication etc.

\(\because R\) is an equivalance relation on set A.

If \(a \in A\) then \((a, a)\in R\)   (∵ R is reflexine)

⇒ \(R(a) = a\)

⇒ \(R^{-1}(a) = a \,\,\,\, \forall \,a\in A\) 

\(\therefore R^{-1}\) is reflexive.

Let \(a, b \in A \) such that \((a, b)\,\,\in R^{-1}\)

⇒ \(R^{-1}(a) = b\)

⇒ \(a = R(b)\)

⇒ \((b,a )\in R\)

⇒ \((a, b) \in R\)      (∵ R is symmetric)

⇒ \(R(a) = b\)

⇒  \(a = R^{-1}(b)\)

⇒ \((b,a)\in R^{-1}\,\,\forall \,a, b \in A\)

 \(\therefore R^{-1}\) is symmetric

Let \(a, b, c \in A\) such that \((a, b) \in R^{-1} \) & \((b, c)\in R^{-1}\)

Then \(R^{-1}(a) = b\) & \(R^{-1} (b) = c\)

⇒ \(a = R(b)\) & \(b = R(c)\)

⇒ \((b,a)\in R\) & \((c,b) \in R\)

⇒ \((a,b)\in R\) & \((b,c) \in R\)    (As \(R\) is symmetric)

⇒ \((a, c)\in R\)       (As \(R\) is transitive)

⇒ \((c, a) \in R\)       (As \(R\) is symmetric)

⇒ \(R(c) = a\)

⇒ \(R^{-1} (a) = c\)

⇒ \((a, c)\in R^{-1}\)

 \(\therefore R^{-1}\) is transitive 

 \(\therefore R\) is an equivalance relation on A.

Equivalence relations are often used to group together objects that are similar, or “equivalent”, in some sense. Example: The relation “is equal to”, denoted “=”, is an equivalence relation on the set of real numbers since for any x, y, z ∈ R: 1. (Reflexivity) x = x, 2.

A = {1,2,3,....9,10}

(a, b) R(c, d) ≡ a + d  = b + c

Reflexivity: Let (a, b) \(\in\) A x A be any arbitrary element

\(\because\) Relation R is reflexive.

Symmetricity: Let (a, b), (c, d) \(\in\) A x A such that

(a, b) R (c, d)

Then a + d = b + c

⇒ a + d = c + d

⇒ c + b = a + d

⇒ c + b = d + a

⇒ (c, d) R (a, b)

\(\therefore\) Relation R is a symmetric relation.

Transitivity: Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) \(\in\) A x A such that

(a, b) R (c, d) & (c, d) R (e, f)

We have (a, b) R (c, d)

\(\therefore\) a + b = b + c---(1)

Also, (c, d) R (e, f)

\(\therefore\) c + f = d + e---(2)

By adding (1) & (2), we get

a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e

⇒ a + f = b + c

⇒ (a, b) R (e, f)

\(\therefore\) Relation R is a transitive relation.

Since, relation R is reflexive, symmetric & transitive relation.

\(\therefore\) Relation R is an equivalence relation.

Equivalence class of (3, 4)

\(\because\) (3, 4) R (3, 4)

(3, 4) R (1, 2) (\(\because\) 3 + 2 = 4 + 1)

(3, 4) R (2, 3) (\(\because\) 3 + 3 = 4 + 2)

(3, 4) R (4, 5) (\(\because\) 3 + 5 = 4 + 4)

(3, 4) R (5, 6) (\(\because\) 3 + 6 = 4 + 5)

(3, 4) R (6, 7) (\(\because\) 3 + 7 = 4 + 6)

(3, 4) R (7, 8) (\(\because\) 3 + 8 = 4 + 7)

(3, 4) R (8, 9) (\(\because\) 3 + 9 = 4 + 8)

(3, 4) R (9, 10) (\(\because\) 3 + 10 = 4 + 9)

\(\therefore\) Equivalence  class of (3, 4) is

[(3, 4)] = {(1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8), (8, 9), (9, 10)}

We are given that A is the subset of B

⇒ Every element of A is an element of B.

Therefore, the intersection elements of sets A and B are A ∩ B = A.

Correct answer is

(D) All of the above

A) Plastic manufacturing

COSHH assessments are usually carried out in Plastic manufacturing industry.

(D) cost of industry equipment

Material Safety Data Sheet should not provide information on cost of industry equipment.

(A) lung disease, coughing and shortness of breath

Continuous inhalation of cotton dust results in lung disease, coughing and shortness of breath.

ठोस के अवयवी कणों की स्थितियाँ नियत होती हैं। ये कण केवल अपनी माध्य स्थितियों के चारों ओर दोलन करते हैं। ठोस के अवयवी कण क्लोज पैक्ड (निविड संकुलित) होते हैं तथा उनके बीच बहुत ही कम स्थान रिक्त होता है। इन्हीं कारणों से ठोस कठोर होते हैं।

The Design Thinking process can be broken down into five steps of phases:

1. EMPATHISE: the first stage of the process is spent getting to know the user and understand the wants, needs and objectives. This means observing and engaging with people in order to understand them on a psychological and emotional level. During this phase, the designer seeks to set aside the assumptions and gather real insights about the user. 

2. DESIGN: This stage is dedicated to defining the problem. It is about gathering all the findings from the empathise stage and starting to make sense of them. By the end of the define phase, the designer will have a clear problem statement. The key here is to frame the problem in a user centred way. Once the designer formulates the problem into words, they can start to come up with solutions and ideas. 

3. IDEATE: The third phase in the design thinking process is where creativity happens, and it’s crucial to point out that the ideation stage is a judgement free zone. Designers will hold ideation sessions in order to come up with as many new angles and ideas as possible. Brainstorming and mind-mapping are few of the techniques used. Towards the end of the ideation phase, the designer will narrow it down to a few ideas with which to move forward. 

4. PROTOTYPE: The fourth step in the design thinking process is all about experimentation and turning ideas into tangible products. This is step is key in putting each solution to the test and highlighting any constraints and flaws. Throughout the prototype stage, the proposed solutions may be accepted, improved, redesigned or rejected depending upon how they fare in the prototype form. 

5. TEST: After prototyping comes the user testing, but it is important to know that it is rarely the end of the design thinking process. In reality, the results of the testing phase will often lead the designer back to a previous step, providing the insights you need to redefine the original problem statement or to come up with new ideas he/she hadn’t thought of before.

(B) Acceptable Risk

Green color on Risk matrix indicates Acceptable Risk.

ANSWER -: B) REDUCTION 

In order to achieve the technique of fabric manufacturing as described above briefly, the working of a loom has been divided into three basic motions:-

(i) Shedding: This is the operation that helps in opening up the warp sheet creating the gaps through which the weft yarns will pass. In order to do this operation, primitive looms had the wooden shafts that were lifted by hand or by leg-driven pedals, as in handlooms. In power looms, this is done with the help of electricity, and the shafts were cam-driven initially. But this hampered the loom productivity as well as the design size was limited. So, later on, developments have evolved the dobby and then the jacquard mechanisms for shedding. In dobby, the design size is larger, giving the weaver or designer an increased scope for design exploration. The productivity is also higher. In jacquard, the design size is virtually unlimited and productivity even higher. But jacquard designs are more complicated to be set up on a loom and hence, dobby looms are preferred in most cases, owing to comparative simplicity and lesser cost.

(ii) Picking: This is the operation in which the weft or the pick, also referred as the fill, passes through the open warp sheet. There are various methods of carrying the weft across the full width of the loom. In the most primitive way, a shuttle was used, which a wooden missile-like structure with a weft pirn would carry the weft yarn inside it. The shuttle was mechanically thrown from one side to the other. Low productivity and associated health hazards caused it to be replaced with other improved devices like the projectile, the rapier, the air-jet and the water-jet looms.

(iii) Beat-up: This is a very important operation of the loom. After shedding and picking, the beat-up action is to ensure that the newly introduced weft is closely packed in the body of the fabric, and hence, a mechanical force or thrust is exerted on the new weft by a device called the reed to embed it into the main fabric already woven, closely with the prior weft yarns.

Basic steps in the search process of IR are:

i. Recognise and state the need: specify the requirement 

ii. Develop the search strategy: This is query formulation step 

iii. Execution of the search strategy: Execution of search 

iv. Review search Result: Either get the matching result or else provide scope for edit/modify the search 

v. Edit search result: Transformation of search result into usable format 

vi. Evaluation of the results by the user: participation of the searcher to quantify his/her search result to use.

Six web tools used for promoting Library services are:

• Library website/ Portals 
• E-mail 
• Instant Messaging 
• Listserv 
• Forum 
• Blogs

Any two in details:

1) Library website/ portal: Library website provide access to all information about library resources and services. It integrates resources and user communities via a single location.

2) Instant Messaging: it is one of the applications of the emessaging system which enables user to chat online via Internet. It allows to add others contact email via inviting other.

Product design definition-

Designing a new product goes through an analytical process and relies on a problem-solving approach to improve the quality of life of the end user and his or her interaction with the environment. It is about problem-solving, about visualizing the needs of the user and bringing a solution.

Product designers also work with other professionals such as engineers and marketers. While not in charge of designing the purely mechanical and technological aspects of the product, they are however concerned with usability.

Product design has many fields of application: medical devices, tableware, jewelry, sports and leisure, food preservation appliances, furniture, etc.

It takes into consideration also the production cost, the manufacturing processes and the regulations.

Essential requirement of a good product design-

• Function: The product must be designed in such a way that it optimally performs the main task or function for which it is purchased by a buyer. 

• Reparability 

• Reliability 

• Aesthetics 

• Durability 

• Producability 

• Simplicity 

• Compact

There are various methods and tools suggested by scholars and practitioners, few of them useful for design and user research are explained below:

1. User Interviews 

2. Focus Group 

3. Card Sorting 

4. Ethnography – Contextual Enquiry 

5. Shadowing 

6. Survey

User Interview

The interview process is one of the most common and powerful ways to understand people. It can be considered the foundation for many of the methods designers use. The interview is a method for discovering facts and opinions held by potential users of the system being designed.

The predominant form of interviewing is face-to-face and one-to-one. The interview can be organized around a set of structured questions, follow a more open format through semi structured questions or be unstructured with no prior questions.

It is important to prepare oneself much prior to the actual interview sessions. To be ready with a right questioner, which can help get the best insight about them.

Focus Group 

A focus group is a moderated discussion that typically involves 5 to 10 participants and chaired by an impartial moderator. Its aim is to solicit focused feedback on specific issues or design ideas, giving designers first-hand experience of user reaction. Through a focus group, one can learn about user’s attitudes, beliefs, desires, and reactions to concepts. Focus groups are a traditional market research technique. In a typical focus group, participants talk. During the focus group users tell about their experiences or expectations but the moderator doesn‘t get to verify or observe these experiences.

Card Sorting 

Card sorting is a research method used to understand the way that the intended users of a website naturally organize or think about different types of information or content. It‘s also a method service teams can use to sort and arrange. Card Sorting can be conducted in a variety of circumstances using various means – one-on-one, during workshops, by mail, or electronically.

Card sorting is very popular among researchers as this is an easy way to get user input and validation very early on in a project without requiring a lot of initial preparation. It is the simple technique that‘s easy for participants and clients to understand. It‘s relatively inexpensive and easily demonstrates its value. Online card sorting lets you reach many participants, in diverse locations, in a very short period of time.

Ethnographic Research 

Ethnography is a social research technique based on studying people‘s behavior in everyday contexts, rather than under controlled conditions (such as a conference room in a focus group testing center). Ethnographic techniques focus on informal conversation and observing the subjects in their environments, instead of on questionnaires or set lists of topics. This approach will allow you to be efficient while unearthing the true attitudes and behaviors of users, as opposed to merely gathering statistics.

In design research, the ethnographic approaches to participant interaction clarify complex human needs, behaviors, and perspectives. Field immersions unearth contextual and environmental factors that shape user experience. Rigorous, old fashioned desk research and expert consultation support the fieldwork. It is important to know that a good design research doesn‘t always end with good data.

Contextual Enquiries 

In a contextual enquiry, one watches and listens as the user works. They don't usually give the user tasks or scenarios. To understand what a user is doing or thinking they ask questions as the user navigates the site. The results are usually qualitative, observed data, rather than quantitative, measured data.

Shadowing 

Shadowing is observing people in context. It is important that the people one is observing are not aware of the same since that might lead to change in their natural behavior. It allows the researcher and designer to develop design insights through observation and shared experience with users.

Survey 

Surveys, which are also called questionnaires, are one of the key ways to gather quantitative data for analysis. Surveys rely on asking the same question in the same way to a large number of people, and obtaining a lot of responses. These responses are then analyzed using statistical techniques to obtain information that can be generalized about the whole population.

HAND TOOL WOODWORKING Hand tool woodworkers choose to use classical tools and methods to build things. Hand saws, chisels, scrapers and planes are preferred over anything that plugs into a wall. Getting started can be very inexpensive. Hand tool woodworkers probably feel more of a connection to the process than any other type of woodworker. It takes patience, has a longer learning curve, it‘s a slower way to build and a lot quieter. But the personal fulfillment and satisfaction can be enormous.

POWER TOOL WOODWORKING - 90% of woodworkers today are power tool woodworkers. Power tools such as miter saws, table saws, drills, sanders are ubiquitous and can be a very affordable way to start building projects right away. Cutting a board on a table saw doesn‘t take anywhere near the skill and finesse of using a handsaw and takes a fraction of the time. They have the potential to cause serious injuries so awareness about the safety procedures is a necessity.

DIGITAL WOODWORKING The primary tool here is the CNC machine that makes precision cuts on flat pieces of wood using a router. One needs to layout and design all of the work on a computer and the machine will take care of the rest, cutting out all the pieces. The laser cutter or engraver allows to make even more precise cuts than a CNC and create some beautiful art. The biggest drawbacks to using digital machines are their cost. They have their limitations and one will probably still want a table saw and other power tools.

BLENDED WOODWORKING It is a mixture of hand tools and power tools. For instance blended approach to woodworking might make most cuts using a table saw, but use a chisel to hand cut dovetails. Some people find that hand tools offer greater precision and control for cutting technically demanding joints and enjoy improving their skills at these tasks.

SPECIALTY WOODWORKING There are two types of woodworking that some enthusiasts specialize in - Woodturning and scrolling:

Woodturning involves using a lathe to create bowls, spindles and other rounded projects. It‘s kind of like sculpting clay on a potter‘s wheel, only with wood and chisels. The only real downside to getting into woodturning is that lathes can be pretty expensive.

Scrolling involves using a scroll saw which is capable of cutting extremely tiny curves and intricate patterns. It takes practice to become proficient, but it‘s relaxing and one can create some stunning art with a scroll saw. Unlike a lathe, scroll saws are relatively inexpensive. They are pretty quiet and don‘t make a huge mess. One can certainly find uses for both tools in a standard woodworking shop, maybe needing to make occasional table legs or add some decorative scrollwork to a fancy bookcase, but in general they aren‘t tools that are used that often.

The following are the major industries which depend heavily on forest and agroforestry plantation to meet the raw material requirement.

1. Pulp and Paper Industries: The pulp and paper industry is one of the key industries in India and it is highly fragmented. Today, there are about 700 paper mills in India with 33 in the large scale sector. During 1990s, the per capita consumption of paper was 3.3 kg which has now escalated to 8 kg, but still lower compared to the global average of 47.7 kg. The current production of raw material for pulp and paper production is 2.76 million tons as against the demand of 5.04 million tons. The shortfall is as high as 45 per cent.

2. Match Industries: Match wood industry is one of the oldest wood based industries in India. About 75 per cent of the total match wood industries in the country are located in the state of Tamil Nadu which comprises nearly 6,000 match industries with mechanized, semi mechanized and as cottage industry. The per capita consumption of matches in India increased steadily from 2.45 kg (1970) to 4.25 kg (1987).

3. Timber and Sawn Wood Industries: Traditionally people in the country predominantly use timber and other converted wood in all their domestic and industrial wood requirement. The rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization resulted in greater usage of wood in furniture, housing and construction material. During 2010-2012 more than 500 million square feet of space was estimated to be built in urban areas of the country and the wood products were valued around US Dollar 3 billion. With greater usage wood as a predominant material for housing and construction material in urban and semi urban areas there is going to be a great demand for timber and other sawn wood requirement. The Indian furniture market is estimated at 8 billion US Dollar and in most cases raw materials are imported from various countries.

Major Timber Species: 

i. Tectonagrandis 

ii. Terminaliaspp 

iii. Albizia spp. 

iv. Gmelinaarborea 

v. Azadirachtaindica

vi. Pterocarpus spp. 

vii. Mangiferaindica

4. Plywood Industries: One of the fastest growing in India is the plywood industry. The industrialization and urbanization and the increased interest on interior decorations have made great usage of plywood in the country. Wide range of species have been found amenable for making face, core and inner veneers resulted in establishment of more than 2,000 small scale industries involved in plywood manufacture. The liberalization and privatization policy of government of India also significantly contributed towards establishment of new rural industries. These industries also depend heavily on various species which thereby attracted large scale promotion of plywood based industrial wood plantations.

Major Plywood Species: 

i. Populus spp. 

ii. Meliadubia 

iii. Paulownia spp.

5. Particle Board Industries: Particle board is reconstituted constructional panel particularly developed as a substitute for natural constructional wood and is made from low grade waste woods or from ligneous agricultural residues. These particle boards are predominantly used for wall paneling and interior decorations in domestic and industrial wood sector. In India, the first particle board industry was set up in late 1950s at Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh and from then onwards large number of industries has been installed across the country.

Major Raw Materials: 

i. All types of wood waste 

ii. All types of pine needles 

iii. All types of Casuarina needles 

iv. Ligneous agriculture residues

6. Fibre Board Industries: Fibre board is constituted using sheet materials of widely varying diversities manufactured from refined or partially refined wood fibers or other vegetable fibers.

7. Dendro Biomass Power Generation Industries: Biomass is an important fuel source in overall energy scenario. Biomass is produced through chemical storage of solar energy in plants and other organic matter as a result of photosynthesis. This biomass include plantation that produces energy crops, natural vegetable growth and other organic waste and residues. Among all these biomass, the role of dendro biomass is very significant due to their higher calorific value and increased fuel efficiency. Hence, large number of dendro biomass based power plants has been established across the country to generate electricity.

8. Value Addition Industries: The wood based industries have to store the harvested raw materials during rainy season in order to have sustainable raw material availability and to sustain the industrial process during lean season. The post-harvest management of huge volume of industrial wood necessitates proper handling, storage and utilization which demand a scientific intervention in order to reduce post-harvest losses due to biological agents particularly powder post beetles and pin hole borers.

These biological agents are taking a heavy toll on stored industrial raw materials which need to be addressed. Hence large number wood seasoning and preservative industries have been established to avoid post-harvest losses. Similarly, the plantation and industrial processing activities accounts for 20-30 per cent of wood residues which are either unutilized or underutilized for want of suitable recycling technologies.

These plantation and industrial wood residues have been successfully value added into briquettes and as on today many industries have been established across the country and successful value addition using plantation residues have been evidenced. These value added briquettes acted as excellent feed stock for biomass power generation industry, boiler industries and other industries requiring biomass for meeting the energy demands.

Correct option: a) One