Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

In 1974  first Nuclear Test done in India.

510 millionsq.km. 

The scientific study of rocks is called ‘Petrology’.

The correct answer is Chhattisgarh.

• The Korba Coalfield is located in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.

• It is located in the Korba district near the Hasdeo River in Chhattisgarh.
• Hasandeo river is a tributary of Mahanadi.
• The coal mining started here in Korba in 1941.
• The production gets boosted after the construction of the Champa – Korba rail link in 1955.
• Coalfield located in West Bengal is Raniganj Coalfield.
• In Jharkhand, the Jharia coalfield is located.
• There is no coal field in Bihar. 

The rocks which are formed due to cooling of magma at a great deapth inside the earth called Plutonic igneous rocks.

J.P. Narayan  had the Bihar movement.

Soviet Coalition was warrad pact related during cold war.

The correct answer is Tidal forest.

• Tidal forests grow mainly in the deltaic regions of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna which are flooded by tides and high sea waves.

• Mangroves is the representative of this type of vegetation.
• Sundari is the typical tree of tidal forests.
• It is found in abundance in the lower Ganga delta of West Bengal.
• This is the reason why it is popularly known as Sunderban.
• It is known for its hard and durable timber.

The correct answer is Dhaka.

• South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was founded in Dhaka.
• The SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal.

• South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) 
  • The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.
  • The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first raised in November 1980.
  • After consultations, the foreign secretaries of the seven founding countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.
  • Afghanistan became the newest member of SAARC at the 13th annual summit in 2005.
  • The Headquarters and Secretariat of the Association are in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• SAARC comprises of eight-member States:
  • Afghanistan
  • Bangladesh
  • Bhutan
  • India
  • Maldives
  • Nepal
  • Pakistan
  • Sri Lanka

(a) Union Council of Ministers

Ordinances issued by a State Governor are subject to the approval of the State Legislature concerned

The Correct Answer is Tethys.

• Tethys Sea, a former tropical body of water that separated the supercontinent of Laurasia in the north from Gondwana in the south during much of the Mesozoic Era (251 to 65.5 million years ago).
• There were many rivers that were flowing into the Tethys Sea (some of the Himalayan rivers are older than the Himalayas themselves.
• Sediments were brought by these rivers and were deposited on the floor of the Tethys Sea.
• These sediments were subjected to powerful compression due to the northward movement of the Indian Plate.
• This resulted in the folding of sediments.
• Once the Indian plate started plunging below the Eurasian plate, these sediments were further folded and raised.
• And the folded sediments, after a lot of erosional activity, appear as the present-day Himalayas.

The correct answer is Howrah.

• The Howrah city called "Sheffield of India"
• This city is also known as “Glasgow” of India.
• Howrah is the second-largest city and second smallest district after Kolkata.
• Howrah is an important transportation hub of West Bengal and a major gateway for its twin city of Kolkata.

• Darjeeling is famous throughout the world for the tea it grows and the great view of the Kanchenjunga range of mountains.
  • It is also known for its richness in cultural & natural heritage and the famous toy train that has been declared a UN heritage.
  • Darjeeling is called the Queen of the Hills.
• Durgapur of Paschim Bardhaman district is known for the Iron and Steel Industry.
  • It is known as the steel capital of East India.
  • The place is also termed as the ‘Rurh of Bengal’.

• On 1 December 1905, the British architect Halsey Ricardo designed the new station, which is the current Howrah station.

(a) a Constitution-making body

No taxes can be levied on expenditure incurred without the approval of the Parliament

The Correct Answer is Ludhiana.

• In the Indian state of Punjab, Ludhiana is a city and a municipal corporation in the Ludhiana district.
• Ludhiana is the largest city in Punjab and the largest town north of Delhi.
• The area of the city is 159 km².
• The city stands on the old bank of the Sutlej River, 13 kilometers south of its current course. 
• It is an industrial center in northern India.

The correct answer is Less than fifty workmen are employed.

Under the Industrial Dispute act:

• An employer who intends to close down an undertaking need to inform the appropriate government at least sixty days before the date of closure.
• This is not applicable when:

1. Less than fifty workmen are employed or were employed in the preceding twelve months.
2. To the undertaking set up for construction work and projects
3. Any other exception provided by the government.

 Important Features of Industrial Dispute Act 1947:

• The Act applies to every industrial establishment carrying on any business, trade irrespective of the number of workmen employed therein.
• Also, every person employed in an establishment for hire including contract labour, a part-time employee is covered under this act.
• The act encourages arbitration over disputes between employers and employees.
• It provides for setting up of works committee in any industrial establishment with one hundred or more workers for consultation and to promote cordial relation.
• For every establishment employing twenty or more workmen a grievance redressal committee must be set up.
• Reasons for the dispute can be

1. Demand for higher wages.
2. Payment of bonus.
3. Higher social security benefits.
4. Demand for good and safer working conditions.

• Methods of dispute settlement are

1. Conciliation - It is a non-binding procedure in which an impartial third party, the conciliator, assists the parties to a dispute in reaching a mutually agreed settlement of the dispute.
2. Arbitration - In this, the dispute is submitted to an arbitral tribunal which makes a decision on the dispute that is binding on the parties.
3. Adjudication - It involves intervention in the dispute by a third party appointed by the government for the purpose of deciding the nature of the final settlement.

• Depending on the nature of the dispute, the Act empowers the Government to refer the dispute to an appropriate authority which is Labour Court, Industrial Tribunal and National Tribunal.
• The right to strike and the lockout has been subjected to the restriction as provided in the act.
• The act prohibits strikes and lockout by workers in public utility services if the conciliation and arbitration proceedings are pending and it empowers the government to take adequate action.
• An employer who intends to close down an undertaking needs to inform the appropriate government at least sixty days before the date of closure. This is not applicable when:

1. Less than fifty workmen are employed or were employed in the preceding twelve months.
2. To the undertaking set up for construction work and projects.
3. Any other exception provided by the government.

The correct answer is IOCL.

• IOCL controls 11 of India’s 23 refineries with a combined refining capacity of 80.7 million metric tonnes per annum.

• Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) was formed on July 15, 1974. HPCL owns and operates Refineries at Mumbai (west coast) & Visakhapatnam (East coast) with designed capacities of 7.5. MMTPA (Million Metric Tonnes Per Annum) & 8.3 MMTPA respectively.
• HPCL also owns the largest Lube Refinery in the country at Mumbai for producing Lube Oil Base Stock with a capacity of 428 TMTPA.
• Bharat Petroleum, India’s ‘best performing’ Maharatna Public Sector Undertaking, and its journey from being an Oil and Gas Company in India to a Fortune 500 oil refining, exploration, and marketing conglomerate.
• Maharatna ONGC is the largest crude oil and natural gas company in India, contributing around 75 percent to Indian domestic production. This largest natural gas company ranks 11th among global energy majors (Platts).

1. Electronic waste which is commonly referred as “ewaste” is the new byproduct of the Info Tech society. 

2. It is a physical waste in the form of old discarded, end of life electronics.

3. It includes a broad and growing range of electronic devices from large household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cellular phones, computers and other electronic goods”. 

4. Similarly, e-waste can be defined as the result when consumer, business and household devices are disposed or sent for re-cycling (example, television, computers, audio-equipments, VCR, DVD, telephone, Fax, Xerox machines, wireless devices, video games, other household electronic equipments).

Correct answer is c. Company

The marketing mix consists of various variables, which have broadly been classified into four categories, popularly known as four Ps of marketing. 

These are: (i) Product, (ii) Price, (iii) Place, and (iv) Promotion, and are discussed as follows:

1. Product: Product means goods or services or ‘anything of value’, which is offered to the market for exchange.

The concept of product relates to not only the physical product as mentioned in the above examples but also the benefits offered by it from the customer's view point (for example toothpaste is bought for whitening teeth, strengthening gums, etc.). The concept of product also includes the extended product or what is offered to the customers by way of after sales services, handling complaints, availability of spare parts etc. These aspects are very important, particularly in the marketing of consumer durable products (like Automobiles, Refrigerators, etc.). The important product decisions include deciding about the features, quality, packaging, labelling and branding of the products.

2. Price: Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. In the case of most of the products, the level of price affects the level of their demand. The marketers have not only to decide about the objectives of price setting but to analyse the factors determining the price and fix a price for the firm’s products.

3. Place: Place or Physical Distribution include activities that make firm’s products available to the target customers. Important decision areas in this respect include selection of dealers or intermediaries to reach the customers, providing support to the intermediaries (by way of discounts, promotional campaigns, etc.).

4. Promotion: Promotion of products and services include activities that communicate availability, features, merits, etc. of the products to the target customers and persuade them to buy it. Most marketing organisations undertake various promotional activities and spend a substantial amount of money on the promotion of their goods through using a number of tools such as advertising, personal selling and sales promotion techniques (like price discounts, free samples, etc.).

The correct answer is Fruits.

Given below is the list of all the agricultural revolutions of India-

Business environment has the following features: 

1. Totality of external forces: Business environment’s sum total of all things external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature. 

2. Specific and general forces: Business environment includes both specific and general forces. Specific forces such as investors, customers, etc, affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces such as social, political conditions have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirectly. 

3. Inter-relatedness: Different elements of business environment are closely interrelated. One element of the environment affects the other. For example, new health-aware products such as diet coke, fatfree cooking oil, etc changed people’s lifestyles. 

4. Dynamic nature: Business environment is dynamic. It keeps on changing whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences, etc. 

5. Uncertainty: Business environment is largely uncertain because it is difficult to predict future happenings. 

6. Complexity: Since business environment consists of numerous interrelated and dynamic forces that arise from different sources, it is relatively easier to understand in parts but difficult to grasp in its totality. 

7. Relativity: Business environment is a relative concept. It differs from country to country and even from region to region.

(d) A.C. Pigou – French Economist

The Say’s Law of market is based on the following assumptions:

1. No single buyer or seller of commodity or an input can affect price. 

2. Full employment.

3. People are motivated by self interest and self – interest determines economic decisions. 

4. The laissez faire policy is essential for an automatic and self adjusting process of full employment equilibrium. Market forces determine everything right. 

5. There will be a perfect competition in labour and product market.

6. There is wage-price flexibility. 

7. Money acts only as a medium of exchange. 

8. Long – run analysis. 

9. There is no possibility for over production or unemployment.

Implications of Say’s Law: 

1. There is no possibility for over production or unemployment. 

2. If there exist unutilized resources in the economy, it is profitable to employ them up to the point of full employment. This is true under the condition that factors are willing to accept rewards on a par with their productivity. 

3. As automatic price mechanism operates in the economy, there is no need for government intervention. (However, J.M. Keynes emphasized the role of the State)

4. Interest flexibility brings about equality between saving and investment. 

5. Money performs only the medium of exchange function in the economy, as people will not hold idle money.

Meaning of Consumption Function: The consumption function or propensity to consume refers to income consumption relationship. It is a “functional relationship between two aggregates viz., total consumption and gross national income.”

Symbolically, the relationship is represented as C = f(Y)

Where, C = Consumption; Y = Income;/= Function

Thus the consumption function indicates a functional relationship between C and Y, where C is the dependent variable and Y is the independent variable, i.e., C is determined by Y. This relationship is based on the ceteris paribus (other things being same) assumption, as only income consumption relationship is considered and all possible influences on consumption are held constant.

The Consumer Protection Act enlists six rights for a consumer. The following are the rights of a consumer.

(a) Right to Safety: Every consumer has the right to be safeguarded against those goods and services that are hazardous to life, health and property. For example, manufacturing defects in electrical appliances, cooking gas cylinders can be injurious. The consumer has the right to be protected against such products.

(b) Right to be Informed: According to this, the consumer has the right to be informed of the quality, quantity, price, ingredients, weight, etc. of the goods and services. In India, it is legally mandatory for the manufactures to provide all such information on the package and the label of the goods. This enables the consumer to make a wise choice.

(c) Right to Choose: A consumer has the right to choose from a variety of goods and services at competitive prices as per his wishes. That is, the consumer has the right to have access to a variety of products at fair and competitive price. Thus, the retailer or the supplier should offer a variety of products in terms of quality, brand, price, etc. They should not induce the consumers towards the purchase of a particular product or service.

(d) Right to be Heard: In case of any grievance or dissatisfaction, a consumer has the right to file a complaint. A consumer can file a legal complaint and seek redressal against any form of exploitation in appropriate forums established by the government. Nowadays, many consumer organisations and associations also work in this direction.

(e) Right to Seek Redressal: A consumer has the right to seek redressal and compensation in case of any exploitation. The Consumer Protection Act provides for compensation in the form of replacement of product, cash compensation, repair/removal of defects, etc.

(f) Right to Consumer Education: A consumer has the right to be educated and aware of his rights and the available remedies in case of exploitation. Many government and non-government organisation work actively in this regard.

In addition to the rights, a consumer has some responsibilities to safeguard himself from exploitation. The following are some of the responsibilities of a consumer.

(i) Awareness: A consumer should be well aware of the availability of various goods and services. This enables him to make an informed and wise choice.

(ii) Looking for Quality Marks: A consumer must always look for the quality certification marks before the purchase of goods such as ISI in case of electrical goods, AGMARK in case of agricultural goods, etc.

(iii) Asking for Cash Memo: A consumer should always ask for cash memo or bills for the goods and services purchased. The bill acts a proof of purchase and can be used for future references in case of a complaint.

(iv) Reading Labels: Labels on goods provide information regarding price, weight, expiry date of the product. The consumer must read these labels carefully before purchasing the goods.

(v) Honest Transactions: A consumer must always choose legal dealings and discourage illegal trade practices such as black marketing and hoarding.

(vi) Ensure Safety: A consumer must carefully read the manuals and instructions provided by the manufacturer so as to ensure safe use of the product. For example, instructions provided on the electrical appliances must be carefully read before using them.

(vii) Filing Complaint: In case the product is found defective or any deficiency is found in the quality of the product, a complaint must be filed in the appropriate forum.

(viii) Consumer Societies: Consumer organisations and societies such as consumer Coordination Council, Common Cause, Karnataka Consumer Service Society, etc. must be formed to work towards consumer education and awareness.

(ix) Environment Protection: The consumers must also work towards environment protection by avoiding wastes, pollution control, etc.

Consumer protection refers to the making the consumers aware and educated about their rights and responsibilities and help them in seeking redressal for their grievances and complaints. Consumer protection is of prime importance for both consumers and business. The following are some of the ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be achieved.

(a) Self Administration by Business: The business firms should realise that it is in their long-term interest to protect the interest of their customers. They must increasingly work towards their satisfaction. They must realise that satisfied customers not only lead to repeated sales but also spread the good word about the company and thereby, pull new customers for the business. They must follow ethical values and avoid any form of exploitation of the consumers such as unfair trade practices, adulteration, etc. In this regard, nowadays many business firms have set up grievance cells and customer care centres to redress the complaints of their customers.

(b) Formation of Business Associations: In India, many business and commerce associations such as Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and industry (FICCI), Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) have been established that work towards consumer protection. They lay down guidelines for their members for the code of conduct for customer dealings.

(c) Consumer Education and Awareness: Consumer education and awareness is one of the important steps towards consumer protection. A consumer must be well aware and informed of his rights as defined under the Consumer Protection Act. He must also be aware of the reliefs available to him in case of any form of exploitation under the Act. In addition, he must also be educated about his responsibilities so as to safeguard himself against cheating and exploitation. A well-educated and informed consumer is able to make wise choices.

d) Formation of Consumer Associations and Organisations: An increasing number of consumer organisations and associations such as the Consumer Unity and Trust Society, Consumer guidance Society of India, Consumer Protection Council, etc. must be formed. These organisations work actively towards educating the customers and making them aware of their rights and responsibilities. In addition, they encourage consumers to protests against any form of exploitation or cheating and also assists them in taking legal actions and seeking redressal.

(e) Role of Government: Government plays an important role in consumer protection by enacting various rules and legislation in this regard. The Government of India has passed various regulations and legislation to provide for consumer protection such as The Consumer Protection Act, The Contract Act, The Trade Marks Act, The Competition Act, etc. Of these, the most important being the Consumer Protection Act. Under the Act a three-tier machinery comprising of District Forum, State Commission and National Commission has been set up that work towards the redressal of consumer grievances and complaints.

Role of Consumer Organisations and NGOs in Consumer Protection: Nowadays, consumer organisations and NGOs play an important role in protecting and promoting consumers’ interest. Some of the important NGOs and consumer organisations include Consumer Coordination Council, Common Cause, Consumer Protection Council, Consumers’ Association, Mumbai Grahak Panchayat, etc. The following are some of the functions performed by these organisations in regard of consumer protection.

(i) Consumer Education: The NGOs and consumer organisations organise various training programmes and workshops to educate the consumer about their rights and responsibilities.

(ii) Publishing Journals: In addition to the training programmes and seminars, they also spread awareness through journals and periodicals. These journals and other publications provide knowledge about various consumer problems, legal remedies available and other such matters.

(iii) Legal Assistance: They also provide legal assistance and aid to the consumers and help them in seeking suitable redressal.

(iv) Encouraging Protest against Exploitation: They encourage the consumers to protest strongly against any form of exploitation and unfair trade practices.

(v) Assistance in Filing Complaints: They encourage the consumers to file complaints in appropriate forums and also file complaints on their behalf.

(vi) Taking Initiatives: They not only encourage the consumers to register complaints but also take initiatives themselves in filing cases in the general interest of the public.

(vii) Testing Quality of the Products: They carry out the quality tests for various products in laboratories and publish the results. Such results help the consumers in making informed choices.

Government of India introduced the Industrial Policy, in July1991. Major highlights of the policy are as follows.

(i) Abolition of Licensing– Under the new industrial policy 1991, compulsory licensing system was abolished. In other words, with the industrial reforms the private players were free to start a new venture without the need to obtain a license. However, the system of licensing was retained in six industries namely, liquor, cigarette, defence equipment, dangerous chemicals, industrial explosives, and drugs and pharmaceuticals.

(ii) De-reservation– The number of industries exclusively reserved for the public sector was considerably reduced. The private sector was allowed operation in majority of the industries with only 3 industries under the exclusive purview of the government namely, railways, atomic mineral and atomic energy.

(iii) Augmentation of Production Capacity–Prior to the policy, industries had to obtain permission from the government in order to expand the scale of production. With liberalisation policy the MRTP companies (companies having assets worth more than Rs 100 crore) were free to expand the scale of their business according to the market conditions.

(iv) Freedom in Importing Capital Goods– Under the policy, industrialists were permitted to import capital goods from the foreign countries.100 percent FDI was allowed in the foreign capital.

(v) Reforms in the Small Scale Industries–In India, small scale industries are defined on the basis of maximum investment that is allowed in the unit. With the commencement of reforms, the maximum limit has been increased from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 1 crore. This encouraged development and modernisation of the industries. Further, the number of products reserved for the small scale industries was reduced.

(vi) Disinvestment– The process of disinvestment was carried out for many public sector enterprises. That is, an increasing share of the assets of the public industrial enterprises was sold to the private sector.

(vii) Foreign Investment Promotion Board–This board was set up to encourage and channelise foreign investment in India.

The impact of these changes on the business and industry is highlighted in the following points.

(a) Increased Competition: As a result of the policies such as abolition of the licensing policy, dereservation the competition faced by the domestic companies has increased. India companies experienced competition in service industry such as telecommunication, banking, insurance, etc.

(b) Increased Demand: With increased competition the choice of goods and services for the consumers has also increased. Thus, consumers also gain from quality products and greater variety.

(c) Change in Business Policies: The government policies under new industrial policy directly affected the functioning of the business enterprises. As a result, they altered their policies and operations appropriately.

(d) Technological Changes: With the increase in competition, firms tend to find new and innovative ways to survive in the market. They increasingly adopt new technology and engage in further research and development.

(e) Need for Trained Personnel: Due to innovations and improvement in product, application of improved technologies, the demand for skilled, trained and competent personnel has increased. Thus, there arises a need for the development of human resources.

(f) Greater Market Orientation: With increased competition, it has become imperative for the enterprises to change the production as per the market demand. That is, the production has become market oriented.

(g) Less Reliance on Budgetary Support by Public Sector Enterprises: To survive the increased competition, the public sector enterprises have realised the need for improving the efficiency and productivity. They have reduced their reliance on budgetary support to cover their losses.

The following are the dimensions of business environment.

i. Economic Environment: It comprises of the economic variables such as interest rates, income, stock market indices that affect the functioning of the enterprises. For example, an increase in the income of the consumers increases the demand for goods and services of the enterprises. Similarly, a fall in the interest rates for loans for consumer durables increases the spending capacity and thereby, increases the demand for such products.

ii. Social Environment: Social environment refers to the social forces such as customs, traditions, social values, social trend etc. For example, religious celebrations provide business opportunities to many enterprises such as those producing sweets, decoration items, etc. Similarly, in India a change in social trend towards western lifestyle has increased the demand for western wear, fast food, etc.

iii. Technological Environment: Technological environment comprises of the technological changes and improvements. For example, introduction of computers, internet, have changed the way organisations work today. Similarly, continuous improvement and innovations in the technology used in the production improves the quality of production. While on one hand, improvement in technology provides new business opportunities for the enterprises, on the other hand, is a threat for the enterprises using obsolete technology.

iv. Legal Environment: It refers to the legislation and rules passed by the government such as the Companies Act, Trade union Act, etc. Knowledge of these legislation is essential for enterprises as their non-compliance can lead to legal trouble for them. For example, an export-import company in India has to follow the rules and regulations as stated under the EXIM policy and the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992. Similarly, the refining, processing, distribution, sale of petroleum, petroleum products is governed by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006.

v. Political Environment: Political environment comprises of political conditions such as peace and stability, law and order, etc. For example, a situation of political unrest such as frequent change in the ruling government implies a change in the rules and policies of the government regarding production and manufacturing. Such a frequent change in the regulations regarding production discourages investment. Similarly, the opening up of our economy under the New Economic Policy in 1991, provided business opportunity to many foreign companies.

The following are the important functions performed by public relations department of an organization: 

1. Press relations: Information about the organization needs to be presented in a positive manner in the press. The public relations department is in contact with the media to present true facts and a correct picture about the company. 

2. Product publicity: New products require special effort to publicise them and the company has to sponsor such programmes. The public relations department manages the sponsoring of such events like news conferences, seminars, exhibitions etc. 

3. Corporate communication: The image of the organization needs to be promoted through communicating with the public and the employees within the organization. This is generally done with the help of newsletter, annual reports, brochures, articles and audio-visual materials. 

4. Lobbying: The organization has to deal with government officials and different ministers in charge of corporate affairs, industry, finance with respect to policies relating to business and the economy. The public relations department has to be proactive in promoting or decoding regulations that affect their organization.

‘Mental Revolution’, a term given by Taylor implied that the management and workers should change their attitude and thinking towards harmony. Management should take care of the needs and suggestions given by the workers and workers on the other hand, should work to their best capability. This will build a harmonious working environment in the organisation.

Marketing management means management of the marketing functions. It is the process of organising, directing and controlling the activities related to marketing of goods and services to satisfy customers’ needs & achieve organisational goals.
Thus, marketing management process involves:
1. Choosing a target market: e.g., a manufacturer may choose to make ready-made garments up to the age of 5 years for children.
2. Creating demand and attracting more customers in target market : To increase the number of customers by analysing their needs, wants etc.
3. Creating superior value: To make the product better than competitors products for customers.

The false statement is ‘Fayol’s principles are applicable in specialised situations whereas Taylor’s principles have universal application’. The correct statement in place of this is, ‘ Fayol’s principles are universally applicable whereas Taylor’s principles are applicable only in specialised situation.’

Marketing is a wide term. It refers to a large set of activities of which selling is just one part. A marketer before making the sale does a lot of other activities such as planning the type, design of the product, the price and selecting the distribution outlets at which the same would be available.
Selling: Refers to the sale of goods or service through publicity, promotion and salesmanship. The title of the product is transferred from seller to buyer. The entire focus in selling is to convert the products into cash.

Meaning of Fixed Capital:

• Fixed capital is that portion of total capital which is invested in fixed assets such as, land, building, equipments, machinery etc.
• It may be held in business for 5, 10 or 20 years or more. Thereafter it may be sold or reused. 
• Investors invest their money in fixed capital hoping to make future profit.
• The concept of “Fixed Capital” was first theoretically analyzed by economist David Recardo.
• In National Accounts, fixed asset is defined as “the stock of tangible, durable fixed assets owned or used by resident enterprises for more than one year. This includes building, plant, machinery, vehicle, equipment, etc.”
• According to Karl Mark, “Fixed capital also circulates, except that the circulation time is much longer”[It means that the fixed capital remains in business for a longer period of time.Whereas, investment in assets such as raw materials can be readily converted in cash]
• The European system of National and Regional Accounts includes intangible assets such as computer software, copyright, etc. within the definition of fixed assets.

Factors affecting Fixed Capital Requirement:

The factors affecting fixed capital requirement are as follows:

i. Nature of Business:

• The nature of business plays a vital role in determining fixed capital requirement.
• For e.g. Rail, roads and other public utility services have large fixed investment. Their working capital requirements are nominal as they supply services and not products.

They mainly deal in cash sales only.

• On the other hand, trading organizations like retailers require less of fixed capital as they do not need large funds for land, building, plants and machineries.

ii. Size of Business:

• Bigger the business, higher is the need of fixed capital. 
• Hence, the size of a firm, either in terms of its assets or sales affects the need of fixed capital.

iii. Growth and Expansion:

• In order to manage growing production and turnover, a growing firm may need to invest more in fixed assets.

iv. Stage of Development of Business:

• The requirement of fixed capital for a newly established organization is more than that of an established organization. 

v. Business Cycle:

• When there is a boom period in an economy, the organization invests more in fixed assets so as to increase its production capacity. 
• However, during recession, the organization avoids undertaking huge projects, and hence, it may not require more of fixed capital.

Importance of Directing:

1. Directing helps to initiate action by people in the organisation towards attainment of desired objectives. 

2. Directing integrates employees' efforts in the organisation in such a way that every individual effort contributes to the organisational performance. 

3. Directing guides employees to fully realise their potential and capabilities by motivating and providing effective leadership. 

4. Directing facilitates introduction of needed changes in the organisation. 

5. Effective directing helps to bring stability and balance in the organisation since it fosters cooperation and commitment among the people and helps to achieve balance among various groups, activities and the departments.

OR

Leadership indicates the ability of an individual to maintain good interpersonal relations with followers and motivate them to contribute for achieving organisational objectives. (or any other correct definition)

Styles of leadership : 

(I)Autocratic or Authoritarian leader gives orders and expects his subordinates to obey those orders. 

(ii) Democratic or Participative leaders will develop action plans and make decisions in consultation with their subordinates. 

(iii) Laissez faire or Free-rein leader does not believe in the use of power unless it is absolutely essential.

Correct option: (C) financial

Difference between Training and Development:

Maslow's theory is considered very significantly as it highlights the needs of the people. 

He felt that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs.

(i) Basic Physiological Needs 

(ii) Safety or Security Needs 

(iii) Social Needs

(iv) Esteem Needs 

(v) Self-Actualisation Needs

Assumptions of Maslow's Theory:

People's behaviour is based on their needs. Satisfaction of such needs influence their behaviour. People's needs are in hierarchical order, starting from basic needs to other higher level needs. People are motivated by unfulfilled needs and once a particular need is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivating factor.

Status, praise, group incentive, participation and involvement, opportunity for growth, suggestion system.

(b) Turkey’s smaller part is in Southeastern Europe and its larger part in Western Asia which is located between Black Sea and Mediterranean

\(\lim\limits_{x\to 1}\)\(\frac{log x}{x-1}\)   (0/0 case)

\(=\lim\limits_{x\to 1}=\frac{1/x}1\) (By using D.L.H. Rule)

Hence, \(\lim\limits_{x\to 1}\)\(\frac{log x}{x-1}\) = 1

The two points are (8,-3) and (0,9).

So we can designate them as x₁, x₂, y₁, y₂, where x₁ = 8, x₂ = 0, y₁ = -3, y₂ = 9.

The distance formula is given as:

d = √(x₂ - x1)² + (y₂ - y₁)², where d is the distance between the two points.

So, d= √64+144 = √208 or 14.42.

Answer is (c) vector(-7i - 7j + 7k)

2πrh = 176 cm²

& πr²h = 1232 cm³

^{\(\frac{\pi r^2h}{2\pi rh}=\frac{1232}{176}\)}

⇒ r/2 = 7

⇒ r = 14 cm

\(\therefore\) h = \(\frac{176}{2\pi r}\) = \(\frac{176\times7}{2\times 22\times14}\)

 = 16/8 = 2 cm

Hence , height of cylinder is 2 cm.