Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The correct answer is June 2014.

• Namami Gange Programme is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as ‘Flagship Programme’ by the Union Government in June 2014 with budget outlay of Rs.20,000 Crore to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of national River Ganga. 
• Salient features of "Namami Gange" programme
  • Over Rs. 20,000 crore has been sanctioned in the 2014-2015 budget for the next 5 years.
  • It will cover 8 states, 47 towns &12 rivers under the project.
  • Over 1,632-gram panchayats on the banks of Ganga to be made open defecation-free by 2022.
  • Several ministries are working with the nodal Water Resources Ministry for this project includes - Environment, Urban Development, Shipping, Tourism and Rural Development Ministries.
  • Prime focus will be on involving people living on the river's banks in this project.
  • Under the aegis of National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) & State Program Management Groups (SPMGs) States and Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions will be involved in this project.
  • Setting a river-centric urban planning process to facilitate better citizen connects, through interventions at Ghats and Riverfronts.
  • Expansion of coverage of sewerage infrastructure in 118 urban habitations on banks of Ganga.
  • Development of rational agricultural practices & efficient irrigation methods and Ganga Knowledge Centre.
• In order to implement Namami Gange Programme, a three-tier mechanism has been proposed for project monitoring comprising of; 
  • ​A high-level task force chaired by Cabinet Secretary assisted by NMCG at the national level.
  • State level committee chaired by Chief Secretary assisted by SPMG at the state level, and
  • District level committee chaired by the District Magistrate.
• NMCG shall carry out the following key functions:-
  • Implement the work program of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA).
  • Implement the World Bank supported National Ganga River Basin Project.
  • Coordinate and oversee the implementation of projects sanctioned by Government of India under NGRBA.
  • Undertake any additional work or functions as may be assigned by Ministry of Water Resources, Rural development & GJ in the area of conservation of river Ganga.
  • Make rules and regulations for the conduct of the affairs of the NMCG and add or amend, vary or rescind them from time to time.
  • Accept or to provide any grant of money, loan securities or property of any kind and to undertake and accept the management of any endowment trust, fund or donation not inconsistent with the objectives of NMCG.
  • Take all such action and to enter all such actions as may appear necessary or incidental for the achievements of the objectives of the NGRBA.

Machine Control instructions

The Machine control instructions control the bus usage and execution 

i. WAIT – Wait for Test input pin to go low. 

ii. HLT – Halt the process. 

iii. NOP – No operation. 

iv. ESC – Escape to external device like NDP 

v. LOCK – Bus lock instruction prefix. 

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Flag Manipulation and a Processor Control Instructions :

These instructions control the functioning of the available hardware inside the processor chip. 

These instructions are categorized into two types: 

1. Flag Manipulation instructions.

Machine Control instructions. Flag Manipulation instructions The Flag manipulation instructions directly modify some of the Flags of 8086.

i. CLC – Clear Carry Flag. 

ii. CMC – Complement Carry Flag. 

iii. STC – Set Carry Flag. 

iv. CLD – Clear Direction Flag. 

v. STD – Set Direction Flag. 

vi. CLI – Clear Interrupt Flag. 

vii. STI – Set Interrupt Flag.

String Manipulation Instructions 

A series of data byte or word available in memory at consecutive locations, to be referred as Byte String or Word String. A String of characters may be located in consecutive memory locations, where each character may be represented by its ASCII equivalent. 

The 8086 supports a set of more powerful instructions for string manipulations for referring to a string, two parameters are required.

I. Starting and End Address of the String.

II. Length of the String. 

The length of the string is usually stored as count in the CX register.The incrementing or decrementing of the pointer, in string instructions, depends upon the Direction Flag (DF) Status. If it is a Byte string operation, the index registers are updated 15 by one. On the other hand, if it is a word string operation, the index registers are updated by two. 

REP : Repeat Instruction Prefix 

This instruction is used as a prefix to other instructions, the instruction to which the REP prefix is provided, is executed repeatedly until the CX register becomes zero (at each iteration CX is automatically decremented by one).

i. REPE / REPZ - repeat operation while equal / zero. 

ii. REPNE / REPNZ - repeat operation while not equal / not zero. 

These are used for CMPS, SCAS instructions only, as instruction prefixes.

MOVSB / MOVSW :Move String Byte or String Word

Suppose a string of bytes stored in a set of consecutive memory locations is to be moved to another set of destination locations.The starting byte of source string is located in the memory location whose address may be computed using SI (Source Index) and DS (Data Segment) contents. 

The starting address of the destination locations where this string has to be relocated is given by DI (Destination Index) and ES (Extra Segment) contents.

CMPS : Compare String Byte or String Word 

The CMPS instruction can be used to compare two strings of byte or words. The length of the string must be stored in the register CX. If both the byte or word strings are equal, zero Flag is set. 

The REP instruction Prefix is used to repeat the operation till CX (counter) becomes zero or the condition specified by the REP Prefix is False. 

SCAN : Scan String Byte or String Word 

This instruction scans a string of bytes or words for an operand byte or word specified in the register AL or AX. The String is pointed to by ES:DI register pair. The length of the string s stored in CX. The DF controls the mode for scanning of the string. Whenever a match to the specified operand, is found in the string, execution stops and the zero Flag is set. If no match is found, the zero flag is reset. 

LODS : Load String Byte or String Word 

The LODS instruction loads the AL / AX register by the content of a string pointed to by DS : SI register pair. The SI is modified automatically depending upon DF, If it is a byte transfer (LODSB), the SI is modified by one and if it is a word transfer (LODSW), the SI is modified by two. No other Flags are affected by this instruction. 16 

STOS : Store String Byte or String Word 

The STOS instruction Stores the AL / AX register contents to a location in the string pointer by ES : DI register pair. The DI is modified accordingly, No Flags are affected by this instruction. 

The direction Flag controls the String instruction execution, The source index SI and Destination Index DI are modified after each iteration automatically. If DF=1, then the execution follows autodecrement mode, SI and DI are decremented automatically after each iteration. If DF=0, then the execution follows autoincrement mode. In this mode, SI and DI are incremented automatically after each iteration.

Branch Instructions : 

Branch Instructions transfers the flow of execution of the program to a new address specified in the instruction directly or indirectly. When this type of instruction is executed, the CS and IP registers get loaded with new values of CS and IP corresponding to the location to be transferred. 

The Branch Instructions are classified into two types 

i. Unconditional Branch Instructions. 

ii. Conditional Branch Instructions. 

Unconditional Branch Instructions : 

In Unconditional control transfer instructions, the execution control is transferred to the specified location independent of any status or condition. The CS and IP are unconditionally modified to the new CS and IP. 

CALL : Unconditional Call 

This instruction is used to call a Subroutine (Procedure) from a main program. Address of procedure may be specified directly or indirectly. There are two types of procedure depending upon whether it is available in the same segment or in another segment. 

i. Near CALL i.e., ±32K displacement. 

ii. For CALL i.e., anywhere outside the segment. 

On execution this instruction stores the incremented IP & CS onto the stack and loads the CS & IP registers with segment and offset addresses of the procedure to be called. 

RET: Return from the Procedure. 

At the end of the procedure, the RET instruction must be executed. When it is executed, the previously stored content of IP and CS along with Flags are retrieved into the CS, IP and Flag registers from the stack and execution of the main program continues further. 

INT N: Interrupt Type N. 

In the interrupt structure of 8086, 256 interrupts are defined corresponding to the types from 00H to FFH. When INT N instruction is executed, the type byte N is multiplied by 4 and the contents of IP and CS of the interrupt service routine will be taken from memory block in 0000 segment.

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INTO: Interrupt on Overflow 

This instruction is executed, when the overflow flag OF is set. This is equivalent to a Type 4 Interrupt instruction. 

JMP: Unconditional Jump 

This instruction unconditionally transfers the control of execution to the specified address using an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement. No Flags are affected by this instruction. 

IRET: Return from ISR 

When it is executed, the values of IP, CS and Flags are retrieved from the stack to continue the execution of the main program. 

LOOP : LOOP Unconditionally 

This instruction executes the part of the program from the Label or address specified in the instruction upto the LOOP instruction CX number of times. At each iteration, CX is decremented automatically and JUMP IF NOT ZERO structure. 

Example: MOV CX, 0004H

MOV BX, 7526H

Label 1 MOV AX, CODE

OR BX, AX 

LOOP Label 1

Conditional Branch Instructions 

When this instruction is executed, execution control is transferred to the address specified relatively in the instruction, provided the condition implicit in the Opcode is satisfied. Otherwise execution continues sequentially. 

JZ/JE Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=1. 

JNZ/JNE Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=0 

JS Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=1.

JNS Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=0.

JO Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=1.

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JNO Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=0. 

JNP Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=0. JP Label Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=1. 

JB Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=1. 

JNB Label 

Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=0. JCXZ Label Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CX=0 

Conditional LOOP Instructions. 

LOOPZ / LOOPE 

Label Loop through a sequence of instructions from label while ZF=1 and CX=0. LOOPNZ / LOOPENE Label Loop through a sequence of instructions from label while ZF=1 and CX=0.

Snapshot replication can be used when an application does not require that the data always be current. These applications can be updated by periodic table copying or snapshots. As part of the snapshot effort, all of the data to be included in the snapshot is collected at a primary point. Then a read-only snapshot is taken and the snapshot is sent to each site so that the update can be made.

Concurrency transparency is where each transaction in a distributed database is treated as if it is the only one in the system. Therefore if several transactions are running at one time, the results will be the same as if each transaction was run in serial order. The transaction manager helps to provide concurrency control. The three methods that may be used are locking, versioning, and timestamping.

Correct option (c) 40 Ω

Explanation:

Galvanometer reading becomes half means current distributes equally between galvanometer and resistance of 40 Ω. Hence galvanometer resistance must be 40 Ω.

Horizontal partitioning is where some rows of a table are placed into the base relations at one site and other rows are placed at another site. Vertical partitioning is where some columns of a table are placed into the base relations at one site and other columns are placed at another site but each all of these relations must share a common domain.

Market basket analysis is a data mining technique that determines which sets of products tend to be purchased together. A common technique uses conditional probabilities. 

In addition to the basic probability that an item will be purchased, three results are of particular interest:

Support - the probability of two items being purchased together.

Confidence - the probability of a second item being purchased GIVEN that another item has been purchased.

Lift - calculated as confidence divided by a basic probability, this shows the likelihood of a second item being purchased IF an item is purchased.

• पाठयोजना बनाने तथा पाठयोजना के प्रत्येक चरण को लिखने के लिए कई प्रकार के प्रारूप होते है।
• परम्परागत पाठयोजना में सामान्य उद्देश्य, विशिष्ट उद्देश्य, सहायक सामग्री, पूर्व ज्ञान, प्रस्तावना, उद्देश्य कथन, शिक्षण विधि. बोध प्रश्न, श्यामपट्ट सारांश, मूल्यांकन, पुनरावृत्ति, गृह कार्य आदि होते है।

अतः हम कह सकते हैं कि हिन्दी गद्य-शिक्षण को पाठ-योजना में उद्देश्य-कथन प्रस्‍तावना प्रश्‍न के पश्‍चात् आता है।

पाठयोजना के पद निम्नवत है-

A distributed database is a single logical database that is spread across more than one node or locations that are all connected via some communication link. It requires multiple DBMSs, running at each remote site. A distributed database can be either homogenous (same DBMS at each node) or heterogeneous (different DBMS at some nodes).

A homogenous database is one that uses the same DBMS at each node. Either each node can work independently or a central DBMS may coordinate database activities. A heterogeneous database is one that may have a different DBMS at each node. It may support some or all of the functionality of one logical database. It may support full Distributed DBMS functionality or partial Distributed DBMS functionality.

The installation of the database is an important issue since the better the installation, the better the performance could be. Memory usage is learning how the DBMS uses main memory and then using that knowledge to enable better performance. I/O is usually very intense in a DB, so understanding how users will use the data will help to prepare the database better. CPU usage and application tuning are also important considerations.

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is a Business Intelligence (BI) reporting system. OLAP provides the user with the capability to sum, count, average and do other simple arithmetic operations on groups of data. An OLAP report has measures and dimensions. Measures are the data values to be displayed. Dimensions are characteristics of the measures. OLAP reports are called OLAP cubes, although such reports are not limited to three dimensions.

The teacher explained that Iron expands on heating.

A reporting system has three functions: 

1. Report authoring - connecting to data sources, creating the report structure and formatting the report. 

2. Report management - defining who receives which reports, when they receive them and how the reports are delivered. 

3. Report delivery - based on report management metadata, either pushing the reports to the recipients or allowing them to be pulled by the recipients.

Locking is denying others the ability to update a record until someone completes the update or releases the record. Locking can occur on many different levels in a database. It can occur at the database, table, record, or field level. A lock can be shared (another can read the record while an update is in progress) or exclusive (no one can read the record while an update is in progress).

The man asked if the shopkeeper would deduct the price of the good so that he could buy them.

The 8086 provides many arithmetic operations: 

addition, subtraction, negation, multiplication and comparing two values.

Concurrency control is the process managing simultaneous operations against a database so that database integrity is not compromised. There are two approaches to concurrency control. The pessimistic approach involves locking and the optimistic approach involves versioning.

RFM analysis is a Business Intelligence (BI) reporting system that analyzes and ranks customers based on their purchasing patterns. R refers to "how recently" a customer placed an order, F refers to "how frequently" the customer orders, and M refers to "how much money" the customer spends. Typically, the customers are ranked into "20%" groups and assigned a number to represent their ranking. Thus 1 means top 20%, 2 the next 20% and so on. In this system a score of 1 is best and a score of 5 is worst. Thus a customer with an RFM score = 1 5 1 would be one who has ordered recently, does not order frequently, and who makes large purchases.

One of the features includes the use of views which allows the presentation of only data needed by someone and limits the capability of database updates. The use of integrity controls includes such things as domains, assertions, and checks. Also authorization rules, user-defined procedures, encryption, authentication schemes, and backups are important.

Data administration is responsible for the overall management of data resources. Some of the core roles include the creation of data polices, procedures and standards, resolve data ownership issues, and manage the information repository. Database administration is physical database oversight. Some of the core duties include the selection of the DBMS and software tools, the installation and upgrade of the DBMS, and database performance tuning.

A data mart is a collection of data smaller in scope and size than a data warehouse. It is dedicated to data from a particular business component of business functional area. A data mart may function as a subset of a larger data warehouse. Users of a data mart are usually knowledgeable analysts in the business area using the data mart.

Information technology has a pivotal role in an organization’s operations. It is used across different business functions thereby improving business productivity. On one hand, Information technology is applied in finance function for recording financial transactions and generating financial statements. While, it’s quite useful for the marketing personnel as they can work on enhancing the customer relationship experience. Human resource managers can collect and maintain data of employees by resorting to information technology.

One reason that an information gap exists is the fact that systems have been developed in separate, segmented efforts. This has helped the data from being stored in an integrated database and thus the data is in an inconsistent structure. The other reason for the gap is that most systems are created to support the operational aspect of an organization. The systems were not developed for decision making.

A data warehouse is for the enterprise and contains multiple subjects. A data mart is for a specific functional area and focuses on one subject. A data warehouse is flexible and data-oriented and contains detailed historical data. A data mart is restrictive and project-oriented and contains some historical data.

Each of the three layers has a metadata layer linked with it. The metadata layer describes the properties or characteristics of the data. The operational metadata describe the data used in the various operational and external systems. The enterprise data warehouse metadata describe the reconciled data layer. The data mart metadata describes the derived data layer.

A data warehouse is organized around specific subjects. The data is defined using consistent naming, format, and encoding structure standards. The data contains a time element, so that the data can be studied for trends. No data in a data warehouse can be updated by end users.

Correct option is D) modern

Operational systems are used to run the business in real time on a daily basis and contain current data. Non-managers and non-analysts work in this type of system. Operational systems must process large volumes of data. Informational systems are used to support decisions and contain historical data. Managers and analysts work in this type of system. Informational systems have periodic batch updates.

Social class, also called class, a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status. Besides being important in social theory, the concept of class as a collection of individuals sharing similar economic circumstances has been widely used in censuses and in studies of social mobility.

In the urban areas social classes comprise principally. (i) Capitalists (commercial and industrial), (ii) Professional classes, (iii) Petty traders and shopkeepers and (iv) Working.

Correct answer is

D. All of the above

Correct option is E) extraordinary

A. Customer Need

A feature is a characteristic of a product/service that automatically comes with Customer Need.

B. Answer Print

New positive print is known as Answer Print.

A. IPL

IPL based on Live Broadcasting.

Direct/short channels will be used for expensive and exclusive goods.  This will help in reducing prices to be paid by the consumers. It will also help minimize risk.

B. Television

Television is not OOH advertising tool.

To attract more customers near the residential area is important.

Service can be defined as activities, benefits and satisfaction which are offered for sale or are provided in connection with the sale of goods

Correct option: d) below the cost pricing

A firm launching a new product may go for publicity.