Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

A. False The SA node is in the right atrium near its junction with the superior vena cava. 

B. True Vagal activity slows the rate of impulse generation and thus the heart rate. 

C. False The SA node has intrinsic rhythmicity and can generate impulses independently. 

D. False Purkinje tissue is confined to the ventricles; atrial fibres conduct impulses from the SA to the AV node. 

E. True Impulse generation is due to spontaneous diastolic depolarization of the cells.

A. True This is the definition. 

B. True Depolarized cells cannot be excited. 

C. True This prevents tetanic contraction of the heart. 

D. False It is longer, as is the duration of its depolarization. 

E. True Shortening the refractory period permits higher heart rates.

A. False The muscle pump is more effective in dynamic than in static exercise. 

B. True In dynamic exercise, the muscle pump increases venous return and so decreases venous pressure in dependent veins. 

C. False The increase is less since inflow is obstructed by the sustained compression exerted by the contracting muscle. 

D. True There is relatively little fall in total peripheral resistance with static exercise. 

E. True The rise in arterial pressure with static exercise increases cardiac work since cardiac output has to be ejected against a higher aortic pressure.

A. False By more than 90 per cent; resistance is related to the fourth power of the radius. 

B. False Vascular resistance is not related to wall thickness. 

C. True It is directly proportional to length. 

D. True Resistance is related to ViscosityLength/Radius⁴ . 

E. False Total arteriolar resistance exceeds total capillary resistance though the reverse is true for single vessels. 

A. True -adrenergic blocking drugs reduce exercise tachycardia. 

B. True The tachycardia during excitement is also reduced by -blocking drugs. 

C. True A reflex response to decreased stretch of arterial baroreceptors. 

D. False The two systems can function independently. 

E. False Parasympathetic drive slows the heart during a vasovagal attack; sympathetic drive may stimulate the heart during recovery.

A. False Exercise hyperaemia occurs normally in sympathectomized muscles. 

B. False True capillaries have no smooth muscle; they dilate passively with the rise in capillary pressure due to active arteriolar dilation. 

C. False Arterial pressure usually rises. 

D. True Vasoconstriction in kidneys, gut and skin prevent excessive falls in total peripheral resistance. 

E. True This, together with the reflex constriction above, compensate for the fall in muscular vascular resistance and thus prevent arterial pressure falling during exercise.

A. True It is about 90 mmHg, due to the column of blood (about 1 metre) between the heart and the foot. 

B. True The negative intrathoracic pressure during inhalation is transmitted to the veins. 

C. False Limb veins collapse above heart level. Negative pressure cannot be transmitted along a collapsed tube so venous pressure is atmospheric in the raised hand. 

D. True The sinuses are held open by their meningeal attachments and cannot collapse. 

E. True A central venous pressure line is usually placed here.

A. False Atrial contraction accounts for only about 20 per cent of filling at rest.

B. False During this phase the AV valves are closed and ventricular volume is constant. 

C. True This low-pitched sound is sometimes heard in early diastole. 

D. False Filling occurs when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure. 

E. True Due to entry of blood accumulated in the atria during ventricular systole.

A. False It can be seen in healthy people when they lie almost flat. 

B. True Systolic regurgitation of right ventricular blood can cause giant waves. 

C. True Periodic giant waves are seen when atrial and ventricular systoles coincide. 

D. True This is an important sign in right ventricular failure; venous pulsation is present. 

E. True The jugular veins are distended due to venous obstruction but there is little or no pulsation.

A. False Hypovolaemia due to severe haemorrhage is a common cause of peripheral circulatory failure; blood volume may be normal in central circulatory failure. 

B. False Both types of failure lead to underperfusion of the tissues. 

C. False It is usually reduced in both types of failure. 

D. True It is usually raised in central circulatory failure. 

E. True Reduced ventricular function is the cause of central circulatory failure. 

A. False The electrical event precedes the mechanical event. 

B. True This electrical event corresponds with ventricular relaxation. 

C. False It corresponds to the interval between atrial and ventricular depolarization due to delay of the impulse in the AV bundle. 

D. True R indicates the beginning, and T the end, of the ventricular action potential. 

E. True Due to the heart rate changes associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

A. False In atrial flutter, P waves have a high but regular frequency (about 300/minute). 

B. False Ventricular beats are irregular in rate and strength since impulses pass through the AV node in a random fashion. 

C. True The beats generated by ventricular pacemakers have slow but regular frequency. 

D. True The increased muscle bulk generates enhanced voltages during depolarization. 

E. True Due to chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles.

A. False Small rapid waves indicate the atrial fibrillation. 

B. True Atrial rate is higher than ventricular rate as some impulses are filtered out by the atrioventricular node. 

C. False Sinus arrhythmia indicates normal sinus rhythm. 

D. True Due to the irregularity of the impulses passing through the AV node. 

E. False QRS complexes are normal since the pattern of ventricular depolarization is normal.

A. False Coronary arteries are functional ‘end arteries’ and have few anastomotic connections; sudden occlusion of an artery usually leads to local muscle death. 

B. False Coronary vessels are compressed by the contracting myocardium in systole. 

C. True The extraction rate is about 75 per cent. 

D. False Reflex vasodilatation is not important in regulating coronary blood flow. 

E. True The rise in metabolic activity in the exercising heart provides the vasodilator metabolites which adapt coronary flow to supply myocardial oxygen needs.

A. True The direction in which the murmur is conducted indicates the direction of flow. 

B. False The characteristic murmur is a systolic murmur conducted to the neck vessels. 

C. True This is the direction of flow of the regurgitant blood. 

D. False The murmur occurs during ventricular contraction and is therefore systolic. 

E. True Mitral flow is greatest in early diastole but rises again during atrial systole.

A. True Turbulent vibrations generate sound waves. 

B. False Flow is laminar rather than turbulent in normal large arteries. 

C. True Turbulence is set up as blood flows into the dilated segment. 

D. True Turbulence is set up as blood squirts through the constricted segment.

E. True Rapid ventricular filling in early diastole can cause turbulence in healthy young adults and generate a sound (the third heart sound).

A. False Wall thickness is not a factor determining resistance. 

B. False But it suggests that the resistance they offer may be varied by change in nerve activity. 

C. False Capillaries have even smaller internal diameters. 

D. False The aorta has a much smaller total cross-sectional area. 

E. True The pressure drop across the arteriolar bed is larger than in other beds indicating that arterioles are responsible for most of the circulation’s vascular resistance.

Correct option (B)

Explanation:

Loss tangent, tanδ = 0

Loss tangent is given by,

tanδ = σ/ωε

So, σ = 0

G = Conductance per unit length of dielectric material

Since σ = 0, so G = 0

RMS value of conduction current, \(I=\frac{V}{X_C}\)
where, \(X_C\)=capacitative reactance.
\(X_C=\frac{1}{\omega C}\)

\(I=V\omega C=230V\times300rad/s\times10^{-10}F\\I=6.9\times10^{-6}A\)

Significance of oceanic trade image of a ship on a memorial stone in Goa museum (10^th century CE) indicate.

Correct option is A) throw up

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement:

 Non-Cooperation Movement:

. The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.
. Foreign goods were boycotted.
. Liquor shops were picketed.
. Foreign cloth burnt in huge.
. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade on foreign goods or finance foreign traders.
. Students left the government owned schools and college.
. Lawyers gave up legal practices.

Civil Disobedience Movement:

. People were asked to break colonial laws.
. The countrymen broke the salt law.
. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
. Village officials resigned from their jobs.
. Forest people violated forest rules and laws.

Correct option is A) keep it down

Germs was the most powerful weapon used by Spanish to conquer America.

The Civil Disobedience Movement differed from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways. 

(a) Non-Cooperation Movement was launched between 1920 and 1922, while the Civil Disobedience Movement continued from 1930 to 1934. 

(b) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched because of the anger of Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy and the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched to protest the arrival of the Simon Commission. 

(c) Non-Cooperation Movement began with the surrender of titles, boycott of British institutions and goods, whereas Civil Disobedience Movement began with defying and breaking the colonial laws, like Salt Law. 

(d) Non-Cooperation Movement aimed for swaraj or self-government. Civil Disobedience Movement demanded complete independence or Purna Swaraj. 

(e) The Non-Cooperation Movement got the support of almost all sections of the society whereas Civil Disobedience Movement had many limitations. The dalits, Muslims, industrial workers and businessmen did not participate fully.

Correct option is B) for

(a) By the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonization was underway. 

(b) The European conquest was not the result of superior firepower.

(c) The most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors was not the conventional military weapon but the germs of the disease such as smallpox that the conquerors carried on their person. 

(d) Because of their isolation, American inhabitants did not have immunity to the diseases which came from Europe. 

(e) Smallpox proved a deadly killer, Once introduced, it spread into the interior of the continent, even before the Europeans could reach there. It killed and decimated the people, paving the way for conquest and colonization.

The modern industrialisation could not marginalise the traditional industries in England because of the following reasons. 

(a) The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. By the end of 19th century itself, less than 20% of total workforce was employed in advanced technological industrial centres. Textile industry itself produced a large portion of its output not within the factories, but outside, in domestic units. 

(b) In non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning furniture making and production of implements, ordinary and small innovations were the basis of their growth. 

(c) Technological changes were not accepted readily by the industrialists. Their growth was slow as new technology was expensive and often broke down and repairs were costly. 

(d) The aristocratic class preferred hand-made items as it defined class and status. 

(e) The traditional craftsmen and labour and not a machine operator, was still more popular. Handmade things were popular, as machines produced mass designs and there was no variety. For example, human skill produced 45 kinds of axes and 500 varieties of hammers, which no machine could produce. 

Correct answer is writers, novelists

Charles Dickens wrote in Dombey and Son about the massive destruction in the process of construction.

He wrote: 

(a) Houses were knocked down, streets broken through and stopped. 

(b) Deep pits and trenches were dug into the ground. 

(c) Enormous heaps of earth and clay was thrown up. 

(d) There were hundred thousand shapes and substances of incompleteness. According to one newspaper reader the underground railways were a menace to health because the compartment in which he travelled was filled with passengers smoking pipes. The atmosphere was full of mixture of sulphur, coal dust. The gas lamps gave foul smell. By the time the train reached Moorgate he was nearly dead of suffocation and heat. 

Correct option is B) couldn’t / had to

Correct option is D) have been built

Correct option is D) has / been sent

Correct option is E) was written

Correct option is C) has been built

Correct option is C) came/walked

Correct option is C) played