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InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 601. |
Describe Bernier's views on the land-ownership of Mughals. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Bernler's description of land owmership of Mughals: (i)Berniers said that there was no private property during Mughal India. (ii) He believed in virtues of private property. (ii) He saw crown OWNERSHIP as harmful for both state and the people. (iv) He thought Mughal emperors owned the entire land. (v) This had disastrous consequences for the state and society. (vi) Owing to crown ownership the land holders could not pass the property to their children. (vii) They were averse to long term investment in the sustenance and expansion of production. (viii) This had led to uniform ruination of AGRICULTURE. (ix) The French philosopher Montesquieu used this account to develop the idea of oriental despotism according to which RULERS in Asia (the Orient or the East) enjoyed absolute authority over their subjects who were kept in CONDITIONS of subjugation and poverty arguing that all land belonged to the king and the private property was nonexistent. |
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| 602. |
Mention any two rumours spread by the people regarding the miraculous powers of Gandhiji. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Many people BELIEVED that Gandhi.s power was superior to that of the English monarch and that with his arrival the BRITISH rulers would FREE the district. (ii) In the view of Gandhiji, the AWARD was DIVISIVE in nature and would further polarise Indian society. |
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| 603. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:A rural city?Read this excerpt on Madras from the Imperial Gazetteer, 1908:... the better European residences are built in the midst of compounds which almost attain the dignity of parks, and rice-fields frequently wind in and out between these in almost rural fashion. Even in the most thickly peopled native quarters such as Black Town and Triplicane, there is little of the crowding found in many other towns... What do you know about White Town in Madras? |
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Answer» Solution :(a) They were the RESIDENCES of the EUROPEAN people. (b) They were buit in the MIDST of the COMPOUND . They had the dignity of the parks. |
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| 604. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Through the eyes of poor migrants This is a swang that was popular amongst the inhabits of jelepara (fishermen's quarter), culcutta , in the early twentieth century :Dil-me ek bhavna se Kalkatta-me aya Kaisan kaisan maja ham hiya dekhne paya Ari-samaj, Brahma-samaj, girja, mahjid Ek lota-me milta - dudh, pani, sab chij Chhota bara admi sab, bahar kar ke dat Jhapat mar ke bolta hai, Angreji-me bat. With anticipation in my heart I came to Calcutta And what entertaining things I could see here! The Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, church and mosque - In one vessel you get everything - milk, water and all All men big and small show their teeth, And with a flourish they speak in English. Explain the term swang. |
| Answer» Solution : Swang are satires. The POOR migrants in CITIES OFTEN created a lively culture by taking part in swangs. | |
| 605. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Through the eyes of poor migrants This is a swang that was popular amongst the inhabits of jelepara (fishermen's quarter), culcutta , in the early twentieth century :Dil-me ek bhavna se Kalkatta-me aya Kaisan kaisan maja ham hiya dekhne paya Ari-samaj, Brahma-samaj, girja, mahjid Ek lota-me milta - dudh, pani, sab chij Chhota bara admi sab, bahar kar ke dat Jhapat mar ke bolta hai, Angreji-me bat. With anticipation in my heart I came to Calcutta And what entertaining things I could see here! The Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, church and mosque - In one vessel you get everything - milk, water and all All men big and small show their teeth, And with a flourish they speak in English. Mention two problems faced by the poor migrants in cities. |
| Answer» Solution :(a) Jobs were uncertain. (b) Food was expensive. (C) Places of STAY were difficult to afford. (d) Life in the CITY was a struggle - constant state of FLUX. | |
| 606. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Through the eyes of poor migrants This is a swang that was popular amongst the inhabits of jelepara (fishermen's quarter), culcutta , in the early twentieth century :Dil-me ek bhavna se Kalkatta-me aya Kaisan kaisan maja ham hiya dekhne paya Ari-samaj, Brahma-samaj, girja, mahjid Ek lota-me milta - dudh, pani, sab chij Chhota bara admi sab, bahar kar ke dat Jhapat mar ke bolta hai, Angreji-me bat. With anticipation in my heart I came to Calcutta And what entertaining things I could see here! The Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, church and mosque - In one vessel you get everything - milk, water and all All men big and small show their teeth, And with a flourish they speak in English. Why did the poor migrates to cities? Give two points. |
| Answer» Solution :(a) POOR MIGRATED to CITIES in the hope of employment because they SAW cities as places of OPPORTUNITIES. (b) They were attracted by the allure of a different way of life. | |
| 607. |
Mention any two characteristics of the cities in Indian sub-continent as described by Ibn Battuta. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Two FEATURES (characteristics) expressed by Ibn Battuta about the towns of the Indian subcontinent are the following: (i) Cities were very PROSPEROUS. (II) Indian subcontinental cities were also densely populated. (iii) There VWAS great opportunities of those who were skilled workers. |
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| 608. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Through the eyes of poor migrants This is a swang that was popular amongst the inhabits of jelepara (fishermen's quarter), culcutta , in the early twentieth century :Dil-me ek bhavna se Kalkatta-me aya Kaisan kaisan maja ham hiya dekhne paya Ari-samaj, Brahma-samaj, girja, mahjid Ek lota-me milta - dudh, pani, sab chij Chhota bara admi sab, bahar kar ke dat Jhapat mar ke bolta hai, Angreji-me bat. With anticipation in my heart I came to Calcutta And what entertaining things I could see here! The Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, church and mosque - In one vessel you get everything - milk, water and all All men big and small show their teeth, And with a flourish they speak in English.What fascinated the poor migrants about cities? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The WORLD of OPPORTUNITIES. | |
| 609. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:A rural city?Read this excerpt on Madras from the Imperial Gazetteer, 1908:... the better European residences are built in the midst of compounds which almost attain the dignity of parks, and rice-fields frequently wind in and out between these in almost rural fashion. Even in the most thickly peopled native quarters such as Black Town and Triplicane, there is little of the crowding found in many other towns... Where were the better European houses situated? |
| Answer» Solution :The better EUROPEAN house were situated in the MIDST of the COMPOUNDS. | |
| 610. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:A rural city?Read this excerpt on Madras from the Imperial Gazetteer, 1908:... the better European residences are built in the midst of compounds which almost attain the dignity of parks, and rice-fields frequently wind in and out between these in almost rural fashion. Even in the most thickly peopled native quarters such as Black Town and Triplicane, there is little of the crowding found in many other towns... What was the position of Black Town and Triplicane? |
| Answer» Solution :BLACK TOWN andtriplicane were the houses of the native and were thickly populated. Despite OVERPOPULATION , the ATMOSPHERE was barren and they did not have any dignity . | |
| 611. |
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:A rural city?Read this excerpt on Madras from the Imperial Gazetteer, 1908:... the better European residences are built in the midst of compounds which almost attain the dignity of parks, and rice-fields frequently wind in and out between these in almost rural fashion. Even in the most thickly peopled native quarters such as Black Town and Triplicane, there is little of the crowding found in many other towns... Who were bi-linguists? What did they do? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Bi-linguistis were the people , who TAUGHT the people to speak english . They worked as AGENTS and traders. | |
| 612. |
Describe the process of manuscript production in the Mughal court. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Manuscript production was don in stages. A number of PEOPLE was involved in performing a specialised task. (ii) The paper makers prepared the pages of the manuscripts. Writers or calligraphers copied the TEXT. The glider made brighter the pages, painters explained scenes from the texts. Book binder collected the pages and kept them within beautified cover. (iii) The finished manuscript was a work of intellictual wealth and beauty. It illustrated the POWER of its pattern of the MUGHAL Kings. (iv) People who involeved in that process were honoured with titles and awards and had high social status. (v) Calligraphy was practicised usings different styles. Akbar liked .NASTALIQ. style. It was a fluid style using long horizontal strokes. A neat and tidy reed called .qistems` dipped in carbon ink was used for writing. |
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| 613. |
List the raw materials required for craft production in the Harappan civilisation and discuss how these might have been obtained. |
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Answer» Solution :Materials which were required for craft production in the Harappan civilisation are as follow: (a) Stone, clay, copper, tin, bronze, gold, faience, shell, carnelian, jasper, crystal, steatite, quartz, timber. (b) Some of the raw materials were locally AVAILABLE whereas some were purchased from the DISTANT places. Soil and wood were locally available raw materials. Stones, fine quality wood, metals were procured from distant places. (c ) Placeswhere the raw material were easily available: Nageshwar and Balacot were famous for lapis lazuli like Shortughai in Afghanistan, Rajasthan and Gujarat were famous for copper. Lothal was famous for carnelian. (d) Evidences SHOW that expedition was SENT to Khetri region of Rajasthanfor copper and to South India for gold. Throughthese expenditions local communities were contacted. (e ) Harappan evidences found at these places indicate contacts between each other. Evidence found at Khetri region were given the NAME of Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture by archaeologists. It is assumed that inhabitants of these areas sent copper to Harappan people. |
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| 614. |
What was the effect of colonial economy on urbanisation or urban development? |
| Answer» Solution : (i) After 1800 urbanisation in India was sluggish ACCORDING to careful study of censuses and beneath this picture of the changelessness. (ii) There were significant variations in the PATTERN of urban development in different regions. (iii) The smaller towns had little opportunity to grow economically. On the other hand, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras grew rapidly and soon became sprawling cities. (iv) The growth of these three cities as the new commercial and administrative centres was at the expense of other existing urban centres. (v) These cities functioned like collection depots for the export of Indian manufacturers, such as COTTON textiles in the 18th and 19th centuries. (vi) After the Industrial Revolution in England, this TREND was reversed and these cities instead became the entry point for British manufactured goods and for export of Indian raw materials. (vii) The NATURE of this economic activity sharply differentiated these colonial cities from India.s traditional towns and urban settlements. | |
| 615. |
Why did new religious sects emerged during sixth century BCE ? |
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Answer» Solution :On account of following reasons new religious sects emerged during the SIXTH century BCE. (i) Social Evil : In the sixth century BCE, many social evils were prevailing in the SOCIETY , which was DIVIDED into four varnas . The shudras were badly treated by the upper three varnas . Many social and religious restrictions were PUT on them. They wanted to have look at another religion, which could give them right place in the society. (ii)Complexity in Vedic religion: Hinduism was considered as Vedic. Earlier it was very easy to practice it , but with the passage of time many rituals came in it . Now , it BECOME very complex . So people wanted a new religion in which there will be no place for useless traditions. (iii) Language : Sanskrit was the mainlanguage at the time. Many Vedic texts were composed in it, This language was far away from the reach of common people . They cannot read and write it. So, they wanted to have common language which can be easily understood . (iv) Birth of Lord Mahavira and Buddha : These two thinkers wereborn in the 6th century . They preached their massages in common language of the people. Their teachings were easily followed . Both criticised the caste system and gave the massage of equality. They founded their own religious , namely Jainism and Buddhism , which become popular due to its simplicity. |
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| 616. |
Explain why the nobility were recruited from different races and religious groups by the Mughal rulers in India |
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Answer» Solution : (i) The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups which ensured that no faction was large ENOUGH to challenge the authority of the state. (ii) The officers of the Mughals were described as a bouquet of flowers held together by loyalty to the emperor. The emperor was very respectful among the religious saints and scholars. (iii) Turani and Iranian nobles were the earliest in Akbar's imperial service. Akbar was a great and intelliget king and wanted SKILLFUL people to join him in his state. (iv) Two ruling groups of Indian origin ENTERED the imperial service-the RAJPUTS and the Indian Muslims. (v) The nobles participated in military campaigns and also served as officers of the empire in their respective provinces. (vi) The mansaob dars had two numerical designations Zat which was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and SAWAR. (vii) Members of Hindu castes inclined towards education and accountancy were also promoted, a famous example being Alkbar's finance minister, Rają Todar Mal, who belonged to the Khatri caste. |
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| 617. |
Examine the outcome of the battle of Rakahasi Tangadi (Talikota). |
| Answer» Solution :The battle was foughtin 1565. Rama RAYA, the Chief Minister of Vijaynagar led the army into the battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi (TALIKOTA) where his forces were routed by COMBINED forces of Bapur, Ahmednagar and Golconda. These forces sacked the city of VIJAYNAGAT. | |
| 618. |
Who was Harisena? What is he known for? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) HARISENA was the court poet of SAMUDRAGUPTA, the most powerful of the Gupta rulers. (II) He is known for composition of the prayaga prashati (known as the ALLAHABAD pillar inscription) in Sanskrit in the praise of Samudragupta. |
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| 619. |
Describe the strengths and weaknesses of oral history. Mention any four sources from which the history of partition has been constructed. |
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Answer» Solution :Strengths of oral history : (i) Oral history helps us GRASP experiences and memories in detail. It also enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of what happened to PEOPLE during partition. (ii) It is impossible to get this kind of information from-GOVERNMENT documents (ii) Oral history also allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline by rescuing from oblivion, the lived cxperiences of the poor and the powerless. Weaknesses of oral history: (i) Oral data seem to lack concreteness and the chronology they yield may be imprecise. Historians argue that the uniqueness of personal experience makes generalisation difficult, a large picture cannot be bailt from such MICRO evidence and one witness (ii) Oral accounts are concerned with tangential issues (iii) The small individual experiences which remain in memory are irrelevant to the unfolding of larger processes of history. Following are the four sources from which the his tory of partition has been constructed: (i)Diaries It helps us grasp experiences memories in detail. It enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of what happened to people during partition. It is not possible extract this kind of information from government documents. The latter deals with the policy and party matters and various state sponsored schemes. In case of partition, government reports and files as well as the personal writings of high level functionaries throw imple light on negotiations between the British and the major political parties about the future India or rehabilitation of refugees. (ii) Memories and experiences Millions of people viewed partition in terms of the suffering and challenges of the times. For them it was no mere constitutional divisions or just the party politics of the Muslim League, Congress and others, for them it meant the unexpected alterations in life as it unfolded between 1946 and 1950 and bcyond requiring psychological, emotional and social adjustments. Memories and experiences shape the reality of an event. (iii) Oral narration: Oral history allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline by rescuing from obligion, the lived experiences of the poor and the powerless. The oral history of partition has-succeeded in exploring the experiences of those mennd women whose experience has hitherto been ignored, taken granted or mentioned only in passion in mainstream history. (iv)) FAMILY histori es : The accounts of family histories tell us aboot the agonies frced by the members of the families, their sufferings and trauma during the partition. First hand written accounts are also important Sources to understand the experence of those who lived through those traumatic tmes. |
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| 620. |
Why were the proposal of Cabinet Mission Plan rejected? Give reason. |
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Answer» Solution :The proposal of Cabinet mission PLANS were rejected on account of the following reasons: (i)Both Congress and Muslim League had mutually opposed interpretation of the PLAN. (ii) The Muslim League wanted the grouping to be compulsory with section B and C developing into strong entities with the right to secede from the Union in the future. (III) The Congress wanted the provinces to be given the right to join a group. But it did not agree with the Cabinet Mission.s clarification that the groupings would be compulsory . (IV) The province would have the right to secede after the CONSTITUTION had been finalised and elections held. (v) Thus, both parties rejected the Cabinet Mission.s proposals making partition inevitable. |
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| 621. |
Explain how the fortification and road in the city of Vijayanagara were unique and impressive. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Abdur Razzaq, a Persian ambassador in the court of Devaraja-II was much impressed by the fortification of the Vijayanagara empire. They encircled not on the city but also the agricultural hinterland and forests. (ii) In the construction of the fortification of walls, no cementing agent was used. The wedge-shaped stone blocks held them in place and the inner portion of the WALL was filled with earth packed with rubble. (iii) The fortification started with the ENCLOSING of agricultural tracts. The enclosure had its own features. Abdur Razzaq further eleborates that between the first, second and third walls lie the cultivated fields, gardens and houses. (iv) According to Paes, " From this first circuit until you enter the city there is a great DISTANCE, in which field they sowed rice and had many gardens and much water, in which water comes from two lakes." (v) The second fortification was done around the inner core of the urban complex while the third was around the royal centre. (vi) In it, most of the important buildings were encircled by the high walls that were well -guarded gateways and were constructed here to enter the fort. These gateways were constructed in Indo-IsIamic style. (vii) These gateways were linked to city by roads. These roads have been identified by the archaeologist by tracing paths through gateways as well as by finds of pavements. (viii) These roads were mainly built in valleys. The most important roads were extended from temple gateways. BAZARS were also situated on both sides of the roads. |
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| 622. |
Whatis meant by the term jajmani system ? Give example. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) The term jajmani system came into practice after the 16th and 17th centuries. The system was in vogue much earlier. (ii)Jajmani system meant ARTISANS andpeasant- house holders entered into a mutually negotiated system of remuneration, most of the TIME goods for services. (ii) 18th century records explain about zamindars of Bengal who remunerated black smiths,carpenters and evengold smiths for their work by paying them a small daily allowance and diet money . (iv)In Maharashtra VILLAGE artisans were compensated by village for theirspecialised service byallotment of land, cultivable waste. Such landsbecame aritsan.s WATER or miras. |
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| 623. |
State any two limitations of inscriptional evidences. |
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Answer» Solution :Inscriptional evidences have been used through digged out extensively to know about past text-books, PILLARS, structures ETC. But there are some limitations to what EPIGRAPHY can reveal. (i)Technical limitations such as letters are very faindly engraved, and Also, inscriptions may be damaged or letters missing. (ii) It is ALWAYS not easy to be sure about the exact meaning of the WORDS used in inscriptions, some of which may be specific to a particular place or time. |
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| 624. |
The Salt Satyagraha was one of the most successful campaigns in Gandhiji's non-violent struggle against Britishers. Analyse the statement. |
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Answer» Solution :In the wake of the Salt Law March, nearly 60,000 Indians were arrested, AMONG them, of course, Gandhiji himself. The progress of Gandhiji's march to the seashore can be traced from the secret reports filed by the police officials DEPUTED to monitor his movements. Gandhiji persuaded the citizens to stand united. The police spies reported that Gandhiji's meetings were very well attended, by villagers of all castes. They observed thousands of volunteers flocking to the nationalist cause. Among them were many officials, who had resigned from their posts with the colonial government. The progress of the Salt March can also be traced from another source: the American news magazine, Time'. Earlier it despised Gandhiji's looks, writing DISDAINFULLY, of his "spindly frame" and his "spidery loins". Thus in its FIRST report, Time was deeply vsceptical of the Salt March reaching its destination. It claimed that Gandhiji "sank to the ground" at the end of the second day's walking, the magazine did not believe that "the emaciated saint would be physically able to go much further". But within a week it had changed its mind, observing the MASSIVE popular following that the march had garnered. They then saluted Gandhiji as a "Saint" and "Statesmen", who was using "Christian acts as a weapon against men with Christian beliefs" The Salt March gained the world's attention. The march was widely covered by the European and American press. It was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. The socialist activist Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay had persuaded Gandhiji not to restrict the protests to men alone. Kamaladevi was herself one of numerous women who courted arrest by breaking the salt or liquor laws. The march made the British realize that their dominance would not last forever and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians. |
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| 625. |
The figure given above is an illustration of another pillar from the Virupaksha temple. Do you notice and floral motifs ? What are the animals shown ? Why do you think they are depicted ? Describe the human figures shown. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Given illustration of the pillar from the Virupaksha temple has pictures of PLANTS bearing flowers and different animals and birds like peacock, horse, duck,etc. (ii) These pictures were probably carved out on gateways to ATTRACT people. These pictures also express DEVOTION, religiousness and love for art and patronage by the ruler. (iii) These various kinds of animals and birds were associated with different gods and goddesses. That was why they were also WORSHIPPED. (iv) Human pictures include both deities and their worshippers respectively. A god is shown WEARING malas and crown. He also had gadda in his hands. Probably he was the destroyer of Rakshashas. (v) In another pictures, a devotee is shown near the .shivlinga. . His method of worship is also strange which is not defined in any form. |
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| 626. |
Explain the devlopment of Mughal painting and its unique features. |
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Answer» SOLUTION : (i) Mughal.s contribution in the field of paintings was very distinctive. Paintings reflected the mind of the ruling power and played an important part in expanding the imperial ideas. (ii) Humay-un took the master of paintings Mir Sayyid All and Abdus Samad came to India along with him. Akbar organised paintings in the `karkhana. under their LEADERSHIP. (iii) The Mughal pictures were small in size. They were known as miniatures. Main features of these paintings were court and battle scenes, the chase, portrait of leadership. Daswant and Baswant were the two eminent painters of Akbar.s court. (iv) Indianthemes, scenes andlandscapes came into vogue and had Persian.s IMPACT. (v) Indian colours such as peacock blue and the Indian red started to be use. The flat effect of the Persian style started to be changed by roundness of the Indian brush GIVING images with three dimensional effect. (vi) Mughal paintings reached at climax under the Jahangir.s discriminated eyes. There was a fashion in Mughal school that single painting was painted by various artists. (vii) Other than painting, hunting, battle and social scenes under Jahangir, a unique PROGRESS was made in portrait painting and in animal and flower representations. Mansur was the great name of this world. (viii) In the last decade of Jahangir.s rule, Mughal paintings reveal an increased emphasis on symbolism as, (a) Painting ofAbul Hasan shows that Jahangir held up a portrait of his father Akbar, who prefers a globe in his hand, (b) Portraying of Jahangir and Safavid Shah Abbas in friendly embrace |
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| 627. |
"There are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented in the Harappan society," In the light of this statement, explain whether there may have been rulers to rule over the Harappan society |
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Answer» Solution :There are indications of complex decisions being taken and implemented in Harappan society Evidences are: (i) A large building found at Mohenjodaro was labelled as a palace by archacologists but no spectacular finds were associated with it. (ii) Some archacologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no rulers, and that everybody enjoyed equal STATUS. (iii) Othets feel there was no single ruler but several, that Mohenjodaro-had a-separate-cules, Harappa another, and so forth. (iv) According to some scholars, the last theory seems the most plausible, as it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively made and implemented such complex decisions. (V) There was EXTRAORDINARY uniformity of Harappan artefacts. (vi) The bricks, though OBVIOUSLY not produced in any single centre, were of a uniform ratio throughout the region, from Jarnmu to Gujarat. (vii) LABOUR was mobilised for making bricks and for the construction of massive walls and platforms. A planned urban centre with well laid out drainage system. |
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| 628. |
What is a secular state? Which constitution provisions ensure secularism and religious freedom? |
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Answer» Solution :A secular state is the ONE which does not follow any particular religion. In it no religion is given preference over the other. (i) 42nd Constitutional Amendment was done in 1976. It was the time when the word .secular. added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. (ii) All religions are EQUALLY treated and no one is discriminated on the basis of religion. (iii) Imparting RELIGIOUS education in government schools and colleges is strictly probihited. (iv) Untouchability is banned CONSTITUTIONALLY. (v) Every citizen is allowed to PRACTISE the religion of the his/her own choice. |
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| 629. |
Explain the role played by women of the imperial household in the Mughal Empire |
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Answer» Solution :(i) After Noor Jahan, Mughal queens and princesses began to control significant financial resources. (ii) Shan Jahan's daughters Jahanara and Roshanara enjoyed an annual income OFTEN equal to that of high imperial Mansabdars. (iii) Control over the resources enabled important women of the Mughal houschold to commission buildings and gardens. (iv) The throbbing centre of Shahjahanabad, was the bazaar of Chandni Chowk which was designed by Jahanara. (v) Gulbadan Begum, the daughter of Babar and Humayun's sister wrote Humayun Nama, depicting the glimpsc of the domestic world of Mughals. (vi) Gulbadan described in great detail, the conflicts and tension among the princes and kings. (vii) The general practice of Mughal household consisted. of the emperor's wives, concubincs, his near and distant relatives and female setvants and alaves. Elderly women of the family important role in resolving conflicts. (viii) The AMOUNTS of cash and valuables as dower (MAHR) naturally received a higher status and greater ATTENTION from their husbands than did aghas. (ix) The concubines occupied the lowest position in the hierarchy. They all received monthly allowancesin cash, supplemented with gifts according to their status. |
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| 630. |
Describe the significance of the campaigns initiated by Gandhiji in Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda. |
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Answer» Solution :Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915. On reaching India he observed that the condition of INDIANS has not changed much. So he decided to adopt the unique method of Satyagraha which he tried in SOUTH Africa to awaken the people. (i) In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi went to Champaran, to improve the condition of peasants. He also WANTED that the peasants should be free to cultivate the crops of their choice. (ii) In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad and intervened in a labour DISPUTE. Here he demanded better working conditions for the MILL workers of the cotton textile mills. (iii) Again in 1918, he involved in another campaign at Kheda in Gujarat to support the cause of peasants. (iv) He sought the remission of taxes from the state as the harvest of crops had failed due to drought. These campaigns had made him a true nationalist hero. |
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| 631. |
Which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. In 1948, Burma was admitted to the United Nations and immediately supportated the USA in the Cold War 2. In 1948, Burma joined the United Natons but refused to denounce China as the aggressor in the Korean War Select the correct answer using hte code given below |
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Answer» 1 only |
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| 632. |
Why were the figures of mortality and disease difficult to collect? |
| Answer» Solution :The figures of mortality and disease were DIFFICULT to COLLECT, for all deaths were not registered, and ILLNESS was not always reported, nor treated by licensed doctors. | |
| 633. |
Rules for monks and nuns These are some of the rules laid down in the Vinaya Pitaka : When a ne felt (blanket/rug) has been made by a bhikkhu , it is to be kept for (at least ) six years. If after less than six years . If after less than six years he should have another new felt (blanket/rug) made, regardless of whether or not he has disposed of the first , then - unless he has been authorised by the bhikkhus - it is to the forfeited and confessed . In case, a bhikkhu arriving at a family residence is presented with cakes or cooked grain - meal , he may accepttwo or three bowlfuls if he so desires . If the should accept more than , it is be confessed . Having accepted the two or three bowlfuls and having taken them from there, the is to share them among the bhikkhus. This is the proper course here. Should and bhikkhu, having set out deeding in a belonging to the sangha - or having had is set out - and then on departing neither put it away nor have it put away, or should he go without taking leave , it is to be confessed . Why do you think men and women joined sangha ? Give tworeasons. |
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Answer» Solution :Men and women joined sangha due to the TWO REASONS given below : (a) They wanted to LIVE a simple and disciplined life in sangha. (b) They wanted to REMAIN away from WORLDLY pleasure . |
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| 634. |
Rules for monks and nuns These are some of the rules laid down in the Vinaya Pitaka : When a ne felt (blanket/rug) has been made by a bhikkhu , it is to be kept for (at least ) six years. If after less than six years . If after less than six years he should have another new felt (blanket/rug) made, regardless of whether or not he has disposed of the first , then - unless he has been authorised by the bhikkhus - it is to the forfeited and confessed . In case, a bhikkhu arriving at a family residence is presented with cakes or cooked grain - meal , he may accepttwo or three bowlfuls if he so desires . If the should accept more than , it is be confessed . Having accepted the two or three bowlfuls and having taken them from there, the is to share them among the bhikkhus. This is the proper course here. Should and bhikkhu, having set out deeding in a belonging to the sangha - or having had is set out - and then on departing neither put it away nor have it put away, or should he go without taking leave , it is to be confessed . What was the Bodh sangha ? |
| Answer» Solution :BODH sangha was an organisation of monks, who served as teachers of Dhamma. They lived a simple life and possessed only those ESSENTIAL GOODS which were required in daily ROUTINE life . | |
| 635. |
Rules for monks and nuns These are some of the rules laid down in the Vinaya Pitaka : When a ne felt (blanket/rug) has been made by a bhikkhu , it is to be kept for (at least ) six years. If after less than six years . If after less than six years he should have another new felt (blanket/rug) made, regardless of whether or not he has disposed of the first , then - unless he has been authorised by the bhikkhus - it is to the forfeited and confessed . In case, a bhikkhu arriving at a family residence is presented with cakes or cooked grain - meal , he may accepttwo or three bowlfuls if he so desires . If the should accept more than , it is be confessed . Having accepted the two or three bowlfuls and having taken them from there, the is to share them among the bhikkhus. This is the proper course here. Should and bhikkhu, having set out deeding in a belonging to the sangha - or having had is set out - and then on departing neither put it away nor have it put away, or should he go without taking leave , it is to be confessed . What is the importance of Vinaya Pitaka ? |
| Answer» Solution :In it the RULES for BUDDHIST monks and NUNS are laid down. | |
| 636. |
What are the architectural traditions that inspired the architects of Vijayanagara ? How did they transform these traditions ? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) The rulars of Vijayanagara were known foe their many innovations in the sphere of architectural traditions. They built many new temples which presented their architectural skills. They also added many new features in the temple ARCHITECTURE. For example, they built gopurams and royal gateways. (ii) The towers of the central shrines signalled the presence of the temple from a great distance. But the royal gateways surpassed the other structures. They showed that the kings had full command over the resources, techinques and skills. (iii) Other distinctive features of architectural style includes the constructions of mandapas or pavilions and pillared corridors that run AROUND the shrines. There were two main temples- The Virupaksha temple and the Vitthala temple. (iv) The Virupaksha temple was constructed in the `9th-10th` centuries. But after the establishment of Vijayanagara empire, It was substantially enlarged. Krishnadeva Raya, one of the most powerful rulers of the empire, built a hall in front of the main shrine to mark his accession to the throne. (v) It was decorated with delicately carved pillars. Many temple complexes had chariot streets. These streets extended from gopuram in a straight line. They were paved with slabs of stone and lined with pillared pavillions, in which MERCHANTS had set up their shops. (vi) Vitthala temple : With the deity Vitthala, a form of Vishnu, apart from indicating WAYS in which the Vijayanagara rules drew inspiration from different traditions to create an imperial culture, has several halls and special temples designed as chariot. 
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| 637. |
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: Irrigating trees and fields This is an excerpt from the Babumana that describes the irigation devices the emperor observed in Northern India : The greater part of Hindustan country is situated ont leyel land. Many though its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowhere has running waters. For water is not at all a necessity in cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rains themselves, and strange it is that spring crops grow even when no rains fall. (However) to young trees water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels.... In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope long enough to suit the depths of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers are put over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheel-axle a second wheel is fixed, and close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns, its teeth catch in the teeth of the second (wheel), and thus the whel with the pitchers is turned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this the water is conveyed everywhere In Agra, Chandwar, Bayana (all in present-day Utar Peadesh) and those pacus agaia,-people water with a bucket. At the well-edge they sct up a fork of wood, having a roller adjusted between the forks, tie a rope to a large bucket, put the Iope over a roller, and tie its other end to the bullock One person most drive the balioclk another empty the bucket. Explain any three factors which are responsible for the expansion of agriculture in India. |
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Answer» Solution : Factors which are responsible for the expansion of agriculture in India: (i) Its level land which can be cultivated without running watet. (ii) AUTUMN CROPS can grow by the down pour of the rains fixed. And CLOSE (iii) Spring crops grow EVEN when no rains fall (iv) BETTER irrigation technology (v) The abundance of land. (vi) Availability of labour. (vii) Mobility of peasants. |
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| 638. |
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: Irrigating trees and fields This is an excerpt from the Babumana that describes the irigation devices the emperor observed in Northern India : The greater part of Hindustan country is situated ont leyel land. Many though its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowhere has running waters. For water is not at all a necessity in cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rains themselves, and strange it is that spring crops grow even when no rains fall. (However) to young trees water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels.... In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope long enough to suit the depths of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers are put over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheel-axle a second wheel is fixed, and close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns, its teeth catch in the teeth of the second (wheel), and thus the whel with the pitchers is turned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this the water is conveyed everywhere In Agra, Chandwar, Bayana (all in present-day Utar Peadesh) and those pacus agaia,-people water with a bucket. At the well-edge they sct up a fork of wood, having a roller adjusted between the forks, tie a rope to a large bucket, put the Iope over a roller, and tie its other end to the bullock One person most drive the balioclk another empty the bucket. What was the necessity of irrrigation ? |
| Answer» Solution :Most of Hindustan COUNTRY is SITUATED on level land. This had many towns and cultivated lands, but nowhere has RUNNING water. Water was required to water young trees. | |
| 639. |
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: Irrigating trees and fields This is an excerpt from the Babumana that describes the irigation devices the emperor observed in Northern India : The greater part of Hindustan country is situated ont leyel land. Many though its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowhere has running waters. For water is not at all a necessity in cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rains themselves, and strange it is that spring crops grow even when no rains fall. (However) to young trees water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels.... In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope long enough to suit the depths of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers are put over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheel-axle a second wheel is fixed, and close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns, its teeth catch in the teeth of the second (wheel), and thus the whel with the pitchers is turned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this the water is conveyed everywhere In Agra, Chandwar, Bayana (all in present-day Utar Peadesh) and those pacus agaia,-people water with a bucket. At the well-edge they sct up a fork of wood, having a roller adjusted between the forks, tie a rope to a large bucket, put the Iope over a roller, and tie its other end to the bullock One person most drive the balioclk another empty the bucket. Explain the irrigation technology as observed by the Emperor. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The Emperor observed that technology used for irrigation was that people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope to suit the depth of the well, fix STRIPS of wood berween them, and on this fasten pitchers (Earthen pot, GHARA). Such ropes are put over the wheel-well. At one cnd of the wheel axle, a second wheel to it another on an upright axle. The LAST wheel the BULLOCK turns and thus the wheel with pitchers is curned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this water is conveyed everywhere. | |
| 640. |
Do you think Ibn Battuta's account is useful in arriving at an understanding of life in contemporary urban centres? Give reasons for your answer. |
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Answer» Solution :Battuta.s observation about the cities of India: (i) According to him, Indian cities had many exciting opportunities and were useful for those who had the necessary drive, skills and resources. (ii) The Indian cities were prosperous and denseiy populated. (iii) These cities had colourful market TRADING in different kinds of goods. (iv) Delhi was the largest city of India and had a lot of population. Daulatabad was another important city of India which challenged Delhi in size. (v) The cities were not only the centre of economic transactions but ALSO the centres of social and cultural activities. (vi) Most of the BAZAARS in the cities had temples and mosques. (viii) Cities also had fixed places for public performances by dancer, musician and singer. He found that many towns derived their wealth and PROSPERITY through the appropriation of surplus from villages. (ix) Indian goods were in great DEMAND in West Asia and South-east Asia. So the artisans and merchants earned huge profit. |
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| 641. |
Mention any two sources to know about Bhakti and Sufi traditions from eight century to eighteenth century. |
| Answer» Solution :The sources for Bhakti movement are the Hagiographical or BIOGRAPHICAL writings of SAINT POETS, the Qawwals. Textual sources attributed to poet saints, orally in regional languages such as SHORT in Dakhani, bhajans of Mira Bai. | |
| 642. |
Why were the grants of level made and to whom? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) From early centuries of the common era it was FOUND that grants of land were made, many of which were recorded in inscription. (ii) The reords that have survived are usually about the grants to the institutions governed by religious GRAPHS or to Brahmanas. (iii)Woman were not entitled to free access to land resource but Prabhavati had access to land, inscription INDICATED. (iv) Later lands were given to the samantas. (v) Grants were in different size of land, from small plots to vast streatches of uncultivatedland. Some histrorians felt that land grants were given by the rulers to extend cultivation and agriculture to new areas. (vii) Others FEEL that king were loosing control over their samantas. By the land grants the king sought to win allies. (VIII) Through their right of giving land grants, the rulers (kings) sought to maintain afacade of power. |
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| 643. |
Explain the role of zamindars in Mughal India during 16th-17th century. |
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Answer» SOLUTION :(i) The zamindars in the Mughal period were the class of those people who lived off agriculture but did not take part directly in the processes of agricultural production. The Zamindars were landed proprictors who had some social and economic privileges due to their superior status in rural society ltbr(ii) The factor of caste hierarchy was also responsible for the highe performed certain services (Khidmat) for the sta TE. Snuras zamindars. They also (iii) The zamindars had extensive personal lands termed milkiyat. This milkiyat land was cultivated for the personal use of the Zamindars, generally with the help of hired labour (iv) The zamindars were at liberty to sell, mortgage these lands as and when they desire. They could often collect revenue on behalf of the state. For this service, they were compensatcd financially by the state. (v) The other source of zamindars' power was their control orer military sources. Most of themhad fortresses. They also had armed contingent comprising units of infantry, cavalry and artillery (vi) If we think of social RELATIONS in the Mughal countryside as a pyramid zamindars make its very narrow apex. In this context Abul Fazl's account tells"Upper caste" Brahman-Rajput combine had already made solid control over rural society. This account also gives a fairly good representation from intermediate castes along with a liberal sprinking of Muslim zamindars. (vii) The popular way of expanding the zamindari disposses the weaker people by a system was to powerful military chieftain. In northern India the Rajputs and the Jats followed the strategies to firm up their control over extensive swathes of territory. (viii) The zamindars LED the colonisation of apricultural land and assisted in setling cultivators by giving them the means of cultivation, including cash loans. Undoubtedly, zamindars was an exploitative class. HOWEVER, their relationship with the pleasantry had a touch of reciprocity, paternalism and patronage. That is why, zamindars often got the support of the peasantry in their conflict against the state. |
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| 644. |
Explain how Gandhiji had transformed Indian Nationalism by 1922? |
| Answer» Solution :By 1922, the Indian nationalism had undergone a significant and substantial change and Mahatma Gandhi has emerged as a people.s LEADER. The awakening arising among the MASSES because of the Noncooperation movement transformed the national movement into a mass-movement. Now the national movement was not limited to cities and intellectuals only but had become a mass movement. Crossing the limits of place, class and community. Thus, the promise made by Gandhiji in his Banaras Hindu UNIVERSITY Speech of FEBRUARY 1916, was redeemed and thousands of workers joined him in mass movement to ACHIEVE a common goal. | |
| 645. |
In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of a society derived from the Purusha Sukta? |
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Answer» Solution :(1) The Purusha Sukta of the Rigveda says that four Varnas emerged because of the sacrifice of Purusha, the primeval man. The four Varnas were Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. (ii) These Varnas had different jobs. The Brahmanas had supreme position in the society. They were also considered as teachers. Kshatriyas were considered warriors. They also ran the administration. (iii) The Vaishyas were the masters of trade. (iv) The shudras were at the lowest strata. Their duty was to serve the above three Varnas. Under this Brahmanical system, birth was the only criteria to judge the STATUS and prestige in the society. (V) But the BUDDHIST theory of a social contract was different. As per the Buddhist concept, there was inequality in society. But they also opined that his inequality was neither natural nor PERMANENT. They had not favour the idea of birth being the criteria of social status. |
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| 646. |
"Mughal rulers efficiently assimilated heterogenous populace within an imperial edifice".Support the statement. |
| Answer» SOLUTION : REFER to NCERT, Q8. | |
| 647. |
Describe the various causes responsible for the downfall of Vijayanagara empire. |
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Answer» Solution :A number of factors were responsible for the decline of the Vijayanagara empire. Some of them are elaborated under the following heads : (i) Weakness of the Central Government :The Central Government of the Vijayanagara empire was weak, while provincial government were given many powers. Provincial governments were made responsible for maintaining army, minting coins and issuing them . They proved harmful for the central government and paved the way for the decline of the empire. (ii) Weak and incapable successors : No doubt, Krishnadeva Raya was a very capable ruler of Vijayanagara empire. He died in `1529`. The successors who followed him proved very weak and incompetent. They failed the establish their control over the vast empire. (iii) Luxurious life of the people : There was no shortage of WEALTH in the Vijayanagara empire. The abundance of wealth made the life of the people very luxurious. Contemporary sources tells that prostitutes were in planty, especially in the rest houses. As a result of this, prone to debauchery, the downfall of such a society was not surprising. (iv) Rule of the different dynasties : Four different dynasties ruled over the Vijayanagara empire, one after the other. As a result of this, the kingdom became the centre of the conspiracies, because each dynasty wanted to put its own king to the throne. These conspiracies to occupy the throne shook the foundation of the empire. (v) Responsibility of the Army : The army of the Vijayanagara empire too played a significant role in bringing the fall of the empire. The rulers of the Vijayanagara empire relied on the Provincial governor for their army. Thus, the army was was more LOYAL to lord as compared to the king (ruler). The army also lacked mutual understanding and co-ordination which finally led to the downfall of the empire. (vi) Continuous struggle against Bahamani empire : The ruler of Vijayanagara remained in prolonged struggle with the ruler of Bahamani empire. It had a DEEP effect on the economy of the Vijayanagaraempire as well as on the army. (vii) Battle of TALIKOTA : After the death of Krishnadeva Raya, Achyut Raya sat on the throne. He ruled till `1542`. He was followed by Sadashiv Raya `(1542-70)`. He became the puppet of his prime minister RAMA Raya. Rama Raya began his aim to expand the empire and started invading the Muslim rulers of Southern India and committed atrocities on the Muslims. As a result of this the Muslim kingdoms of the South - Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bidar jointly attacked Vijayanagara empire. A terrible battle was fought in the battlefield of Talikota in `1563`, in which the army of Vijayanagara empire was defeated. The defeat of the Vijayanagara army proved disaster for the empire. |
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| 648. |
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow The Poor Peas ant An excerpt from Bernier's description of the peasantry ion the countryside: Of the vast tracts of country constituting the empire of Hindustan, many are little more than and, or barren mountains, badly cultivated, and thinly populated. Even a considerable portion of the good land. Even a remains untilled for want of labourers, many of whom perish in consequence of the bad treatment they experience from Governors. The poor people, when they become incapable of discharging the demands of their rapacious lords, are northaly often deprived of the means of subsistence, but are also made to lose their children, who are carried away as slaves. Thus, it happens that the peasantry, driven to despair by so excessive a tyranny, abandon the country. In this instance, Bernier was participating in contemporary debates in Europe concerning the nature of state and society, and intended that his description of Mughal India would' serve as a warning to those who did not recognize the merits of private property Which fundamental diffreence he found between Mughal India and Europe during 16th and 17th century? |
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Answer» Solution :(i) According to Bernier, one of the fundamental DIFFERENCES between Mughal India and Europe was the shortage of private property in LAND in the Mughal India. (ii) Bernier was a staunch supporter of private property. He felt that in the Mughal Empire the emperor owned all the land and distributed the same among his nobles. However, it had disastrous results for the economy and s0ciety. (iii) Bernier OPINED that there was no middle state in India. On the other hand, none of the Mughal official DOCUMENTS suggest that the state was the only OWNER of land. |
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| 649. |
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow The Poor Peas ant An excerpt from Bernier's description of the peasantry ion the countryside: Of the vast tracts of country constituting the empire of Hindustan, many are little more than and, or barren mountains, badly cultivated, and thinly populated. Even a considerable portion of the good land. Even a remains untilled for want of labourers, many of whom perish in consequence of the bad treatment they experience from Governors. The poor people, when they become incapable of discharging the demands of their rapacious lords, are northaly often deprived of the means of subsistence, but are also made to lose their children, who are carried away as slaves. Thus, it happens that the peasantry, driven to despair by so excessive a tyranny, abandon the country. In this instance, Bernier was participating in contemporary debates in Europe concerning the nature of state and society, and intended that his description of Mughal India would' serve as a warning to those who did not recognize the merits of private property What description Bernier has given on the condition of Indian peasantry during the Mughal Empire? |
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Answer» SOLUTION : (i) Bernier gave a subdued descriptrion on the condition of Indian PEASANTRY during the Mughal Empire (ii) The poor and resourceless peasants became INCAPABLE of discharging the demands of their greedy owners (iii) Peasants were not only deprived of the MEANS, of SUBSISTENCE, but were also made to lose their children, who were carried away as slaves. |
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| 650. |
Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions that follow The Poor Peas ant An excerpt from Bernier's description of the peasantry ion the countryside: Of the vast tracts of country constituting the empire of Hindustan, many are little more than and, or barren mountains, badly cultivated, and thinly populated. Even a considerable portion of the good land. Even a remains untilled for want of labourers, many of whom perish in consequence of the bad treatment they experience from Governors. The poor people, when they become incapable of discharging the demands of their rapacious lords, are northaly often deprived of the means of subsistence, but are also made to lose their children, who are carried away as slaves. Thus, it happens that the peasantry, driven to despair by so excessive a tyranny, abandon the country. In this instance, Bernier was participating in contemporary debates in Europe concerning the nature of state and society, and intended that his description of Mughal India would' serve as a warning to those who did not recognize the merits of private property Name the book written by the Francois Bernier on the critical insight and reflection on the empire of he Hindustan. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Francois Bernier's book NAME was, 'Travel in the MUGHAL EMPIRE'. | |