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Deficit financing is a budgetary situation when government expenditure is higher than the revenue and the difference is made up by borrowing or uniting new funds.

Effects of deficit financing:

• Deficit financing in a developing country is inflationary. It hikes the prices of the goods. 

• Deficit financing for development, like depression deficit financing, provides stimulus to economic growth by financing investment, employment and output in the economy. It helps rapid capital formation for economic development.

National Income:

NNP_fc = Compensation to employees + Operating surplus + Mixed-income + NFIA.

NNP_fc = (x + xii) + (viii + ix) + vii + (v – vi)

= (10 + 110) + (40 + 20) + 120 + (-10) 

= Rs 290 crore.

NDP_mp = NNP_fc – NFLA + Net Indirect Taxes

= 290 – (10 – 20) + (60 – 10)

= 290 + 10 + 50 

= Rs 350 crore.

(i) GDP_mp is the money value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic territory of a country in a year. It includes consumption of fixed capital and indirect taxes. It doesn’t include Net factor Income from abroad whereas NNPfc is the sum total of factor income earned by the normal residents of a country in a year. It excludes depreciation but includes net factor income from abroad. It doesn’t include net direct taxes.

(ii) GDP_mp = NNP_fc – NFIA + Depreciation + Net indirect tax 

NNP_fc = GDP_mp – depreciation + NFIA – Net indirect tax

Following is the difference between Personal income and Personal Disposable Income (PDI).

Personal income is the income actually received by persons from all sources in the form of current transfer payments and factor incomes whereas PDI is the personal income remaining with individuals after paying direct personal taxes and other fees and fines to the government.

NVA (at factor cost value of gross output) 

The gross value of output in the primary sector (at factor cost) = 950

The gross value of output in the secondary sector (at factor cost) = 470

The gross value of output in the tertiary sector (at factor cost) = 500

Total = 1920

Less value of the intermediate product in the primary sector + secondary sector + tertiary sector

= 360 + 200 + 175 

= 735

Less depreciation = 20

Less net indirect tax

Direct tax = 35

Less subsidy = 10

NVA = 1145

National Income = NVA + Net Factor Income from abroad = 1145 + 4 = 1149 (in crore)

GDP = Wages and Salaries + Rent Paid + Interest Paid + Dividend Paid

= 120 + 60 + 25 + 15 

= 240

National Income = GDP – Depreciation + Net Factor Income + Mixed-Income + Undistributed Profits – Corporation Tax

= 240 – 5 + 10 + 20 – 30 

= 225

To calculate national income overall value of goods and services produced by the country is taken into account. However, this method suffers from ‘double counting. ’ Since the output of a production unit can be the input for another unit, it leads to double counting of a single variable.

Only final goods are included when measuring national income. If intermediate goods were included too, this would lead to double counting; for example, the value of the tires would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold to the consumer.

To calculate national income overall value of goods and services produced by the country is taken into account. However, this method suffers from ‘double counting’, since the output of a production unit can be the input for another unit, it leads to double counting of a single variable. Only final goods are included when measuring national income. If intermediate goods were included too, this would lead to double counting; 

For example: the value of the tires would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold to the consumer.

(a) Woolen industry is not so well developed as India is a tropical monsoon climate and woolen clothes are required only in the northern India during the winter months.

(b) Indigenous wool is of poor quality. For superior quality wool India has to depend on foreign countries.

Agriculture is the most important occupation in India because :

(i)  The tropical climate provides long growing season in most parts of the country except the Himalayan region.

(ii)  Vast stretches of arable land found in the alluvial lowlands of Northern plains. Coastal and delta plains, provide unique combination of fertile soils and an abundant water supply. 

(iii)  The large size and the varying climatic conditions in the country enable a variety of crops to be cultivated.

Rabi Crops are sown in the winter season (October-November) and harvested in the beginning of summer (March-April). The main products of the Rabi crops are wheats, barley, gram and mustard. In India largest amount of wheat is grown in Uttar Pradesh.

Spherical aberration can be minimized by bending the lens into its best form. The use of symmetric doublets greatly reduces spherical aberration.

Chromatic aberration : The focal length of a lens is different for different colors, being more for the red color than for the violet color. When a ray of white light is incident on a lens, it is dispersed. As a result, different colours come to focus at different points on the principal axis. The image of a point object is not a point but is spread along the axis and is coloured. The failure of the lens to bring rays of different colors to focus at the same point is called chromatic aberration. It can be reduced by using a concave lens of suitable material and focal length.

Biprism was constructed by the combination of two prisms of very small refracting angles, placed base to base. In practice, the prism is made from a single plate by grinding and polishing, so that it is a single prism with one of its angles about 179° and other two about 30° each.

Chargaff’s rule of equivalence : Deoxy ribonucleic Acid (DNA), the genetic material is made up of four types of organic nitrogenous bases : adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C). Of these, A and G are the purines and T and C are the pyrimidines. Chargaff gave the base pairing rule or the rule of base equivalence which states that only one purine can combine with one pyrimidine. That means A can combine with T and G with C. Two purines or two pyrimidines cannot combine with each other; if they do so, there w ill be a sudden change in the characteristic of an organism. This sudden change is called mutation.

Sterilization methods: 

(i) Vitamins : Vitamins can be sterilize by the method of autoclaving. For this a concentrated stock solution is required to be prepared followed by fitration and subsequent addition in sterile medium at the temperature of growth (or room temperature). 

(ii) Forceps & Scalpels : The metallic instruments like forceps, scalpels, needles, spatulas can be sterilized by flame sterilization method. For this we have to dip them in 25% ethanol ‘ followed by flaming and cooling. It is called incineration. 

(iii) Nutrient media : Culture media are properly dispensed in glass container, plugged with cotton or sealed with plastic closures and sterilized by autoclaving (steam sterilization) at 15 psi for 30 minutes. Minimum temperature required for autoclaving of nutrient media is 15 minutes. 

(iv) Explant: The explants are sterilized by disinfectants (e g., sodium, hypochlorite. NaOCl, mercuric chloride-HgCl₂) and washed aseptically for 6-10 times with sterlized distilled water.

(i) NCBI: National Centre for Biotechnology Information 

(ii) EST : Expressed sequenced tag 

(iii) ROM : Read only memory 

(iv) PAGE : Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 

(v) FMN : Flavin mononucleotides.

(i) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme is used for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand from RNA molecule as a template. It is produced by HTV and other retroviruses which help them to synthesize DNA from their viral RNA.

(ii) Isoelectric focusing (IEF), also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different molecules by their electric charge differences. It is a type of zone electrophoresis, usually performed on proteins in a gel. 

(iii) Cosmids are constructed by uniting some part of the bacterial plasmids with a ‘ori’ gene, an antibiotic selection marker and a cloning site with one or more recently two ‘cos’ sites derived from bacteriophage lambda. 

(iv) A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in very small amounts by an organism. They act as co-factor of an enzyme. It cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.

 3. Guttation.

Video Conferencing service allows multiple participants to converse with each other regardless of their location through the video end-points or Personal computers. It involves Video and Audio communication. It’s about connecting people. A video conference subscriber can add two or more video participants in a particular conference. The customers can schedule their video conferences through the Web. The video conferencing service can be availed by any’ user through IP or ISDN interface. 

Advantages of VC for Business World: 

Significant Travel Savings: The constant climb of air travel prices barely seems like news anymore, and smart organizations are finding alternatives. Not only is video conferencing a direct replacement for many in-person business trips, but because there is virtually no cost to add additional key employees to a virtual meeting, you can easily bring the right team together. 

Increased Productivity: Everyone has experienced the classic never ending “conference call from hell,” and video conferencing all but eliminates those problems, even from large group calls. Important meetings are shorter and more effective. Video conferencing users report saving a minimum of two hours a week with the technology. The interactivity of group collaboration and document sharing greatly increases productivity.

(i) A is cathode and B is anode. 

(ii) Molten fluorides of Al, Na and Ba. 

(iii) Graphite rods dipped in molten pure aluminium.

(i) 1 

(ii) Sodium ethoxide 

(iii) CaO is alkaline 

(iv) A downward displacement of air 

(v) Nitric oxide

Road transport is favoured in the northern plains of India because this is agriculturally rich region and roads’ ate required to transport huge amount of fertilizers, food grains from one region to another. Secondly this is a levelled region where construction of roads is easy.

(i) Tractors: Faridabad (Haryana) 

(ii) Electronic Goods: Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) 

(iii) Petro Chemicals : Vadodara.

Bal Panchayat is the representative organ of Bal Sabha. It’s members are the elected / selected members of the Bal Sabha and is accountable to it. The age of the members is between 10-15 years.. It is an initiative supported by UNICEF to involve children in decision making at village panchayat level.

The corrected code is int [ ] a = new int [5]; 

for(int i = 0; i < = 4; i++) 

{ 

a[i]=i; 

}

A package in java is a mechanism for organizing java classes into namespaces similar to the modules of modula. Java packages allow classes in the same package to access each other’s package-access members. 

Two Java application programming interface packages are java.lang and java.io.

(i) long 

(ii) char.

A ternary operator is a type of operator that requires three operands. It is also known as conditional operator, that is represented by symbol. The use of a ternary operator is to handle the conditional statements that will produce one result out of two. It is an alternative of if-else statement. 

The syntax of a ternary operator is : 

Condition ? Operand 2: Operand 3 

Ex: System.out.println(a>b?a:b);

The value true or false that is stored within a boolean variable is called boolean literal or a boolean constant, whereas any possible character that can be typed or generated through a keyboard and stored within single quotation marks is called character literal or character constant. 

For example : 

boolean s=true; //here true is a boolean literal 

char ch=‘A’; //here ‘A’ is a character literal

The factory of objects means a factory that produces the objects. Class is said to be an object factory because the class, basically is an object maker. It contains all the attributes to create an object. It also contains the statements that describe the operation that the object is going to perform.

(a) W.C. Bonneijea cited the principal objectives of the congress in its first session as under: 

1. To enable national workers from all parts of India to become personally , known to each other. 

2. To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudice and promote a feeling of national unity among all the lovers of the country. 

3. To train and organize public opinion in the country. 

4. The formulation of popular demands on vital Indian problems. 

(b) Two contributions of Dadabhi Naoriji are: 

1. He founded the East India Association in 1866, with the objective to inform the British the true state of affairs in India. Due to his efforts the British House of Commons passed a resolution recommending that ICS examinations should be held both in England and India. However it could not become act. 

2. He explained the economic exploitation of India through his famous ‘Drain Theory’ enunciated in the book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’. He explained how India’s wealth is draining to England in the form of salaries and pensions given to the British officers. 

(c) The impact of Swadeshi and Boycott movement: 

1. Stimulus to Indian Industries: The Swadeshi movement gave a great stimulus to the Indian Industries, particularly the weaving industry. Swadeshi textile mills, match and soap factories came up quickly all over the country. Swadeshi stores sold fabrics, shoes, salt, hosiery and a lot other goods. 

2. Decline in the Import of British Goods: The Boycott affected the sale of British clothes, salt and shoes. According to the Report of Collector of Customs, Kolkata, in a report dated 8 September, 1906, the value of import of cotton twist and yarn had fallen by nearly a crore of rupees. 

3. An Outburst of Literary and Cultural Activity: The Swadeshi spirit was sustained by literary activity in the form of songs, poems, dramas, novels and short stories. Tagore, Ravi Kant and Mukund Das composed short verses emphasizing the unity of two Bengals. Aurobindo Ghose kept alive the national spirit through his fearless writings. Bankimchandra’s novel ‘Anand Math’ was in demand because of the song Bande Mataram. The folk theatres called ‘Yatras’ gave a great publicity to the Swadeshi campaign. 

4. An Urge for National Education: Penal action against the students created an urge to open more and more educational institutions. The number of national schools grew quickly. The national college was opened in Kolkata. These institutions provide secular, moral, political and industrial education

(a) The Supreme Court and the High Court administer justice not only between the citizen and citizen but also between ‘State’ and a ‘Citizen’. Judges’ independence is essential for the functioning of a democratic Constitution. An independent judiciary is said to be the first condition of liberty. 

The independence of the judges of the Supreme Court is ensured by the following provisions : 

1. Appointment of Judges: In appointing the judges the President shall consult the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice should take into account the view of four of his senior most colleagues. Thus-neither the Executive (Ministry of Law and Justice) nor the Chief Justice of India acting on his own can have full control over judges’ appointment.

2. Security of Tenure: A judge can remain in office till he has attained the age of 65 years. He can only be removed by the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. 

3. Salaries of judges etc. are charged on the consolidated funds of the India hence it cannot be varied to their disadvantage neither subjected to vote in the parliament.

4. Punishment for the Contempt of Court: Genuine criticism of judgement is allowed, but nothing should be done to lower the dignity of court. 

5. Prohibition of Practice after Retirement: A retire judge of the Supreme Court cannot plead any case in any court or tribunal in India. 6. No discussion with respect to the conduct of any judge. 

(b) Supreme Court is a Court of Record. A Court of Record is one whose judgments are recorded for evidence and testimony. They are not be questioned when they are produced before any court. The judgments are in the nature of precedents i.e., the high court and other courts are bound to give similar decision in the similar cases. 

(c) All high courts have the power to issue writs to a person or an official. The writs comprise the Writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari. These writs are issued to protect the fundamental rights. Advisory jurisdiction of high court can provide advice to President, to other ministers or to other courts on a question of law or fact which is of public importance. The advisory opinion of high court is not binding on the President or other courts.

Piaget and Kohlberg are the two psychologists who have described in detail the ways in which an individuals become a moral being.

There is only one principle, on which Id functions, i.e., seeking of pleasure.

Interest is what one enjoys doing, while achievement is the knowledge or skill a person acquires for something after the person has been trained in it.

Karen Homey argued that “Penis envy” was not a normal development in females but rather an unusual and pathological occurrence. She also countered that some of her male patients envied women their capacity for pregnancy, child birth, motherhood, breast development and suckling. Two major components of her person psychology were the notion of basic anxiety and basic hostility.

Basic Anxiety : It is what arises in childhood when the child feels helpless in a threatening world. Children leam that they are relatively weak and powerless, dependent on their parents for safety and satisfaction. Having and reliable parents can create a feeling of security and erratic indifferent or rejecting parents may sharpens the child’s sense of helplessness and vulnerability. 

Basic hostility : It is what usually accompanies basic anxiety and grows out of resentment over the parental behavior that leads to anxiety in the first place. Because hostility cannot be expressed directly to parents, it is typically repressed, which only increases the child’s anxiety. Children dependent on their parents, anxious because their parents and unable to express their true feelings directly depend on the three modes of social behavior. 

First mode: Moving towards others, involves excessive compliance/ passive. 

Second mode : Moving against others, involves pursuit of satisfaction through ascendance and domination of others/ aggression. 

Third mode : Moving away from others – is self-protection by withdrawal. 

Homey believed that normal people use all three modes of social interaction at times but in a relatively balanced and flexible manner, adjusting their approach to situational demands. Neurotic people, she urged, allow one approach to dominate their social interactions and thus rigidly gets them into trouble.

Achievement refers to what a person has acquired or achieved after the specific training or instructions have been imparted to him.

Achievement test is also known as proficiency test, in which one measures the extent to which the person has acquired or achieved certain information on proficiency as a function of instruction or training. 

The four uses of achievement test are: 

1. Achievement tests are an effective way to check any weakness in the instructions or even slackness on the part of the examine. If weakness is found in the instructor, the instructor or the teacher may be asked to improve his instructions so that it may include the subsequent instructions. 

2. It is also effective in the formulation of education boards and provides a very easy means of critical examination of the content and method of instruction. 

3. It also helps in adapting the instruction to the individual need of the learner. The performance on the achievement test directly reveals the need for further guidance to be given to each learner and accordingly the instruction can be modified to suit the individual’s need. 

4. Special achievement tests meant for measuring the achievement of the pupils in some selective areas may conveniently be grouped into two distinct groups. The diagnostic test and standardized end of course examinations. The diagnostic tests are the test whose primary function is to identify the educationally retarded pupils and to suggest remedial programmes. Such tests are available in special areas like in reading skills and mathematical skills. 

The standard end course examinations are the series of the achievement tests for different subjects taught at either schools or college level. Since these are the coordinated series of the achievement test in different subjects they provide one system of comparable norms for all tests and thus a direct comparison of scores obtained in different subjects by the same tastee is possible. 

So far as jobs are concerned, results of various achievement test indicated whether after education a person has been able to achieve in certain areas which are required for a particular job. A lot of human energy and resource can be saved if people are selected for jobs, promoted and transferred on the basis of their scores in achievement test/ vocational selection.

MnO₂, PbO₂ and red lead react with conc. HCl acid to liberate Cl₂. This shows that hydrochloric acid is oxidized to chlorine by oxidizing agents.

Ammonia gas is lighter than air and is extremely soluble in water so it is collected by the downward displacing of air. 

(i) 1 : 3 

(ii)  From air

(iii)  (1)  450 – 500°C

(2)  200 – 900 atmosphere.

(3)  Finely divided iron with little of molybdenum.

(iv)  (1) By passing through a condenser where ammonia liquefies.

(2)  Dissolving in water.

(3)   Passing though sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate which is directly used as fertilizer.

2Al (OH)₃ + 1000^o C ----> Al₂O₃ + 3H₂O

Caustic soda (NaOH)

NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

102, Rainbow Road 

Goregaon 

Mumbai 

1st April, 2008 

The Deputy Commissioner of Pohee (Traffic) 

No. 1, Anne Besant Road 

Vasai 

Mumbai 

Dear Sir, 

I would like to draw your attention towards the increasing traffic jams in our city. This is causing havoc on the roads of Mumbai. The reasons for this unpleasant situation are the increasing number of vehicles on the road, reckless driving, and traffic policemen not doing their duty. People are unable to reach their work places in time. I would strongly recommend strict action against the erring policemen and heavy fines for traffic offenders. I hope that you will take remedial measures as soon as possible. 

Thanking you. 

Yours faithfully, 

(MR BRYAN ADAMS)

(a) 

1. gravely—seriously 

2. steamy—hot, suffocating 

3. parched—dried. 

(b) 

1. Sita was willing to stay alone because she knew that someone had to stay behind at home. Besides, she wanted her grandmother to get well and she also knew that only grandfather could take the small boat across the river when the current was so strong. 

2. Sita liked the first monsoon shower because the rain was warm and she could move about in it She was not afraid of getting wet. 

3. Sita had a scar on her thigh as she had been bitten by a hyena when she was small. The hyena had entered their house and tried to drag her out. 

4. The word is ‘harmless’. 

5. Sita thought snakes were useful for killing rats and frogs. 

6. Sita took the snake and dropped it behind a cluster of rocks. 

7. Sita crushed scorpions with a rock because she disliked them. Previously, she had been bitten by a scorpion and she got fever and was in great pain. 

8. They kept the lamps alight to feel safer.

(c)

(d) Title of summary: “Sita’s Love.” It is clear that Sita did not just love her grand parents, but living creatures and nature too.

(i) Prospero is addressing Ferdinand, who after being shipwrecked, had swum to the shore and was lured to Prospero’s cell by Ariel’s music. 

(ii) The statement of Ferdinand was “fairly spoke” in which he says that he would not be tempted to do anything that destroys the sacredness of the marriage. 

(iii) The last service worthily performed by Ariel and his fellows was to spread a banquet before Alonso and his companions. But before those hungry, and tired men could eat, Ariel appeared like a harpy and made the banquet to vanish. He then reminded them of the evil they had done to Prospero and Miranda. 

(iv) Prospero wants Ariel to present a masque before Ferdinand and Miranda. He wants to show them the potency of his art and also depict the Goddesses Iris, Juno and Ceres blessing them. 

(v) Prospero is disturbed because he is aware of the conspiracy being hatched by Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo against his life.

(i) Stephano is Alonso’s butler. “This” is the purpose of Stephano becoming the king of the island. 

(ii) Caliban is speaking about Prospero. Caliban hates Prospero because he believes that he is the real owner of this island, being the son of Sycorax, the witch. Prospero had taken this island from him by his power of magic and Prospero also ill-treated Caliban and punished him in many ways. 

(iii) Caliban calls Trinculo a ‘pied ninny’. ‘Pied ninny’ means a fool who wears striped clothes and ‘scurvy patch’ means a diseased clown. 

(iv) Ariel wants to deliberately cause a quarrel between Stephano and Trinculo. Then he wants to inform Prospero about the conspiracy that is being plotted against him. 

(v) Caliban outlines the plot that Prospero goes to sleep in the afternoon; “there thou mayst brain him, having first seiz’d his books; for without them he’s but a sot, as I am”. Stephano can then kill Prospero easily, marry his daughter, and become the king of the island.

Significance of Refresher Training 

• To keep pace with the new technologies. 

• To become the beneficiaries of the current innovations. 

• To get the best out of your people. 

• To update with the latest trends. 

• To bridge the gap between a millennial and a boomer.