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Demerits of Government Companies are: 

• Lack of accountability: A government company is not fully responsive to the parliament or the general public. It enjoys special privileges. It may not act for the public interest. 

• Political interference: In actual practice politicians and bureaucrats interfere in the functioning of Government companies. Such interference cause lack of ness in management and adverse effect in proficiency. 

• Indifferent management: Government companies are generally managed by Government servants and other Government officers. They are not hardworking and take little personal interest in running the company on a sound business line. The efficiency of operations is low. Operational costs are high.

Factors affecting Working Capital 

• Type/Nature of Business: Working capital level is generally higher in manufacturing-based versus service-based organisations. 

• Depends on the Volume of Sales: The higher the sale, the higher is the level of working capital required. 

• Seasonality: Peak seasons like festive seasons require a higher level of working capital. 

• Length of Operating And Cash Cycle: A longer operating and cash cycle increases the level of working capital.

Private Company means a company which by its articles of association. 

• Restricts the right of members to transfer its shares. 

• Limits the number of its members to fifty. In determining this number of 50 employee members and ex-employee members are not to be considered. 

• Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe to any shares in or the debentures of the company.

If a private company contravenes any of the aforesaid three provisions, it ceases to be a private company and loses all the exemptions and privileges which private company is entitled. Privileges:

• Limited liability, 

• The simple and easy formation, 

• Immediate commencement of business upon incorporation, 

• Liberal payment of remuneration and loans to directors without any restrictions, 

• Easier inter-corporate loans 

• Lesser disclosure requirements 

• Tremendous ease in operation 

• Two directors are enough 

• Two Shareholders are adequate 

• Need not declare a dividend

(i) Centromere: Between two chromatids of a chromosome. 

(ii) Chordae tendinae: At the flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. 

(iii) Thyroid gland: In front of the neck/lower part of the neck below the larynx. 

(iv) Ciliary body: Extension of choroid layer as a muscular ring around the lens. 

(v) Proximal Convoluted Tubule: In the cortex of the kidney.

(i) Hyperglycemia: Cushings syndrome 

(ii) Hypoglycemia: Addison’s disease. 

(iii) Blind Spot: Free of rod cells and cone cells. 

(iv) Iris: Colour of eyes. 

(v) Acrosome: Spermatozoa.

I am a student of tenth standard giving my boards. Today is my English Language paper and the essay I have opted is an opportunity to display my satisfaction on having successfully accomplished a task I had undertaken to work on, which not only I managed to fulfill successfully, but rather the reward has been so gratifying that I am tempted to share it with all. So that others too feel motivated that teaching a skill is not only rewarding rather it is self sufficing and enlightening. Two years back we were given a project in our school “Each one Teach one”. Initially we made fun of our teachers, who had asked us to teach someone who was less fortunate near our house, like our household workers, or labour class at construction sight nearby. Most of my friends came up with bright ideas of befooling the teachers that they would take someone who was somewhat familiar with basics and would say that they had taught them. I too had thought alike. 

On reaching home, I told my grandmother about the whole episode of the project and the ideas of my friends. My Grandma became a little sad on hearing my views of befooling the teacher, and advised to do it seriously for the effort would be worthwhile and rewarding. 

She told me that it is a noble task to teach someone, and we who are fortunate should not take them for granted. I could grasp the meaning behind her words and seriously thought over it and next day, I asked my maid’s daughter, if she was interested in studying. She used to accompany her mother and was around 10 years old. 

Initially she declined, and I had to pursue her hard, allure her through small gifts I would give her, if she studied with diligence, and finally she agreed. So now I was a teacher and my task had begun. I prepared myself I would be dedicated to my task and prove to myself that I could do it. 

I gave her few books of basics of Hindi and maths and one notebook. Though it was a Herculean task, but I endeavoured for I would not look back. Initially she was a slow learner, but soon with my initiative she got eager to learn everyday and in a month she was able to write Hindi alphabets and numbers from one to hundred. From next month I started with small two letter words and small calculations. She was quick to perceive and learn very copiously. At times I used to get exasperated for a lot of time was to be devoted, but I managed for the satisfaction. I was getting was immense. 

Next month we got her admitted to school in III std. and she did very well with my help and stood I in her class. 

The experience boosted my dignity in my own eyes apart from others, and I felt on top of the world for doing something that was indeed taken up : initially in a mood of frolicsome challenge.

मोहन राकेश द्वारा रचित ‘आषाढ़ का एक दिन’ शीर्षक नाटक हिंदी नाटक और रंगमंच के इतिहास में एक विलक्षण स्थान रखता है। वे पहले नाटककार हैं जिन्होंने नाटक और रंगमंच का परस्पर रिश्ता जोड़ा। उन्होंने रंगमंच के अनुसार नाट्य-लेखन को महत्त्व दिया। प्रस्तुत नाटक इस दिशा में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण उपलब्धि है क्योंकि देश के विभिन्न मंचों पर इसका सफल मंचन हुआ है।

मोहन राकेश के नाटकों को पढ़कर और उनका मंचन देखकर स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि वे कथातंत्र और नाट्य विधा दोनों पर समान अधिकार रखते हैं। दोनों विधाओं पर उनकी गहरी पकड़ है। वे कहीं भी कथात्मकता के चक्कर में नाट्य विधा की पीछे नहीं छोड़ते। उन्होंने दोनों का समान निर्वाह किया है। वास्तव में मोहन राकेश को अपने संक्षिप्त जीवनकाल में जो ख्याति प्राप्त हुई, उसका कारण उनके नाटक ही थे- जिसके कारण वे एक युगान्तकारी नाटककार सिद्ध हुए। सम्भवतः ऐसा सौभाग्य अन्य नाटककारों को प्राप्त नहीं हो सका। इनके नाटकों से कथा साहित्य में एक नवीनता के दर्शन हुए और हिन्दी रंगमंच के विकास में भारी सहायता मिली।

मोहन राकेश के नाटकों को ख्याति इसलिए भी प्राप्त हुई कि वे अपने नाटकों के मंचन से सम्बन्धित सभी बातों का विवरण देते थे। यह बात उनकी डायरी के पन्नों से स्पष्ट होती है। इन बातों से रचना-धर्मिता के प्रति उनकी समर्पण भावना का पता चलता है।

प्रस्तुत नाटक मोहन राकेश का एक ऐसा नाटक है जिसमें इतिहास को आधार बनाकर समकालीन समस्याओं की ओर प्रबल व प्रभावपूर्ण ढंग से संकेत किया गया है। हिंदी नाट्य-लेखन के क्षेत्र में यह एक ऐतिहासिक कृति है। इसमें मूल रूप से कालिदास के जीवन को आधार में लेकर साहित्य-सृजन, सृजन की स्वतंत्रता, सर्जक के स्वाभिमान और राज्याश्रय की समस्या पर विचार किया गया है। नाटक की एक और बड़ी समस्या नर-नारी संबंधों अर्थात् प्रेम-भावना को लेकर चलती है।

प्रस्तुत नाटक का नामकरण छायावादी प्रतीत होता है। वास्तव में यह नाटक भावनाओं के वरण और राज्याश्रय के कारण कुंठित स्वाभिमान के बीच मंचित होता है। नाटककार ने नाटक के प्रारंभ में भी आषाढ़ के दिन बरसते मेघों की चर्चा की है और अंत भी इसी नैसर्गिक परिवेश में होता है। नाटककार ने इसी को संकेतित करने के लिए बरसते मेघों, कड़कती चमकती बिजली आदि की योजना को प्रस्तुत किया है।

वास्तव में नाटक के मूल में जिस भावनात्मक परिवेश की आवश्यकता थी, उसे प्राकृतिक संसर्ग द्वारा ही दिखाया जा सकता था। इसलिए आषाढ़ का बरसता दिन और उसमें भीगती हुई मल्लिका को दिखाना एक सार्थक तथा उपयुक्त प्रयास है। रोमांटिकता का बोध नाटक को एक सटीक आधार दे जाता है।

नाटककार मोहन राकेश ने दिखाया है कि आषाढ़ की पहली वर्षा मल्लिका के लिए- कुछ हद तक कालिदास के लिए भी, जिस आनन्द का सन्देश लेकर आई थी, वही और उसी प्रकार की वर्षा, बादलों की गरज और बिजली की चमक उन दोनों के हर्षोल्लास को सदा सदा के लिए छीनकर, जीवन के यथार्थ का कटु आभास देकर समाप्त हो जाती है। नाटक का यह वातावरण प्रेम-भावना को सजग एवं सजीव बनाने में विशेष रूप से सहायक हुआ है।

D. Age of the plant

The correct answer is  C. 14th day

A. Capillary

A. Both X and Y chromosomes

The correct answar is  Artery (c)

A circular letter is one which is sent out to many people at the same time used both within organization and for sending out information from organizations. The letter may be prepared once only and then duplicated. With modem technology, however, it is more likely that each letter could be personalized to look like an original also called an open letter. 

Situations that need Circulars: Situations that need circulars introduce a new product/service, opening of new branch, change of address, seasonal discounts, increase in price, etc. obtaining an agency, change in constitution of the firm.

Meaning — Memorandum in short is known as Memo. Memorandum means a note to assist memory. 

Purpose — Memo is used for internal communication between managers and subordinates. 

It is not used outside the organisation. 

Memo is used- 

• to issue instructions to the staff members. 

• to give / seek suggestions from the employees. 

• to communicate policy matters and changes to the staff members. 

• to seek explanation from an employee to explain his conduct. 

• to intimate grant of permission to do something. 

• to intimate grant of permission to withhold something.

Mechanical Aids : Various types of mechanical aids are used in the mail room. 

These aids are described below : 

Stapling Machines: Staplers are used in the mail room to sealing (closing) the envelops. 

Letter Typing Machines: With the help of typing machine letters (bunch of letters) can be tied together. Letters are kept inside the machine and a thin wire passes around the letters and ties them. 

Franklin Machine: Franklin machine is issued by the post office. The postal authorities put a certain value in it (as requested by the office). This machine puts the stamp on the envelope. The value put (entered) in the machine goes on decreasing as more and more stamps are affixed on the envelopes. At one stage the value inserted in the machine is exhausted and the office has to again request the post office to issue a certain limit. 

Dating Machines: Dating machines are used to put the dates on the letters. When there is number of letters, these dating machines are very helpful on putting the dates on these letters. 

Weighing Machines: A weighing machine is used to ascertain the weight of letters. Post Office charges the postal rates according to the weight of letters. After ascertaining the weight of letters, postage stamps are affixed accordingly. 

Serial Numbering Machines: These machines are used to put serial numbers on the letters, despatch register and office copy of the letter. Respective serial numbers can be given on respective places. After putting a serial number as many number of times, the next serial number automatically changes. 

Addressograph: It is another mechanical device which is used to print address of the addressees on envelopes and wrappers. This device is very useful in cases where the number of letters are sent regularly. Names and address of the persons are embossed on metallic stencils. The different stencils of addressees are placed in the machine. The machine automatically selects the stencil and prints the address of person on the envelope.

One of the most important duties of the chairman of a meeting is to ensure that the sense of the meeting is properly and accurately ascertained. It is the duty of the chairman to ascertain the sense of the meeting. Sense of the meeting can be ascertained: 

• by conducting the first instance, voting by show of hands. 

• by poll, if it is demanded or ordered by him of his own motion. 

• Every member or a proxy is given opportunity of exercising the right of voting.

Agenda means a list of issues, plans, mattress, etc. to be considered at a meeting. It is a part of formal notice for a meeting. Without an agenda a notice is treated to be invalid and proposed meeting becomes invalid. Agenda is drafted before meeting.

Advantages of face to face communication 

Prompt communication – This communication takes place between two persons and is very prompt since both the listeners and receivers are listening and responding to each other. 

Effectiveness – This communication is very effective. If the listener has any doubt, he can get clarification from the speaker at the spot. The solution of the problem can be obtained immediately. 

Flexibility – Face to face communication is flexible. The speaker can adjust his message according to place, time. He can explain his message and modify or withdraw the comments. 

Immediate Feedback – Immediate feedback and suggestions are available interchangeably to the listener and speaker. The speaker can make the judgement about the effect of communication on the listener. 

Secrecy – This communication takes place between two persons, secrecy can be maintained by the persons. 

Disadvantages of face to face communication 

No Record – This communication takes place between two persons orally. There is no record of such communication. 

Legal Validity – This communication suffers from lack of legal validity. Court of law does, not accept this communication as a proof of evidence. 

Poor Retention – A listener may not retain the message in his memory for long. The impact of the message is lost after a passage of time. 

Responsibility – No responsibility can be fixed on the part of speaker or listener as there is no record available for such communication. 

Not Suitable for Lengthy Communication – It is not suitable for lengthy messages. Lengthy explanations are difficult to explain to the listener.

The laissez faire style is sometimes described as a “hands off’ leadership style because the leader provides little or no direction to the followers. 

The characteristics of the laissez faire style include. 

• Allows followers to have complete freedom to make decisions concerning the completion of their work or ask questions of the leader. 

• The leader provides the followers with the materials they need to accomplish their goals and answers questions to the follower’s questions. 

In this style the leader lets the employees manage themselves and there is no delegation taking place from the management. This style is often called “hands off” leadership as the leader evades his duties and does not direct the employees. 

Advantages: This kind of style is positive only in the case when the employees are very responsible and in case of creative jobs where* a person is guided by his own aspirations. In these cases, less direction is required so this style can be good. 

Disadvantages : This style has more disadvantages because usually it is the result of the lack of interest of the leader that leads to his adopting this style. It proves poor management and makes the employees lose their sense of direction and focus. The disinterest of the management and leadership causes the employees to become less interested in their job and their dissatisfaction increases.

Various advantages of Face-to-Face Communication are: 

• Facial expressions and gestures can be used to reinforce the spoken words. 

• It removes distances and barriers between the communicator and the communicate. 

• It speaker can make necessary adjustments on the spot so as to suit the listener’s reactions. 

• It is less expensive and quicker as compared to written communication. 

• An individual’s personality can be judged through face-to-face interview. 

• It is a flexible method where messages can be changed to suit the needs of the receiver. 

Various Disadvantages of Face-to-Face Communication are: 

• It may generate communication gaps. 

• It is not always possible to have face-to-face communication when the number of employees is very large or there is long physical distance. 

• It tends to be loose and vague. 

• It has a tendency of being distorted. 

• It is not suitable for lengthy messages to be transmitted to a large number of persons. 

• It provides no record for future reference.

Internal communication refers to all communication within an organisation. It helps to create mutual understanding and cooperation between different parts of an organisation. 

Internal communication is of two types:

Horizontal Communication and Vertical Communication.

According to Dale Yoder, “Promotion is the movement to a position in which responsibilities and prestige are increased.” 

Promotion means advancement of an employee to a more senior position with higher salary, better conditions, responsibilities and status. Promotion also provide motivation and job satisfaction to employees at various levels in the organisation. 

1. Upgrading: It means uplift of an employee for a job with the increase in pay but without increase in status and responsibilities. 

2. Open Promotion : All the existing employees are taken as potential candidates by the company and announces internally such position openings. 

3. Closed Promotion : In the closed system, candidacy is restricted or is not open to all the employees and the vacancies are not announced.

Difference between upgrading and dry promotion.

Grapevine is an informal channel of communication which should be used judiciously to supplement the official channels. It is utilized when the official channels are slow and insufficient. It is built around interpersonal relations between people working in an organisation. It spreads throughout the organisation with its branches going out in all directions going out in all directions irrespective of levels of authority.

Under this scheme, the employee may be allowed to retire before attaining the retirement age with full benefits of retirement due to disease or disability and the retirement benefits to employer may give a recruiting advantage.

Bar graphs are used to display data in a similar way to line graphs. However, rather than using a point on a plane to define a value, a bar graph uses a horizontal or vertical rectangular bar that levels off at the appropriate level. 

When the information is shown through a circle, it is called a pie chart. Pie charts are often used when it is necessary’ to show the relationship of parts to a whole. If you use too many segments in the pie, the impact could be lost. We represent the information in the pie through’ percentage. In this chart shading may be used to focus special attention on a single element.

Retirement means to withdraw from one’s position or occupation or from active working life. You can achieve retirement when you have sources of income that do not have to be earned by working. 

Two types of retirements are :

Superannuation : Superannuation refers to retirement you take after you have reached a predetermined age. In most countries, the government sets this age. 

Voluntary retirement : Government servants may retire from service voluntarily with pensionary benefits before attaining the age of superannuation.

Candidates who arc identified as right qualified person will be invited to the selection process which involves different kinds of tests for knowing know ledge, skills and attitude that arc required for performing would be given job. 

Advantages of Test: 

Proper Assessment: 

Tests provide a basis for finding out the suitability of candidates for various jobs. The mental capability, aptitude, liking and interests of the candidates enable the selectors to find out whether a person is suitable for the job for which he is a candidate. 

Objective Assessment: 

Tests provide better objective criteria than any other method. Subjectivity’ of every type is almost eliminated. 

Limitations of Tests : 

Unreliable: 

The inferences drawn from the tests may not be correct in certain cases. The skill and ability of a candidate may not be properly judged with the help of tests. 

Wrong Use : 

The tests may not be properly used by the employees. Those persons who are conducting these tests may be biased towards certain persons. This will falsify the results of tests. Tests may also give unreliable results if used by incompetent persons.

Difference between Written and Oral Communication:

Techniques of Sales Promotion. 

(i) Free samples: Distributing free samples is one of the most popular techniques of sales promotion. You might have received free samples of shampoo, coffee powder, etc. while purchasing various items from the market. Sometimes these free samples are also distributed by the shopkeeper even without purchasing any item from his shop. These are distributed to attract consumers to try out a new product and thereby create new customers.

(ii) Premium or Bonus offer: In such a technique, the free additional quantity of a product is given to the consumer in the same price of the product or some free related item is given. A milk shaker along with Nescafe, a toothbrush with 500 grams of toothpaste, 25% extra in a pack of one kg. are the examples of premium or bonus is given free with the purchase of a product They are effective in inducing consumers to buy a particular product.

(iii) Exchange scheme: This technique includes offering the exchange of old product for a new product at a price less than the original price of the product. This is useful for drawing attention to product improvement.

(iv) Price-off-offer: Under this offer, products are sold at a price lower than the original price. For Example-Rs. 5 off on purchase of 250 grams of Red Label Tea.

(v) Coupons: Sometimes, coupons are issued by manufacturers either in the packet of a product or through an advertisement printed in the newspaper or magazine or through the mail. These coupons can be presented to the retailer while buying the product. The holder of the coupon gets the product at a discount.

Salesmanship is a personal action or effort on the part of an individual which is intended to bring about the sale of the goods for sale. More broadly speaking, salesmanship is the art of selling something to somebody, and everything which contributes to the consummation of this exchange is necessarily a part of salesmanship.

Qualities of a good salesman are: 

• He should have self-confidence. 

• He should be persuasive and not of critical temperament. 

• He should have qualities of sincerity, maturity and produce a cheerful smile. 

• He should be of an analytical mind.

The two qualities that a salesman selling LCD Televisions should possess are: 

1. The salesman should describe the LCD Television well. He should tactfully demonstrate the television and explain its quality, performance, utility etc. 

2. The salesman should be good at his convincing quality. He should understand the causes of objections and should try to convince the customer. For a good sales, the salesman should control his anger and should not argue with the customers.

(a) The main ores of iron and zinc are:

(b) Conversion of Impure Bauxite to Sodium aluminate

Al₂O₃.2H₂O + 2NaOH +150°C - 200°C → 2NaAlO₂ + 3H₂O

Impurities such as Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ remain unaffected with conc.NaOH.

Conversion of Sodium aluminate to Aluminium hydroxide.

NaAlO₂ + 2H₂O +50°C - 60°C → NaOH + Al(OH)₃

Conversion of Al(OH)₃ to pure Alumina.

2Al(OH)₃ +1100°C →  Al₂O₃ + 3H₂O

(c) A layer of aluminium is formed on iron at high temperature during cooking and food becomes deficient in iron.

Addition of NH₄Cl decreases the dissociation of weak base NH₄OH due to the common ion effect. The concentration of OH^– is small but the ionic product [Fe³⁺] [OH^3-] exceeds the K of metal hydroxide of group III and they get precipitated.

Synthesis phase in the cell cycle is called so, because of the synthesis of more DNA.

(i) In circular motion with constant speed linear velocity changes in terms of direction therefore it is accelerated motion. 

(ii) We know that kinetic energy K.E. = 1 /2mv² 

2k/v² ( 1/2 mV²)V²=m(mass)

Physical quantity is 'mass'.

The audio signal cannot be transmitted efficiently as such. Modulation is the process of modifying some characteristic of a high frequency carrier wave (amplitude, frequency or phase) in accordance with the instantaneous value of the amplitude of modulating signal. The modulating signal is then transmitted across space.

Motion around the circular path is said to be accelerated because there is a acceleration in motion as velocity changes in direction with constant speed.

Given Power P = −5D

(i) Focal length F =1/p =-1/5 meter = 20 cm

(ii) Since power is –ve , the lens is diverging lens.

(i) When object is placed at 2f, then converging lens produce real and same size image

(ii) When object is placed in between f & O of lens then converging lens is used as magnifying lens.

For sound wave 'B' amplitude is half of amplitude of 'A' similarly wavelength of 'B' is double of wavelength of 'A'.

Difference between Sound waves and Light waves :