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Mini steel plants have the following advantages over large integrated steel plants : 

1. These are easy to construct and operate. 

2. Mini steel plants have shorter gestation period than large integrated steel plants. 

3. They produce mild steel as well as alloy steel including stainless steel and are located far away from the integrated steel plants to meet the local demands in that area.

Two large sugar producing states are : 

In North—Uttar Pradesh 

In South—Maharashtra

(a) Two reasons for the importance of Agriculture are : 

(i) One-third of the India’s national income is earned through agriculture. 

(ii) About 70% of working population of India is directly involved in agriculture. 

(b) (i) Rice grow well in a soil with a clay like subsoil because rice requires stagnant water in the field. The subsoil layer prevents water from draining away and allows the water to stagnant in the field. 

(ii) Advantages of growing rice in nurseries before it is transplanted is that, the weeds are removed so problem of weeds is solved and there is less wastage of seeds. 

(c) (i) Assam. 

(ii) Mostly women are employed to harvest tea leaves because of their temprament. Tea leaves plucking is a very skilled job. They are able to pluck the leaves delicately. Other work on the fields is done by men.

(iii) Two geographical conditions suitable for the cultivation of tea are : 

1. It requires the temperature ranging between 13°C to 35°C. 

2. Rainfall ranging between 150-200 cm annually is best suited. Dry spell is harmful. High humidity, heavy dew and morning fog favours its growth. 

(d) (i) Shifting Cultivation: It is widely practiced on the hill slopes of north eastern states. In this farming a patch of ground is cleared by burning the trees. After cultivating for 2 to 3 years they switch over to another piece of land when soil is exhausted. Mainly practiced by tribals. This farming has been banned by the government as it encourages deforestation and increases the green house gases. 

(ii) Bud grafting: It is associated with rubber crop. This method is done by the insertion of a strip of bark containing a bud from high yielding clones under a bark of a young seedling about 5 cm high till they become united in 3 to 4 weeks. The old seedliqg stem is then cut off above the grafted bud, which then grows to form a new rubber plant. 

(iii) Oil Cake: The residue left after crushing the nuts is called oil cake. It makes an excellent feed for cattle.

Three reasons for large concentration of iron and steel plant in Chota Nagpur Region : 

(i) Availability of raw iron ore 

(ii) Availability of coal 

(iii) Availability of cheap labour

Advantages of Mini steel plants are: 

1. They use the electric arc furnace and thus conserve coal. 

2. They require small capital investment. 

3. They cater to the local need of the market and the cost of transport is reduced.

Agro based industries are : 

Ahmedabad—Cotton industry 

Mysore—Silk industry

Two reasons for the importance of the jute industry in the Ganga-Brahmaptra delta region are : 

(i) Raw material is easily available, as jute is grown in Ganga delta. 

(ii) The hot and humid climate is favourable for spinning and weaving.

Because it does jobs that electricity alone cannot do and it makes wonders possible in every fields like entertainment, space technology, medical sciences and software industry.

Steel plants which were setup with Russian collaboration are : 

(i) Bokaro Steel Plant in Jharkhand. 

(ii) Bhilai Steel Plant in Chhattisgarh.

Three problems faced by the cotton textile industry are : 

(i) Shortage of raw material. India has still to face shortage of raw material and has to import it.

(ii) Obsolete Machinery 

(iii) Competition with synthetic fibre which is cheapand aurable.

(i) Karnataka is the largest producer of mulberry silk because 

1. Temperature in this region ranges between 16°C to 30°C which is favourable for rearing silk worms. 

2. Enough fresh water free from alkaline salts for the processing of silk fibre is also available. 

(ii) Two varieties of non mulberry silk—eri and muga. 

(iii) U.P. — Banaras, Tamil Nadu – Tanjore.

Three favourable conditions are : 

(i) Raw material is easily available from Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. 

(ii) Abundant water is available of retting and washing from River Hoogly. 

(iii) Coal for power is easily available from Raniganj.

(i) Significance of electronic industry—It covers a wide range of products including television, transistor, cellular telecom, computers, defence, railways, meteorological equipment, space research as well as medical equipments. It has revolutionized the life style of the Indian masses in the recent past. 

(ii) Two cities are Bangluru and Pune.

Geographical reasons: 

(i) Woollen industry is a localized industry in India because India is a tropical country and has its market only in North India. 

(ii) It is necessary to crush sugar cane within 24 hours of harvesting because the sugar content decreases as it dries up. 

(iii) Sericulture flourished in Karnataka because it has favourable climate for rearing silkworms and availability of abundant soft water free from alkaline salts and iron.

(i) (1) India is a tropical country and woollen colothes are required only in Northern India during winter season. 

(2) A large number of people are poor and cannot afford to spend on costly woollen clothes. 

(3) Woollen industry is decentralised. Therefore improvement and development is difficult. (any two) 

(ii) Two centres of this industry are Ludhiana and Kanpur.

Woollen textile industry has not developed as the cotton textile industry because: 

1. The need for woollens is limited to the winter months in northern India. 

2. Indigenous wool is of poor quality and have’ to depend on other countries for raw materials.

Three problems of the sugar industry in India are : 

(i) This industry is seasonal in nature as the raw material is available only at the time of harvest 

(ii) There is a great distance between the sugar factories and the fields. Due to transportation cost of production increases. 

(iii) There is loss of sucrose if not crushed with in 24 hrs.

Two important silk weaving centres in Karnataka are : 

(i) Bangalore, 

(ii) Mysore.

Two factors which favour the silk industry in Karnataka are : 

(i) It has enough fresh water from alkaline salts for the processing of silk fibre. 

(ii) Favourable temperature i.e. between 16°C to 30°O is suitable for silk worms.

(a)  Dadabahi cam to be kown as India’s unofficial Ambassador in England. He established the East India Association in London in 18866. Through this association he pursued Indian causes and Indian rights on English soil. He informed the British people of the true state of affairs in India. The Association was instrumental in countering the propaganda by the London Ethnological Society which in its session in 1866 had tried to prove the inferiority of the Asians to the Europeans. He exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British. Many eminent Englishmen supported his endeavors. He was the first Indian to get elected to the British House of Commons in 1892. As a member of British Parliament he rendered a great service to the people of Indian origin in South Africa. it was due to him that the British Parliament passed a resolution in 1893 to the effect the ICS examinations be held simultaneously both in England and India. 

(b)  He was an exponent of the ideals of Swaraj, Swadeshi and Boycott. He exhorted the people to appreciate their own culture and derive strength and unit from it. He along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Tilak spear-headed a new era of militant nationalism. At the Surat Session in 1907 he sided with Lajpat Rai and Tilak. He was sentenced for six months for refusing to give evidence against Aurobindo in the ‘vande Mataram Sedition Case’. He visited England in 1900 and again in 1908 to propagate the nationalist viewpoint and gradually drifted towards constitutional moderation. He was a great thinker and writer. His publications include ‘Soul of India’ and ‘The Spirit of Indian Nationalism’. He was an eloquent speaker. In 1918 he went to England, along with Tilak as a member of Home Rule League deputation. He died in 1932. He is known as ‘Father of Revolutionary Thought of India”.

Independence and impartiality of the High Court : An independent judiciary is said to be the first condition of liberty. Independence of the High Court is ensured by the following provision : 

Security of Tenure : A Judge can remain in office till he attained the age of 62 years. He can be removed by the President on the ground of “proved misbehavior or incapacity” or as address of each House of Parliament. 

(a) Salaries are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State : Judge’s salaries, allowance, etc., shall not be varied to their disadvantage during the term of office. Moreover, they are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State and are not subject to vote of the Legislature.

(b)  No Discussion with respect to the conduct of any Judge : No discussion shall take place in this Legislature of a State or in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge I the discharge of his duties, except when a motion for his removal is under consideration. The conduct of a Judge cannot ordinarily be a subject matter of discussion in side Legislature. 

(c) Punishment for the contempt of Court : Criticism of a judgment is allowed, but nothing should be done to lower the authority or dignity of the Court. The High Court has the power to punish for contempt of itself. 

(d) Prohibition of practice after retirement : A retired Judge can practice only in the Supreme Court or in those High Courts where he has not worked as a Judge. He shall not practice in other Courts or tribunals. 

(e) discretion of the Executive has been reduced in appointments and ransfers of Judges : The President can transfer any Judge from on eHigh Court to another. But it requires these conditions to be fulfilled. First order for transfer can be issued after consulting the  Chief Justice of India. Second when a Judge has been transferred he shall ben entitled to compensatory allowance in addition to his salary.

(a) Security of tenure :  A judge can remain in office till he attained the age of 62 years. He can be removed by the President on the ground of “proved misbehavior or incapacity” or as address of each House of Parliament. 

(b)  Salaries are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State : Judge’s salaries, allowance, etc., shall not be varied to their disadvantage during the term of office. Moreover, they are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State and are not subject to vote of the Legislature. 

(c)  No Discussion with respect to the conduct of any Judge : No discussion shall take place in this Legislature of a State or in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge I the discharge of his duties, except when a motion for his removal is under consideration. The conduct of a Judge cannot ordinarily be a subject matter of discussion in side Legislature. 

(d)  Punishment for the contempt of Court : Criticism of a judgment is allowed, but nothing should be done to lower the authority or dignity of the Court. The High Court has the power to punish for contempt of itself.

The NATO was formed primarily to oppose the Russian influence in Western Europe, thus, the formation of NATO was highly significant in the context of American foreign policy.

The Potsdam Conference : After the surrender of Germany, a conference was held at Potsdam, in Germany by the Allied powers Britain, Soviet Union and the U.S. The main subject of discussion at Potsdam was Germany. At this conference, an agreement was reached on banning fascist organizations, destruction of military power of Germany, reorganization and division’of Germany into four occupation zones. The council of foreign ministers set up at Potsdam Conference signed treaties with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland but no agreement could be arrived at on the question of Germany and Japan. The disagreement over Poland and the differences over Germany became a major source of conflict between the West bloc and Soviet Union. 

Formation of NATO : The war war brought to an end on 10th August without Russian Help. 

1. The NATO was formed in April 1949. 

2. The Berlin Blockade exposed the military unreadiness of the West and compelled them to make definite preparations. 

3. In March 1948 Britain, France, Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg had signed the Brussels Defence Treaty promising military help in the case of war. 

4. Now they were joined by the USA, Canada, Portugal, Denmark, Eire, Italy and Norway. They signed the North Atlantic Treaty. 

5. They regarded an attack on one of them as an attack on all of them, and. 

6. Placing their defence forces under a joint NATO command organisation which would coordinate the defence of the west. 

7. The Americans had abandoned their policy of ‘no entangling alliances’ and pledged themselves in advance to military action. 

8. To stop the spread of communism.

Post war fate of Germany.

(u * t) + (1/2 * a * t * t).

The correct option is  D. Oviduct

(a) He should be : 

1. a Citizen of India, 

2. should have completed the age of thirty-five years, 

3. should not hold any Office of Profit under the Government, and 

4. should not be a member of either House of Parliament or of State Legislature. If a member of Parliament or of State Legislature is appointed as Governor, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in the House on the date on which he enter upon his office. 

(b) Two Executive Powers: 

1. All executive orders are issued in the name of the President. All the Union officials are his subordinates. 

2. The President appoints the Attorney-General of India, the Controller and Auditor-General of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and those of the High Courts, the Governors, Ambassadors and other Diplomatic Representatives of India abroad. 

Two Legislative Powers: 

1. The President summons and prorogues the sessions of Parliament and may dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term on the advice of the Prime Minister. 

2. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses of Parliament on a Money Bill, the President may call a joint session of the Parliament and make rules for the transaction of business.

(a) Judicial Powers of the Parliament: 

1. The President can be removed from his office by Impeachment. 

2. A Judge of the Supreme Court or of the High Court cannot be removed by the President, except on a joint address by both Houses. 

3. The Parliament may punish a person for obstructing the work of Parliament or showing disrespect for the House. 

(b) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(c) Four functions of Union Cabinet: 

(i) Formulation of Policies of Government: 

1. The cabinet formulates external and domestic policies of the Government, such as Defence, Economic Policies, Security needs, President’s Rule in state, formation of new states, industrial policy and imports. 

2. Once the policy is made by the Cabinet Ministers, the Ministers concerned cares it out either by administrative action or by drafting a Bill and piloting it through the Legislature. It co-ordinates the working of various departments for the smooth implementation of policy. 

(ii) Legislative Functions: 

In the Parliamentary system cabinet has an important role in the field of Legislation. It is regarded as a instrument which links executive wing of Government to the Legislative. 

It performs the following Legislative functions : 

1. The Cabinet guides the Parliament for action. 

2. It prepares the Legislative programme of the Parliament. 

3. It prepares the drafts of Bills and initiates them in the Parliament. 

4. It fixes dates for holding the sessions of Parliament. 

5. It recommends to the President the promulgation of ordinances when Parliament is not in session. 

6. It can move Constitutional Amendments. 

7. It decides the dissolution of the Parliament. 

(iii) Co-ordination in the Functioning of various Ministers: The cabinet coordinates the working of various departments, which are involved in the formulation and implementation of policies of eradicating unemployment or a cut in Government spending or improving the management of public enterprises. The Cabinet acts as the co-ordinator between various departments. 

(iv) Financial Functions: The cabinet is responsible for whole of expenditure of Government and for raising necessary revenues to meet it. The cabinet can examine the budget proposals after they have been presented to parliament and may also suggest suitable modification.

Sustainable development means the development that meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. For development to be sustainable, it must take into account social and ecological factors in addition to economic aspects of the living and non-living base both in the long run as well as the short term. Three main elements of sustainable development are well-being of the human society, well being of the environment, and sustainability over time. 

Any component of nature which human beings need and value is called a resource. A country uses natural resources in order to develop. But development leads to overexploitation and depletion of natural resources. No development can be sustained for a long period if it upsets the balance of nature. Therefore, development must include protection of our environment. 

1. Leaves covered by thick cuticle: In evergreen plants, like the banyan, the leaves remain covered by thick waxy cuticle. It reduces the rate of transpiration.

2. Fewer number of stomata: The distribution of stomata greatly reduces the rate of transpiration.

3. Narrow leaves: The leaves become narrower so as to reduce the surface area. In some cases, the leaves are modified into spines as in xerophytic plants.

Saliva, tears.

Boys - 21yrs. 

Girls - 18 yrs.

Because nitric acid vapours are corrosive and may attack rubber, cork or metal.

(i) Covalent bonding since L consists of molecules. 

(ii) L is getting reduced.

(B) A low melting point and low boiling point.

(D) Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases.

(i) MgCl₂ 

(ii) AgCl 

(iii) ZnCO₃ 

(iv) Ca (NO₃)₂. 

1. A deliquescent salt — MgCl₂ 

2. An insoluble chloride — AgCl 

3. ZnCO₃ 

4. Ca(NO₃)₂

The correct order is λ_L, λ_B and λ_p

A convex lens of suitable power or focal length.

The image formed by a reflecting telescope is much brighter because there is no loss of light. Further, the image does not suffer from chromatic aberration.

Plane of polarization is the plane in which no vibration of the electric vector exist. It is perpendicular to the plane of vibration.

Reflecting telescope does not suffer from chromatic aberration because all wavelengths will reflect of the mirror in the same way which is not the case with refracting telescope.

Here, i_p=60° 

we know that μ = tan i_p = tan 60°= 1.732

When we say that angular magnification of a compound microscope is 30, it implies that the size of the final image as seen through the microscope is 30 times the size of the object when both are situated at the least distance of distinct vision.

Resolving power of a simple telescope is defined as the ability of an simple telescope to separate point of an object that are located at a smaller angular distance. 

By taking large aperture i.e., increasing the size of the aperture the resolving power of lens is increased.

The resolving power of a microscope can be increased by : 

1. Increasing the aperture of the objective. 

2. Decreasing the wavelength of light.

(i) Colligative property → (b) Osmotic pressure 

(ii) Nicol prism → (d) Polarimeter 

(iii) Activation energy → (e) Arrhenius equation 

(iv) Starch → (a) Polysaccharide

(v) Acetaldehyde → (c) Aldol condensation