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 (i) Axial round 

(ii) Axial round, axial wrinkled, terminal round, terminal wrinkled.

(iii) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

(iv) Law of independent assortment : When there are two pairs of contrasting characters, the distribution of factors of each pair in the gametes is independent of the distribution of other pair of characters.

Power = 2.5 KW V = 250 V

Energy in KWh = P x T = 2.5 KW × 2h = 5 KWh

Cost = 0.60 x 5 = Rs. 3

(i)  Yes

(ii)  No, the speed of red colour is greater than blue colour in the glass.

Since I = E/ (R+r)

For the current delivered by a cell to be maximum (to have less potential difference across it) the internal resistance (r) should be minimum.

Green  light.

Given binary operation * : R × R → R is defined as: 

a * b = 2a + b 

(2 * 3) * 4 = [2(2) +3) * 4 = 7 * 4 = 2(7) + 4 = 18

(i) 1. Sown-June -July 

2. Harvested-October-November 

(ii) One cereal crop – Rice, One cash crop – Cotton, Groundnuts

Some of the factors that cause diarrhoea are : 

Bacterial and Viral infections : They are the most common cause of diarrhoea, with mild-to-moderate symptoms like frequent and watery bowel movements, abdominal cramps and a low-grade fever. 

Reaction to certain medications : Reactions can cause diarrhoea which includes the overuse of antibiotics. 

Intolerance or allergies to foods : Foods such as artificial sweeteners and lactose (the sugar found in milk) can cause diarrhoea. 

Consumption of unhygienic food : Consumption of unhygienic food results in the stomach and intestine infection, which is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea. 

Malabsorption syndrome : It is a situation in which the small intestine is unable to absorb enough nutrients can cause diarrhoea.

In census of India 2001, two types of towns were identified: 

(i) Statutory Towns: All places with a municipality, corporation. Cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. so declared by a state law, are known as statutory towns.

(ii) Census Towns: 

Places which satisfy the following criteria : 

• A minimum population of 5000. 

• At least 75 percent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and 

• A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq km.

Mixed farming is a technique of farming under which equal importance is given to rearing of animals along with cultivation of crops. 

Advantage: Farmers remain busy in their work throughout the year.

(i) Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl is unchecked spreading of a city or its suburbs. It often involves the construction of residential and commercial buildings in rural areas or otherwise undeveloped land at the outskirts of the city. Almost all the cities grow at the expense of surrounding agricultural land, thereby reducing the scope for agricultural expansion. Most residents of typical urban sprawl neighborhoods live in single-family homes and commute by car to workplaces in the city.

The term Urban Sprawl is generally used with negative connotation because people sprawling in neighborhoods tend to drive more than those who don’t. Urban Sprawl is sometimes associated with increased air pollution.

Moreover, at the initial stage, the suburbs grow along the major roads radiating from the town because of their accessibility, but soon the demand for Suburban homes increases and the land between the settlements is also covered by buildings so the new roads are to be constructed for the accessibility.

(ii) Conurbation: A large densely populated Urban Sprawl formed by the growth and coalescence of individual towns and cities. Small towns and villages within the commanding distance of major cities are developed for residential use. In this way, towns keep on growing continuously and in some areas, the suburbs of a number of neighboring towns may coalesce to form continuous urban areas known as ‘Conurbation’.

Big cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai along with their suburban towns are good examples of Conurbation.

1. Iron and Steel manufacturing 

2. Iron and Steel manufacturing 

3. Use to making pots and pans because good conductor of heat.

Three reasons of necessity of Irrigation : 

(i) Due to irrigation high yielding crops are grown even when there is low and uncertain rainfall. 

(ii) Irrigation enhances agricultural productivity and it also promotes stability in production of crops. 

(iii) The nature of certain crops (Rice, Sugarcane, Jute) is such that they require large quantities of water for their growth. Irrigation fulfills the water requirement of such crops.

Without irrigation, development of agriculture is difficult in India because : 

(i) India is an agricultural country and proper irrigation becomes a must. Rainfall in India is uncertain in both time and amount. 

(ii) Cultivation in winters is only possible when there is proper irrigation facilities as monsoon in India are limited for four months only.

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. Uses include conserving water for domestic purpose, conserving water for agricultural use and other civil purposes.

The two main objectives of rainwater harvesting are:

1. Collecting and storing of rainwater to make optimum use of it, at the time of no rainfall and to meet the demand of increasing population (domestic, agricultural and industrial). 

2. Preventing the rainwater from loss by evaporation, surface run off and injecting it to underground to keep the level of water table high.

1. Madhya Pradesh 

2. It is a basic input in the cement industry. It is used in the production of Portland cement.

Agriculture is responsible for reduction in the availability of surface and groundwater as : 

• Agriculture leads to indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides which aggravate the problem of the surface and groundwater pollution. 

• Residual of fertilizers and other chemicals reach water bodies and contaminate them.

• Misuse of overwatering.

1. Mumbai High 

2. IOC

The two categories of land not available for cultivation are: 

1. Culturable Waste: The ‘culturable waste’ is the land available for cultivation but not used for cultivation for one or the other reasons such as lack of water, salinity or alkalinity of soil, soil erosion, waterlogging, an unfavorable physiographic position or human neglect.

2. Fallow Land: This category includes all that land which was used for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation. Fallow land is left uncultivated from 1 to 5 years to regain its fertility in the natural way depending upon the nature of soil and the nature of farming.

There is a need to reduce the extent and frequency of the fallow land in order to increase agricultural production. Fallow land can be improved by proper dose of fertilizers, providing irrigation facilities, crop rotation, etc.

1. Rain water harvesting 

2. To overcome the inadequacy of surface water to meet our demands. 

To check decline in groundwater levels.

Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite and Siderite.

Three factors that have helped sugar industry flourish in peninsular region are : 

(i) Peninsular region has tropical climate which is ideal for growing sugarcane. 

(ii) Soil is well drained and consists of black regur soil. 

(iii) Mills are close to the farms so there is no loss of sucrose.

Integrated steel plant in private sector is Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO). It obtains its iron from Singhbhum and Mayurbhanj and coal from Jharia.

(i) Vishakhapatnam is a leading centre for ship building because Vishakhapatnam steel plant is close to it and it is also deepest land locked natural port. 

(ii) Mini steel plants produce less pollution because they use electric furnace. 

(iii) Electronic industry helps in making education smart and practical through smart classes and new H.D. televisions, mobiles have worked in entertainment field.

Two reasons for the importance of electronic industry in India’s development are : 

(i) It has largely contributed to space technology, communication, information technology and software industry. Indian software is in great demand in the world. 

(ii) It has helped medical sciences and defence to develop with electronic apparatus.

The main raw material of petrochemical industries are petroleum , cola and LPG

Raw Material used in petrochemical industry are benzene and ethylene. Advantages of petrochemical products : 

1. They are cheaper. 

2. They are durable.

Petrochemical industry derives chemicals and compounds from petroleum products. These chemicals are used for manufacturing a large variety of articles such as synthetic fibre, synthetic rubber, plastics, drugs etc. 

Two reasons : 

1. Petrochemical products are cheaper as compared to traditional raw materials.

2. Its raw materials are easily available.

Four petrochemical products are : 

(1) PVC pipes 

(2) Polythene bags 

(3) Synthetic fibre 

(4) Plastic products.

(i) Integrated steel plants are the units in which all the processes from providing raw materials, to the conversion of steel rolling etc. are all done at one place. 

(ii) Tata Iron and Steel Plant (TISCO). Its gets it iron ore from Mayurbhanj and coal from Jharia and Bokaro.

Heavy Engineering industry is important for industrial development of India because it not only provides machinery for industries but also equipments for transport, agriculture, mining, construction etc. 

Two Heavy engineering industrial units : 

(1) Ship building industries. 

(2) Railway locomotive industries.

(i) Expressway is a six lane highway where two and three wheelers are not allowed. A highway is a two lane road where all vehicles are allowed. 

(ii) Mumbai-Pune expressway is the first expressway constructed in the country. 

(iii) Northern Rivers are more suitable for navigation than the Deccan Rivers because they are perennial in nature and flow over gentle sloping plains.

(i) Railways is an important means of transport as compared to airways as it is cheap and has more carrying capacity of passengers and goods.

(ii) Economic benefit of the Golden Quadrilateral project is that it leads to general improvement of the area with more employment.

1. Waste lowers the quality of air around us. Solid waste releases methane and other harmful gases. 

2. Toxic waste has direct effect on marine life and affects the human beings indirectly. When the harmful toxic waste is dumped into the ocean, the fishes could consume the poisonous chemicals. When the fish is eaten by humans, this could lead to food poisoning.

1. Railway is a cheap mode of transportation. 

2. It can be used to transport heavy and building material whereas airways is more suitable for light material. It cannot provide door to door service.

1. Because it is the costliest mode of transport. 

2. Transport network helps in expansion of market. 

3. Water transport as a whole is much slower than its road, rails or air competitors. It provides access to limited areas.

1. Because rivers of Southern India are non-perennial. They flow swiftly over the plateaus and highlands. 

2. It is environment -friendly.

• Roads require less investment as compared to railway. 

• These can be built at higher altitudes and at any place.

(i) Rain Water Harvesting: Collection of rain water for recharging the underground water is called rainwater harvesting. 

(ii) Two Objectives: 

(1) Preventing soil erosion and flooding. 

(2) Dilutes salinity of ground water.

Peninsular rivers are not ideal for navigation because 

(i) 1. Rivers are seasonal in nature. 

2. Rivers flow through undualting rocky plateau region. 

(ii) Vishakhapatnam port is often hit by cyclones during October and November.

1. Because Ahmedabad lies near cotton belt of India and there is no problem of cheap and quality raw material. 

2. They need less capital so they suits our economy. 

3. Because they get their raw material from oil refineries.

(i) A planning region is a self-created living organism, having a lifetime which not only supports the life in the region but also radiates unifying forces that enable the region to be a unified regional space so as to facilitate the practice of regional planning.

(ii) Characteristics of a planning region are : 

1. A planning region should be neither too big nor too small. 

2. The boundary should be flexible. 

3. There should be natural cohesion. 

4. It should have economic harmony

Disadvantage of air transport—It has limited carrying capacity still it is popular because it is free of physical barriers such as mountain range, valleys etc.

(i) Two states where coffee plantations found : Karnataka and Kerala. 

(ii) Conditions required for Coffee cultivation are : 

Soil—Red and laterite soil well drained with humus. 

Climate—It requires temperature ranging between 18°C to 28°C and rainfall between 125 cm to 200 cm well distributed throughout the year.

(a) (i) Three types of coal found in India are : 

(1) Anthracite. (2) Bituminous. (3) Lignite. 

(ii) Iron and steel industries mainly use Bituminous type of coal.

(b) (i) Mumbai High in Maharashtra. 

(ii) An iron ore mine of Karnataka : Kudremukh iron ore mine. 

(c) 

(i) Jharia coal field in Jharkhand. 

(ii) Digboi oil reserves in Assam. 

(iii) Haematite. 

(d) (i) Aluminium is extracted from Bauxite. 

(ii) Uses of aluminium are : 

1. Used in air craft Industry. 

2. Used for making head light reflectors.

(i) Travelling to less disturbed or polluted natural areas with a view to study, admire and enjoy the beautiful aspects of a place along with the wild plants and animals and the cultural beauty (past and present) located in these areas is called tourism.

(ii) Advantages of tourism in India are : 

1. It helps to improve infrastructure. 

2. Development of local handicrafts and cultural activities.

(i) Retting—It is the soaking of the stalk and the removal of the fibre from the bark after plants are submerged in a pool of gently flowing clear water to separate the long stands of fibre from the stem. 

(ii) Ginning—Removal of cotton seed from cotton fibre is called Ginning. 

(iii) Broadcasting—The scattering of seeds by hand over the soil is called Broad casting method of sowing.

(a) (i) Three types of coal found in India are : (1) Anthracite. (2) Bituminous. (3) Lignite. 

(ii) Iron and steel industries mainly use Bituminous type of coal. 

(b) (i) Mumbai High in Maharashtra. 

(ii) An iron ore mine of Karnataka : Kudremukh iron ore mine. 

(c) (i) Jharia coal field in Jharkhand. 

(ii) Digboi oil reserves in Assam. 

(iii) Haematite. 

(d) (i) Aluminium is extracted from Bauxite. 

(ii) Uses of aluminium are : 

1. Used in air craft Industry. 

2. Used for making head light reflectors.

(i) Gurgaon—Maruti Car 

(ii) Perambur—The Integral Coach Factory 

(iii) Chittaranjan—Chittaranjan Locomotive Works.

(i) Kolkata has all the other factors which are required for a cotton mill except providing raw material. It has sufficient power s-xpjav because ?! is very dose to the coal mines . It has abundant capital supply, inexpensive labour, humid climate, excellent means of transport and communication, plenty of soft water and port facility. Only raw material is no1 there because West Bengal does not grow cotton, which is not a big problem. It is easily made available from the Deccan plateau region . That is why Kolkata ha3 many cotton mills and is a very big centre of cotton textile. 

(ii) Karnataka is very important centre for silk because sericulture provides employment to a large number of people, thus it has become a primary occupation in many regions of South Karnataka.. 

(iii) India produces very little cane sugar though it is one of the largest producer of cane sugar in the world because 

1. The sugarcane cultivated in India is of poor quality giving low yield per hectare.

2. 70% of population lives in rural areas, there instead of sugar, the demand of sugar and khandsari is more so the ptoduction of cane gur is less.