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Medulla oblongata forms the innermost part of the brain. It controls various involuntary movements of the body like rate of heart beat, respiration, etc. Thus, any injury to medulla oblongata will hamper these involuntary activities and thus might result in death due to stoppage of heart beat and breathing.

On addition of a catalyst to a reversible reaction, the equilibrium remains unaffected but is attained quickly.

If the selection favours small or large sized individuals, more individuals of that type will be present in the next generation. With continued selection over generation mean size of the population would have changed it. It is directional selection which brings about evolution in the population. In the natural selection, both small size and long sized individuals, natural selection would be disruptive type. It produces two peaks in the distribution of trait that may lead to the development of two different population.

Properties of a good laundiy soap: 

• Colour of the soap should be clear and pale. Dark coloured soaps contain impurities. 

• Soap should be hard to touch. Soft soaps contain excess water. 

• On storage, appearance of white crystals indicate excess alkali which is harmful to clothes and to hands. 

• When broken it should appear granular.

Food Adulteration Act, 1954 is an act formulated by the government aiming at the avoidance of adulteration of food which may affect unhealthy living conditions. The act also intends to penalise the dealers who are engaged in production anr sale of contaminated food substance. 

Salient features of Food Adulteration Act are : 

• If the article sold by vendor is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser. 

• If the article contains any other substance which affects the substance or quality there of. 

• If any inferior or cheaper substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article so as to affect the nature, substance or quality of the product. 

• If any constituent of the article has been wholly or in part, extracted to affect the quality there of. 

• If the article consists wholly or in part any filthy, putrefied, rotten decomposed or diseased animal or vegetable substance or is insect-infested or is otherwise unfit for human consumption.

In laundering of clothes, friction is applied by hands only. In laundering, we apply friction on the clothes by rubbing them with brushes and scrub the clothes in one direction. With the help of a stick we can also apply friction. The clothes are soaped and soaked and after that friction is applied to remove the dirt particles and the stains. Water is sprinkled by time to time during the application of friction.

Optical brighteners are generally used for white clothes. Because white clothes gradually lose their whiteness with regular use. Sometime white clothes turns yellow. Optical brightener basically are the agents which are colourless dyes, they attached themselves with the clothes

Reasons for boiling clothes: 

1. To disinfect. 

2. To whiten and freshen. (c) State any two unfair practices

The onset of menstruation in the female is termed as Menarche.

Starching process makes the fabric stiffen and it gives a feel which make it attractive. It also helps to keep clothes clean and fresh for a longer time.

Starch adds crispness and structure, providing body to cotton and linen items. It also creates a higher resistance to wrinkling and soiling. Using starch will also ease ironing. Durable synthetics can be “starched,” but cannot be treated with grocery spray starch.

Leaves are free from starch

Advertisement mislead the consumer is true because nowadays there are many advertisements which play with the psyche of the consumer like as an add of cosmetic cream which say smooth or make one slim. Consumer buy that product because of that advertisement. We also hear that a company is saying or offering “free” gifts with their product. But who knows whether they add its price with the product we buy. 

“Sale” is also an advertisement which make fool of consumers.

Storage of clothes: 

Cotton Clothes: 

• Do not store moist clothes, they invite fungus. 

• Put some deodorant among the stored clothing to avoid the smell (musty). 

Silk Clothes: 

• Store dry clothing only. 

• Avoid use of moth-balls because they reduce the lustre of zari.

Wool Clothes: 

• Store totally dry woollens. 

• Use neem leaves, nephtha balls to prevent the damage by moths.

Laundry procedure of all clothes are approximately same. These are the steps which we use in laundering a woollen cardigan. 

• Preparation: Firstly, examine the cardigan for tears, holes and stains and treat accordingly. Trace the outline on a brown paper to ensure it shape after washing. 

• Steeping: In case of very dirty cardigan, it should not be soaked for more than 5-10 minutes in cold water. Luke warm water will harm the cardigan. 

• Washing: Wash the cardigan with a very gentle hand with tender kneading and squeezing method. 

• Rinsing: Remove the extra soap by pressing it between flat palms and then rinse off several times in a plenty of water. 

• Drying: Roll it tightly in a towel to remove the extra water. Spread flat within the outline marked for its original shape. Dry it in shade. 

• Ironing/Press: Cardigan should not be ironed. If required, it must be pressed.

Starching: It is done to make the fabric stiffen and give a feel which makes it attractive. This is mostly done by the textile manufacturers. It is an effort to regain the original finish of the fabric. 

Blueing: It is applied on the white fabrics. Both these process are done in a single step to save time and starch.

When sugar is exposed to air it absorbs moisture present in the air. This explains that sugar is hygroscopic in nature

1. Dry the woollen on a paper that already has their outline. It ensure that the clothes are not deshaped 

2. Dry the woollen garments in shade. 

3. Press in towel to remove water.

Objectives of NAM: 

1. To preserve the freedom of the new nations from colonial and alien dominations. 

2. To protect human rights and to protect the environment. 

3. To eliminate all causes leading to war and in particular to eliminate nuclear weapons. 

4. To promote freedom to pursue a free domestic and foreign policy. 

5. To settle international disputes in a peaceful manner. 

6. To promote equality among individuals as well as among nations and to condemn all forms of discrimination especially the racial discrimination. 

7. To ensure a safer and peaceful world and to afford new opportunities in the development of one’s own country without endangering world peace. . 

8. To help the United Nations to be strong and effective. 

9. To save the new nations from falling by preying to the supremacy of the Super Powers. 

10.To establish a just economic order in order to bridge the gulf between the poor and the rich.

(a) Judicial Review: Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the power to review any judgement pronounced or order made by it. It is not bound by its own decisions and orders. It possesses the rights to review the judgement and, if found necessary, it reverses the earlier decisions. Both the Supreme Court and the High Courts are empowered to declare any law or act of any body or individual ultra vires if it violates the spirit of the constitution. 

Original Jurisdiction: The Original Jurisdiction extends to those cases which Supreme Court has authority to hear and decide in the first instance. 

The Supreme Court in its original jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases: 

1. A dispute between the Government of India and one or more states. 

2. Disputes between two or more states. 

3. A Dispute between the Union and any state on the one side and other states on the other. 

4. The Supreme Court entertains suits for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights also. Such suits can be brought by private individuals against the Union Government or a State Government. 

5. Original Jurisdiction extends to such other cases in which an Interpretation of the Constitution is involved. 

(b) The cases which come to the Supreme Court to appeal from the decision or order of High Court or a Tribunal in India come under as ‘Appellate Jurisdiction’. 

Two types of cases over Appellate Jurisdiction : 

(i) Constitutional Cases: An appeal can lie to the Supreme Court from any ; judgment or order of a High Court, whether in civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. 

(ii) Civil Cases: If the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law and the said questions needs to be decided by the Supreme Court then an appeal can lie to the Supreme Court. 

(c) 

(i) Judiciary kept independent from the control of the executive and legislature because an independent judiciary alone can do justice. The judges are free to announce their decisions and decrees in the court chambers without any danger to their person, property or fame. Their decisions cannot be affected or criticized by any person of any possession and status, public and not even by press. 

(ii) A Judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office only on the ground of ‘Proved misbehaviour’ or ‘incapacity’. Procedure for the removal has been prescribed in the Constitution itself. In order to remove a Judge of the Supreme Court, each House of Parliament will have to pass a resolution supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a 2/3 majority of the members of that House present and voting; Such a resolution passed by both the Houses will be addressed to the President, who will then pass the order of removal of the Judge.

(a) Three Functions of the Prime Minister: 

1. The Prime Minister presides at the cabinet meetings. He decides the agenda of the meetings. 

2. The Prime Minister, co-ordinates the working of various departments. He plays a special role in co-ordinating the policy of the Union. 

3. The Constitution imposes a duty on the Prime Minister to keep the President informed regarding the affairs of the Union. 

(b) (i) The Council of Ministers consists of all categories of Ministers while the Cabinet consists of some senior Ministers. 

(ii) The Council of Ministers is a large body, it meets occasionally while the Cabinet is a small and cohesive group, it meets frequently as possible. 

(iii) The Council of Ministers can attend meeting only if invited to attend some particular meeting while the Cabinet Ministers attend meeting of the Cabinet in their own right. 

(c) The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The leader of the political party securing absolute majority in the Lok Sabha is appointed by the President as the Prime Minister. The leader of the majority party is invariably appointed by Governor as the Chief Minister. If no party commands a real majority, the governor shall have to exercise his personal judgement in selecting the Chief Minister.

(a) State Legislative Assembly. 

(b) Maximum 6 months. 

(c) Ordinance: It is an order of the President when both houses of the parliament are not in session. The ordinance should be laid down before both the Houses when they reassemble. 

(d) (i) The President is the supreme commander of the defence force of India. 

(ii) He has the power to declare war or peace. 

(e) Question hour is the First Hour of every working day of the house for both asking and answering of questions. 

(f) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(g) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus.

(h) The Court of the District Judge. 

(i) It means that : 

(i) Its judgements and orders are preserved as record. 

(ii) If a person commits a contempt of High Court, the court has the authority to punish him. 

(j) The President may obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court on a question of law or fact under Advisory Jurisdiction.

(a) During the 19th century, the two social evils that existed in India were Sati Pratha and problems of widows as they were not permitted to remarry. The British Government passed the widow Re-marriage Act in 1856 and the Abolition of Sati Act in 1829 „to remove those evils. 

(b) 1. Introduction of western education. 

2. Development of transport and communication. 

(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 

Contributions: 

(i) In 1896 he led a ‘No Rent Campaign’ to expose the British who misruled our country. 

(ii) He launched the Home Rule Movement which infused the nation with new strength and vigour.

(d) The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. This act gave the authority to British Government, to attain and detain suspected Indians. 

(e) The two events which led to the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 are as follows : 

(i) Reaction against the Simon Commission and death of Lala Lajpat Rai. 

(ii) Lahore session of the Congress in December, 1929 declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ as India’s goal. 

(f) The aims of the Muslim league were: 

1. To promote feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British Government. 

2. To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and present them before the Government in mild language. 

3. To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other communities of India without any harm to the objectives of the League. 

4. One of the main objectives of the Muslim League was to keep the Muslim intelligensia away from the mainstream of National Movement. 

(g) In August 1939 Germany signed a Non-aggression Pact with Russia. Poland was accused of committing atrocities against Germans living there. On 1st Sept. 1939 German troops stormed into Poland. When Hitler was asked by England to vacate Poland he refused to do so. On Sept. 3, 1939. Britain and France declared a war against Germany and began to Second World War. 

(h) The two similarities between Fascism and Nazism are: 

1. Both Mussolini and Hitler aimed at restoring the status and dignity of their nations by making them strong powers. 

2. Both aimed at providing strong, stable and efficient Governments. 

3. Both uphold one party and one man rule, to believe in aggression, to glorify war, anti-democracy.

(i) UNICEF (United Nations International Children Emergency Fund). The UNICEF was established in 1946 to deliver relief to Children and their Mothers immediately after the Second World War. The Original purpose of setting up this agency was to helped those countries, which were unable to meet the need of their children out of their own resource. 

(j) Two Reasons: 

1. If Britain and France granted reasonable concession genuine grievances to Germany and Italy, they would be satisfied and would not do anything to disturb the peace of the world. 

2. The western power of Britain and France should start a vigorous programme of rearmament so that the dictators did not increase their demands any more.

(i) Prokaryotic Genome: 

• Genome are much smaller and simpler. 

• Highly repetitive DNA is not found. 

• It is without a limiting membrane. 

• It is a naked double strand of DNA. 

Eukarvotic Geflorne: 

• Genome are larger and complex. 

• Occurrence of highly repetitive DNA is found. 

• It is bounded by nuclear membrane. 

• Double strand of DNA is associated with histone proteins. 

(ii) Somatic Embryo: Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells other than egg that are not normally involved in the development of embry os, e.g., callus or explant. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo. 

Zygotic Embryo: Zygotic embryo is formed as a result of double fertilization of the ovule, giving rise to two distinct structures; the zygote and primary endosperm nucleus giving rise to the plant embryo and the endosperm which together go on to develop into a seed.

(i) Stress-tolerant plants : Plant tissue culture develop ways of making plants better suited to site-related, environmental challenges like drought, salinity or extreme temperatures. With agriculture being relegated to marginal land and with the prospect of climate change induced drought, these traits are considered crucial ways of securing the world’s food supply.

Researchers have been able to identify several plant genes that are involved with stress tolerance. Some of these genes code for antioxidants, enzymes that modify lipids in the cell membrane, stress-response transcription factors, proteins that maintain ion homeostasis, heat shock proteins, or enzymes that synthesis important stress-response compounds. Some of these factors have been used to produce transgenic plants with increased stress tolerance.

Drought tolerance : Water is crucial for all living things. Plants use water as a solvent, a transport medium, an evaporative coolant, physical support, and as a major ingredient for photosynthesis. Without sufficient water, agriculture is impossible. Therefore, drought tolerance is an extremely important agricultural trait.

One way of engineering drought tolerance is by taking genes from plants that are naturally drought tolerant and introducing them to crops. The ressurection plant (.Xerophyta viscosa), a native of dry regions of southernmost Africa, possesses agene for a unique protein in its cell membrane. Experiments have shown that plants given this gene are less prone to stress from drought and excess salinity.

Some genes have been found that control the production of the thin, protective cuticle found on leaves. If crops can be grown with a thickened waxy cuticle, they could be better equipped for dealing with dryness.

Salt tolerance : Irrigation has enabled the transformation of arid regions into some of the world’s most productive agricultural areas. Excess salinity, however, is becoming a major problem for agriculture in dry parts of the world. In several cases, scientists have used biotechnology to develop plants with enhanced tolerance to salty conditions.

Researchers have noticed that plants with high tolerance to salt stress possess naturally high levels of a substance called glycine betaine. Further, plants with intermediate levels of salinity tolerance have intermediate levels, and plants with poor tolerance to salinity have little or none at all. Genetically modified tomatoes with enhanced glycinebetaine production have increased tolerance to salty conditions.

Another approach to engineering salt tolerance uses a protein that takes excess sodium and diverts it into a cellular compartment where it does not harm the cell. In the lab, this strategy was used to create test plants that were able to flower and produce seeds under extreme salt levels. Commercially available crops with such a modification are still several years away.

(ii) Biodegradable Plastics : PTC is currently employed in the synthesis of plastic which is biodegradable i.e., unlike other plastics; this plastic can be broken down into simpler substances by microorganisms.

The biodegradable plastic is made from lactic acid which is produced at the time of bacterial fermentation of plant materials like discarded stalks of com. In the process, molecules of lactic Acid are chemically grouped to form the biodegradable plastic. In fact, the biodegradable plastic is a material which has most of the properties of plastic except the property of being non – biodegradable. The biodegradable plastic polyhydroxyalkanates for e.g., polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB) are obtained commercially by fermentation with bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus. The genetically engineered Arabidopsis plants produced polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB) globules in their chloroplasts without affecting plant growth and development. The large scale of polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB) can be extracted from leaves as well as from transgenic plants.

Southern blotting is a technique for transfer of DNA molecules from an electrophoresis gel to a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane, and is carried out prior to detection of specific molecules by hybridization probing. 

In this technique, DNA is usually converted into conveniently sized fragments by restriction digestion and separated by gel electrophoresis, usually on an agarose gel. The DNA is denatured into single strands by incubation by alkali treatment.

The DNA is transferred to a nitrocellulose filter membrane which is a sheet of special blotting paper. The DNA fragments retain the same pattern of separation they had on the gel. This process is called blotting. 

The nitrocellulose membrane is how removed from the blotting stack. 

The blot is incubated with many copies of a radioactive probe which is single-stranded DNA. This probe detect and identify base pairs with its complementary DNA sequence and bind to form a double-stranded DNA molecule. The probe cannot be seen but it is either radioactive or has an enzyme bound to it (e.g., alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase). This step is known as hybridisation reaction. 

The location of the probe is revealed by incubating it with a colourless substrate that the attached enzyme converts to a coloured product that can be seen or gives off light which will expose X-ray film. If the probe was labelled with radioactivity, it can expose X-ray filmdirectly. The images of radioactive probe are revealed as distinct bands on the developed X-ray film.

Southern Blotting technique involves separation and identification of a specific DNA fragment. In Northern Blotting technique, the RNA is analysed rather than DNA. During southern blotting NaOH denatures DNA to form single stranded DNA which are transferred from gel to nitrocellulose membrane. In northern blotting, total RNA molecules are extracted and then mRNA molecules are isolated by using oligo (dT) cellulose Chromatography. RNA samples separated are transferred to a nylon membrane.

1. Oxygen gas

2. Silver ions/Ag⁺ .

NO₂ gas is evolved when cold and dilute nitric acid reacts with copper. 

Cu(s) + 4HNO₃(aq) ---> Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)

The day started off well enough,whoever thought it would turn out to be so bad. Well, it was the month of May and our vacation had just begin, it was the day when we were due to leave for Darjeeling. We packed our luggage and moved to the railway station which was about a ten minute drive from our house. It must have been about half past twelve and our train was scheduled to arrive at one O’clock at the Agra Cantt railway station. We had almost reached the station when my mother recalled that she had left the gas stove on. So we had no choice but to return. When we reached home, I rushed in and immediately swichted off the knobs of the gas stove. 

My brother checked the status of our train just in case and we learnt that the train was three hours behind schedule due to some technical issue. It was decided that we will wait in the house rather than sit at the station. 

Without off loading our luggage, we went into our house and decided to relax till then. Just then I heard the murmur of water. When I checked, I was astounded to find a major water leakage in our bathroom due to which the bathroom was filled with several inches of water. I immediately contacted the plumber as I knew that in a matter of minutes, the whole house would be flooded with water. 

The plumber didn’t take long and arrived within fifteen minutes. He checked the leakage and told us that a pipe in the bathroom had burst open which was causing the leakage. He said that he’ll be able to fix it in an hour or so, we reluctantly agreed. The plumber took nearly two hours to repair it. We quickly paid him his charges, locked the house and set out for the station with only twenty minutes to spare. Adding insult to injury, we were stuck up in a traffic jam. It was as if all the problems in the world had broken on us. We faced red lights at all signals. Facing a lot of difficulty, we somehow managed to reach the station. 

We ran as fast we could towards the platform, desperately trying to make our way through the hustle and bustle of the platforms, but to our despair what we could only manage to see was the back of the train and hear the hoot of the engine. To our horror, we realized that we had missed our train and our trip to Darjeeling as well. We returned home deeply saddened by the incident. I’ve had a lot of bad days in life but it was by far the worst day of my life and I hope that such an incident never happens again.

Amniotic fluid acts as shock absorber and protects the embryo from mechanical jerks.

(i) Reflex Action: Reflex action is an automatic, quick and involuntary action in the body brought about by a stimulus. Reflexes are of two types : (1) Simple (natural) reflexes and. (2) Conditioned (acquired) reflexes. 

(ii) Vaccination: Vaccination is the practice of artificially injecting mild form of the germs; Weakened (attenuated) germs, killed germs or the toxins produced by the germs into the body for the development of resistance to diseases. 

(iii) Turgidity: The state in which the cell wall is fully stretched and cannot accommodate any more water. 

(iv) Bleeding in plants: In plants direct flowing out of plant sap from any cut surface or from an injured part. 

(v) Cataract: The eye condition in which the lens turns opaque and vision is cut down even to total blindness.

Reasons for the increase of population in India : 

(1) Low marriage age. 

(2) Illiteracy

(i) A – Neanderthal B – Australopithecus 

(ii) A – Height 600 cm, cranial capacity 1450 cm³ B – Height 120 cm, cranial capacity 450 – 600 cm³ 

(iii) Charles Darwin 

(iv) peppered moth (Biston bitularia) 

(v) Vermiform Appendix ; Wisdom tooth

(i) Transpiration. 

(ii) Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water from the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of the Plant. 

(iii) To prevent evaporation of water from the soil. 

(iv) Seal the edges of the bell jar with vaseline to prevent the entry of air inside the apparatus. 

(v) Benefits of transpiration : 

(1) Excess water is removed by plants. 

(2) Because of the release of water from plant, transpiration contributes towards lowering the temperature. 

(vi) Adaptations in plants to reduce transpiration : 

(1) The stomata may be sunken or covered by hairs. 

(2) The leaves may become narrower. 

(3) The leaves may be covered with thick cuticle

(i) Osmosis. 

(ii) The diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to concentrated solution. 

(iii) After about 10 minutes the sugar solution in the thistle funnel rises up. 

(iv) Hypotonic. 

(v) Cell sap of the root hair. 

(vi) The addition of much salt to pickle, the water molecule drawn out of the germ cell by plasmolysis. Thus pickle can be preserved for long duration.

(i) Osmosis.

(ii) It is the movement of solvent molecules from a region of their high concentration to their low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

(iii) Level of solutions will rise.

(iv) Hyperlonic.

(v) Cell sap.

(vi) Much salt is added tar pickles so that a hypertonic solution is formed around the vegetable pieces. Any fungi etc. attacking the preserved food will die due to plasmolysis by the solution.

(i) Pituitary gland. Location – Hangs from the base of midbrain below hypothalamus of brain. 

(ii) Because it controls practically all other endocrine gland. 

(iii) Antidiuretic hormone ; Its deficiency causes diabetes insipidus (hypoglycemia). Insufficient secretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus (hyperglycemia). It passes sugar in urine. 

(iv) Hormone is the secretion from some glandular part of the body which is poured directly into blood and which acts on target organs or cells of same individual, bringing about coordination between distant parts of the body. Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine gland to produce their specific hormone. 

(v) 

1. Posterior lobe 

2. Anterior lobe 

3. Anterior lobe

(i) Anaphase.

(ii) A-Spindle fibres   B-Cell wall    C-Chromatid   D- Cenfftrrnere

(iii) The two sister chromatids of each chromosome are moving away from each other, towards the poles.

(iv) In the Somatic cells i.e., tip of roots, stem etc.

(v) Two.

(vi) Plant cell; because centrosome is absent and cell wall is present.

(i) The wall of the ventricles are thicker than the walls of atria due to different muscular development related to their different functions. Ventricles, particularly left venticle has to pump the blood into aorta under a high pressure, against force of gravity. As such they are adapted to withstand greater pressure. 

(ii) Renal cortex has a dotted appearance as it is dark in colour and nephrons are highly coiled in this region. 

(iii) Wooden frames of doors and windows get jammed due to process of imbibition. In this process, water is adsorbed or absorbed by surface attraction. Wood have a strong affinity for water (hydrophillic). Thus, they absorb or imbibe water or moisture from their surroundings and swell up. 

(iv) The anterior wall of middle ear contains an opening that leads directly into Eustachian tube. This tube connects the middle ear to throat. Hence the passage for infection is common and it may lead to ear infection. 

(v) It occurs due to conditioned reflexes. These reflexes are learned responses to stimuli acquired individually during the life of an organism.

Insulin the hormone secreted by islets of langerhans.

Malleus the ear ossicle which is attached to the tympanum.

Recessive  the type of gene, which in the presence of a contrasting allele is not expressed. 

1- Thyroxine. 

2- Regulates basal metabolism. 

3- Posterior lobe of pituitary gland. 

4- Reabsorption of water from urinary filtrate by kidney tubules. 

5.- Pancreas. 

6- Insulin. 

7- Tears. 

8- Lubricates eye balls, keeps the eyes clean and protects the eyes from bacterial infection. 

9- Adrenaline. 

10- Increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney

(i) Is the area of best vision as it has maximum no. of cone cells and perceieves image in the best manner. 

(ii) Supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of heart. 

(iii) Controls the involuntary activities of the body. 

(iv) Helps in blood clotting by producing thromboplastio. 

(v) Jelly like substance giving round shape to eye ball.

(i) Controls involuntary activities 

(ii) Expansion of cotyledons, inhibits apical dominance, cell elongation. 

(iii) Helps in killing germs, lubricates surface of eye. 

(iv) Supply blood to heart muscles. 

(v) Produces secretion which serves as a mediums for transportation of sperms which forms semen.

Grana is the part of the chloroplast where the light reaction of photosynthesis takes place.

(i) It is the place of best, clearest and sharpest vision.

(ii) It carries oxygenated blood to the muscles of heart.

(iii) Controls involuntary functions of the body like heart beat, breathing etc.

(iv) Thrombocytes help in clotting of blood.

(v) Maintains shape of eyeball.

(i) F₁ progeny is Axial Round. 

(ii) F₂ progeny are Axial Round, Axial Wrinkled, Terminal Round and Terminal Wrinkled. 

(iii) Phenotypic ratio of F₂ progeny is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. 

(iv) Above observation are based on Law of Independent Assortment. This law states that factors or genes controlling different characters assort independently without influencing each other during the formation of gametes.