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1. Indirect tax 

2. Direct tax 

3. Direct tax 

4. Indirect tax

Facilitates Credit: Money facilitates the functioning of credit instruments such as cheques, promissory notes, bills of exchange, etc. Such credit instruments facilitate the transfer of value from one person to another.

Liquidity: Money is the most liquid form of all the assets and wealth. Gold, silver, land, cheques are not as liquid as money. If the need arises, then these assets need to be converted into money, but on the other hand, money need not be converted into any other form as it is readily acceptable. Apart from being liquid, money also provides a guarantee of liquidity/solvency to other forms of wealth and assets. This implies that money can be converted into any type of asset and on another hand, any type of asset can be converted into money.

As the custodian of foreign exchange reserves, the central bank performs several functions:

1. All the foreign exchange transactions of a country are routed through the central bank. The central bank controls both the receipts and payments of foreign exchange. 

2. It tries to maintain stability of the exchange rate. For this purpose, it buys or sells foreign currencies in the market to minimise fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates. 

3. It enforces exchange control regulations prescribed by the government from time to time.

(i) Reserve Bank keeps a close watch on the external value of its currency and undertakes exchange management control. All the foreign currency received by the citizens has to be deposited with the reserve bank and if citizens want to make payment in foreign currency, they have to apply to reserve bank. It also keeps gold and billion reserves. 

(ii) Promotional and developmental functions: The RBI has been a promoter since its inception. 

Various promotional and developmental functions of RBI are:

• By encouraging commercial banks to expand their branches in semi-urban and rural areas, the reserve bank helps: To reduce the dependence of the people in these areas on the defective unorganized sector of indigenous bankers and money lenders. To develop the banking habits of the people. 

• By establishing the Deposit Insurance Corporations. 

• Through the Institutions like Unit Trust of India, the Reserve Bank helps to mobilize saving in the country. 

• Since its inception, Reserve Bank is making efforts to promote institutional agricultural credit by developing cooperative credit institutions. 

• It also helps to promote the process of industrialization in the country by setting up specialized institutions for industrial finance. 

• It also takes measures for developing the bill market in the country.

(a) LPO : Local Purchase Order 

(b) KPO : Knowledge Process Outsourcing

(i) java.io package. 

(ii) java.util package.

Scanner sc = new Scanner (System.in);

Math.sqrt √((2as) + u^u));

(i) logical error 

(ii) syntax error

(i) runtime error. 

(ii) logical error 

(iii) Syntax error

(3) protonation of the alcohol molecule

(i) For electro-refining of copper the cathode is made up of a strip of pure copper metal. 

(ii) The reaction taking place at anode (made up of impure copper) is : 

Cu ---> Cu²⁺ + 2e^-

(i) Cathode is made-up of thin sheets of pure copper Connected in parallel.

(ii) Cu – 2e^– → Cu²⁺ Copper anode undergoes oxidation forming Cu²⁺ ions which pass into the solution.

Reaction at anode :

Cu + SO₄^– → CuSO₄ + 2e^–

(i) Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O ---> 4Al (OH)₃ + 3CH₄

One mole of Al₄C₃ gives 4 moles of Al(OH)₃ 

i.e., 144 g of Al₄C₃ gives 4 x 78 g of Al(OH)₃ 

So, 12 g of AI₄C₃ gives 312 x 12/144 g of Al(OH)₃

= 26 g of Al(OH)₃.

(ii) One mole of Al₄C₃ gives 3 moles of methane

12 g of Al₄C₃ gives 48 x 12/144 g of CH₄ = 4 g

Now, 16 g of methane has volume 22.4 L (at STP, the volume of one mole of any gas is 22.4 L)

4 g of methane would occupy 5.6 L.

So, 5.6 L of methane would be obtained from 12 g of Al₄C₃.

From 12 gm Al₄C₃ 5600 cc methane will be formed.

During electrolysis of alumina, the cathode reaction is :

Al³⁺ (melt) + 3e^- -----> Al (l)

There will be X/2 molecules of gas B in 75 cc volume.

According to Avogadros law equal volume of gases contain equal no. of molecule of same temperature and pressure.

So, 150 cc B will also contain X molecule, and 75 cc will contain X/2 molecule.

According to Avogadro’s law equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. So 150 cc of B will also contain X molecule. So, 75 cc of B will contain X/2 molecule.

Al₂O₃ ⇌  Al⁺³ + AlO₃^3–

Al³⁺ + 3e^– → Al (At cathode)

The process by which impure ore of aluminium gets purified by using concentrated solution of an alkali is known as 'Leaching'. Aluminium is leached out of its ore using sodium hydroxide as sodium aluminate, leaving the impurities behind.

Al₂O₃(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H₂O(l) ---> 2Na[Al(OH)₄] (aq)

Balyer’s process.

Most common ore of aluminium metal is bauxite, AlO_x(OH)_3-2x (Where 0 < x < 1).

(i) 150 cc of gas A contain X molecules 150 cc of gas B will also contain X molecules 75 cc of gas B will contain \(\frac{x}{2}\) molecules under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

(ii) Avogadro’s law

(i) Main components of brass are Copper and Zinc.

(ii) Main components of Duralumin are Aluminium (95%), Copper (4%), Manganese (0.5%) and Magnesium (0.5 %).

(A) Non-volatile nature. 

(B) Oxidising property.

The most common ore of Al is bauxite chemical formula is Al₂ O₃ . 2H₂O

Brass → Copper, zinc and tin Duralumin → Aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese

(A) Non-volatile

(B) Oxidizing nature

(A) Alkynes 

(B) triple bond 

(C) ethyue 

(D) Alkane 

(E) single bond 

(F) methane

2NaNO₃+H₂SO₄ → 2HNO₃ +Na₂SO₄

Sulphate salts will be prepared.

Because nitric acid will not react with glass.

Because nitric acid will not react with glass.

(i) Q having pH 5.2 is weak acid

(ii) R having pH 12.2 is strong alkali.

All glass apparatus is used because nitric acid vapours are corrosive and may attack rubber, cork or metal.

If the number of molecules of hydrogen is X, then number of molecules of carbon dioxide will also be X.

The type of salt formed is Acid salt.

1. Mole: It is the quantity of a substance which contains Avogadro’s number of constituent particles. 

2. Neutralisation: It is the process by which H⁺ ions of an acid react completely with the OH^– ions of a base to give salt and water only. 

3. Ionisation Potential: It is the amount of energy required to remove a valence electron from an isolated gaseous atom of an element.

This is according to the Avogadros' Law which states that "Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules".

Sodium or potassium nitrate on reaction with H₂ SO₄ can produce nitric acid in that case sulphate salt will be prepared.

2NaNO₃ + H₂ SO₄ --->2HNO₃+Na₂ SO₄

(i) CUCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂↑ 

(ii) ZnSO₄+ Na₂CO₃→ ZnCO₃+ Na₂SO₄

1. On addition of BaCl₂ solution, Zinc sulphate solution will give a white ppt. of BaSO₄ while Zinc chloride solution will not give any ppt with BaCl₂ solution. 

2. Iron II chloride gives a dirty green ppt with NaOH solution. Iron III chloride will give a reddish brown ppt with NaOH solution.

3. Calcium chloride solution will give a white ppt with AgNO₃ solution while calcium nitrate solution will not give any ppt with AgNO₃ solution.

Blanced equation

Zinc carbonate from Zinc sulphate.

ZnSO₄ + Na2CO₃ --->2 SO4+ ZnCO₃

1. Ni²⁺ ions 

2. Oxygen gas when inert electrode is used.

1. Solution B 

2. Solution C 

3. Solution B 

4. Ammonium hyroxide solution.

PbCO₃ + 2NHO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₂ + H₂O + CO₂

Pb(NO₃)₂ + Na₂SO₄ → PbSO₄ + 2NaNO₃

PbCO₃ + 2HNO₃ ---------> Pb(NO₃)₂ + H₂O + CO₂ 

Pb(NO₃)₂ + H₂SO₄ --------> PbSO₄ + 2HNO₃

1. B is anhydrous calcium chloride. 

2. B acts as a drying agent and removes moisture from the flask. 

3. Because iron (III) chloride is a deliquescent substance. 

4. 2Fe + 3Cl₂ → 2 FeCl₃.

(i) B is a drying agent like anhydrous calcium chloride. 

(ii) B absorbs moisture from the flask. 

(iii) Because iron (III) chloride is deliquescent. 

(iv) 2Fe + 3Cl₂ -----> 2FeCl₃