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The main purpose of Jawaharlal Nehru Port is to relieve pressure on Mumbai Port. 

The main characteristics of this port are : 

1. Most of the operations are conducted with the help of computers. It has a container terminal also. 

2. The sea is quite deep near the port and there will be no need for dredging in this port.

Industries tend to develop at the place of their original establishment though the original cause has already disappeared. A good example the Lock industry at Aligarh and Bidi industry at Jabalpur.

Synthetic fibers are widely used for manufacturing a large variety of fabrics because of their special qualities like strength, durability, liability, workability, washability and resistant to wrinkles and shrinkage.

At the midpoint.

To know completely the earth’s magnetic field at a elements known as the magnetic elements at a place:

(a) Declination 

(b) Dip 

(c) Horizontal or the vertical component of earth’s field.

(i) 1. Collecting duct. 

2. Distal convoluted tubule. 

3. Loop of Henle. 

4. Bowman’s capsule. 

(ii) The afferent arteriole splits into many fine branches due to which the volume of capillaries reduce thus raising the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus. 

(iii) Blood vessel 6-Efferent arteriole that connects to renal vein. 

(iv) 1. Ultrafiltration. 

2. Selective Reabsorption. 

(v) Loop of Henle.

(i) Monohybrid Cross : A cross between two parents taking the alternative traits of one single character. For example, a cross between tall and dwarf pea plants. 

(ii) Wastes containing dressings, amputated body parts, used surgical instruments etc. from hospitals, that spread diseases. 

(iii) Innate immunity is the immunity that a person inherits from his parents i.e., the person is bom with it. 

(iv) The process by which white blood cells squeeze out through the walls of capillaries to reach the site of infection. 

(v) Hormones: According to Selye (1948), “Hormones are the physiological organic compounds produced by certain cells for the sole purpose of directing the activities to distant parts of the same origins.”

(i) Two harmful effects of noise pollution: 

1. Cause hearing disorder. 

2. Cause high blood pressure. 

(ii) 

1. WHO 

2. Red Cross 

3. Red Cross 

4. WHO 

(iii) 

1. Desire for a male child. 

2. Illiteracy and Lack of awareness about birth control measures. 

(v) This law states that in a monohybrid cross, the contrasting characters or factors separate/or segregate from each other at the time of gamete formation.

Steps involved in report writing are : 

• Clarity purpose and expectations 

• Decide on appropriate structure for report 

• Drafting 

• Circulating the draft 

• Integrating Comments 

• Writing Executive Summary 

• Circulating Final Draft 

• Editing 

• Layout

A telephone recording and answering set has a remote listening facility whereby the answerphone owner can ring their home number and, by either sending a tone down the line using a special device, or by entering a code on the remote telephone’s keypad, can listen to messages when away from home. The owner may record his or her message that will be played back to the caller, or an automatic message will be played if the owner does not record one. Answering machines can usually be programmed to take the call at a certain number of rings. 

Many devices offer a “toll saver” function, whereby the machine answers only after several rings (typically four) if no messages have been left, but answers after a smaller number of rings (usually two) if there are messages. This allows the owner to know whether there are messages waiting; if there are none, he or she can hang up the phone on the third ring without incurring a call charge.

(i) It will return -17. 

(ii) It will return 8.0

Definition: “Lobour consists of all human efforts of body or mind, undertaken in expectation of a reward”. —Thomas

The term labour is used to mean several things and can be a source of great deal of vagueness and imprecise statements. The term labour refers to only human effort (or activity) which can be physical, mental or a mixture of the two. It does not include the work performed by animals or machines or nature. Labour lately is known as human resource. All companies freed labour in order to carry out production. Everyone from the manual workers, to the owner of the company falls under the classification of human resources. Without this factor, there would be no production because nobody would be working.

The three characteristics of labour are: 

1. Labour is heterogeneous. No two persons possess the same quality of labour. Skills and efficiency differs from person to person. So, some workers are more efficient and productive than others in the same job. 

2. Labour cannot be stored. Once the labour is lost, it cannot be made up. Unemployed workers cannot store their labour for future employment. 

3. The amount of labour is the product of (1) duration of time over which it is performed and (2) the intensity with which it is performed.

1. Inflation: Inflation is a situation in which the value of money falls and price rises. 

2. Two causes of fall in food price are: 

1. Regular supply of fresh crop 

2. Impact of monetary policy 

3. Demand-pull inflation occurs when the demand for goods and services exceeds the supply available at existing prices, i.e., when there is excess demand for goods and services. 

Two causes of demand pull inflation:

1. Increase in public expenditure: Government deficit increases when the public expenditure increases and the government fails to mobilize sufficient funds to meet its expenditure. This tremendous increase in Government expenditure has led to the increase in demand of goods and services but the availability of these has not increased proportionately and under such condition there is price rise.

2. Decrease in taxes or hoarding of black money: Black money means unaccounted money. It is created through tax evasion and is responsible for price rise.

Definition: “A bank collects money from those who have it to spare or who are saving it out of their incomes & it lends this money to those who reqiure it.” — Crowther

A commercial bank is a financial institution authorised to provide a variety of financial services, including consumer and business loans, savings accounts etc. Earlier commercial banks were limited to accepting deposits of money or valuables for safekeeping and verifying coinage or exchanging one jurisdiction coins for another. By the 17th century, most of the essentials of modem banking, including foreign exchange, the payment of interest, and the granting of loans, were in place. 

The three ways in which a commercial bank advances loan to public are:

1. Cash Credit: A cash credit is an arrangement whereby the bank agrees to lend money to the borrower up to a certain limit. The bank puts this amount of money to the credit of the borrower. The borrower draws the money as and when he needs. Interest is charged only on the amount actually. Cash credit is generally granted on a bond of credit or certain other securities. This is a very popular method of lending in our country.

2. Loans: A specified amount sanctioned by a bank to the customer is called a “loan”. It is granted for a fixed period, say six months, or a year. The specified amount is put on the credit of the borrower’s account. He can withdraw this amount in lump sum or can draw cheques against this sum for any amount. Interest is charged on the full amount even if the borrower does not utilize it. The rate of interest is lower on loans in comparison to cash credit. The loan is generally granted’against the security of property or personal security.

3. Bank Overdraft: Overdraft facility is more or less similar to cash credit facility. Overdraft facility is the result of an agreement with the bank by which a current account holder is allowed to withdraw a specified amount over and above the credit balance in his/her account. It is a short term facility. The customer is permitted to withdraw the amount as and when he/she needs it and repays it through deposits in his account as and when it is convenient to him/her. Overdraft facility is generally granted by bank on the basis of a written request by the customer.

With the help of money, people can buy & sell goods and services only on commitment and payment can be made sifter a lapse of time in the form of PD cheques, Bill of exchange, etc.

1. Four Merits of Direct Taxes 

1. Equitable: Direct taxes are based on the canon of equity. Their burden is equitably distributed, as they are progressive in nature. As the income of a person increases, the rate of income tax also increases. So all direct taxes fall heavily on the people whose income and wealth is increased. The poor are not affected by such taxes. 

2. Certain: Direct tax satisfy the canon of certainty. Taxpayer is certain as to the time and manner of payment, and the amount of taxes to paid in the case of these taxes. Similarly, the government is also certain as to the amount of money it shall receive from these taxes. 

3. Economical: These taxes also satisfy the canon of economy. The cost of collection of direct taxes is low. In the case of income tax, it is deducted at the source from the salaried persons. The same officers can make the assessment of wealth, incomes, inheritances, gifts, etc. No separate staff is needed for each. Such taxes are also economical to the tax payers who make payment direct into the treasury. 

4. Elastic: Direct taxes are flexible and thus satisfy the canon of elasticity. The government can increase or decrease the rates of direct taxes according to the requirements of the economy. In case of war, natural calamities or emergency, the State can raise the rates of these taxes in order to raise large tax revenue. During a depression, it can reduce their rates considerably.

2. Three Demerits of Indirect Taxes

1. Uncertain revenue: The revenue from indirect taxes is uncertain because it is not possible to accurately estimate the effort to such taxes on the demand for products. If a heavy excise duty is levied on some luxury articles, its sale may be adversely affected by a fall in demand and the State revenue may actually decline. 

2. Regressive: Indirect taxes on necessaries, which are consumed by the poor are regressive in nature. The rich and the poor are required to pay the same amount of tax on such commodities as matches, kerosene, toilet soap, washing soap, toothpaste, blades, shoes, etc. but the burden is heavirer on the poor than on the rich. Thus they do not satisfy the canon of equity. 

3. Uneconomical: These taxes are uneconomical in the sense that the cost of collection to the State is heavy. The State has to appoint inspectors to check the accounts and stocks of producers, wholesalers, and retailers in order to find out weather they are paying taxes or not. Thus they are more expensive than direct taxes.

In economics, the word ‘land’ is defined to include not only the surface of the earth but also all other free gifts of nature called natural resources. For instance, mineral resources, forest resources and, indeed, anything that helps us to carry out the production of goods and services, but is provided by nature, free of cost. In fact, ‘Land is a stock of free gifts of nature.’

The features of land are as follows:

1. Supply of land is fixed: The supply of land is fixed. It is given by nature. It is true that, from time to time, we can increase the quantity of operational land available in the country by clearing forests. However, the potentially available amount of land in the country is fixed. 

2. Production of land is free: Another peculiarity of land is that, it does not have ally cost of production. It is already there, ready to be used. All other agents of production have to be produced at a cost. For instance, labour has to meet his cost of living and his cost of training and education has also to be accounted for. Land, however, is a free gift of nature. 

3. Land is immobile: A third peculiarity of land is that, it is immobile. Land can not move in the sense in which labour or capital can. Therefore, there are persistent differences between the rent of land in different regions. Such differences may be caused by differences in fertility, location etc.

4. Land is heterogeneous: Different types of land indicate wide variations in productive capacity. It depends on the chemical composition of the soil, availability of irrigational facilities, climatic conditions etc. Hence, some plots of land may be so infertile that cultivation is not worthwhile in such cases, while some other plots of land may be very fertile.

Two methods to improve the productivity of land are as follows:

1. Proper use of Land—Productivity of Land can be enhanced by undertaking investment on land. Construction of irrigation facilities is an example of investment on land. Higher the investment on land, higher will be the productivity of land in future. 

2. Scientific way of cultivation—Productivity of Land can be increased by using scientific techniques of cultivation on land. If the farmers use HYV seeds, adequate amount of fertilisers/manure, pesticides, improved agricultural tools and implements, etc. then yield of crop per hectare can be increased to a great extent.

Factors of production viz. land, labour, and capital are scattered at different places. These cannot produce economic goods and services by themselves. They have to be brought together and, in a coordinated way, made to pass through a productive process to create output. This work is done by enterprise through entrepreneur. Entrepreneur is an independent factor of production. It is a function of an entrepreneur to bring the required factors together and making them work harmoniously.

The four qualities in an individual to be a successful entrepreneur are: 

1. Entrepreneur should be able to plan, organize, manage and allocate other primary factors of production efficiently. 

2. Entrepreneur should be able to take decisions promptly. Quick decisions are expected but hasty decisions may be avoided. At the same time, delay in decisions may increase cost of project and reduce the profits. 

3. Entrepreneur should be able to incorporate innovation and adopt modem techniques of production. 

4. Entrepreneur should be able to deal with numerous risks involved in entrepreneurship.

Demand Deposit: It is a type of an account from which deposited funds can be withdrawn immediately at any time without any notice to the depository institution. 

Time Deposit: It is a type of deposit which is in contrast to demand deposits and funds are not available immediately. These are also known as term deposits.

The elasticity of supply is the relative measure of the degree of responsiveness of quantity supplied of a commodity to a change in its price.

The, greater the responsiveness of quantity supplied of a commodity to the change in its price, the greater is its elasticity of supply. To be more precise, the elasticity of supply is defined as a percentage change in the quantity supplied of a product divided by the percentage change in price. It may be noted that the elasticity of supply has a positive sign because of the direction of change (positive slope). However, it may vary between zero and infinity.

The four determinants of Elasticity of Supply are:

1. Ability to store Output: The goods which can be safely stored have relatively elastic supply over the goods which are perishable and do not have storage facilities. 

2. Factor Mobility: If the factors of production can be easily moved from one use to another, it will affect elasticity of supply. The higher the mobility of factors, the greater is the elasticity of supply of the goods mid vice versa. 

3. Excess Supply: When there is excess capacity and the producer can increase output easily to take advantage of the rising prices, the supply is more elastic. In case the production is already up to the maximum from the existing resources, the rising prices will not affect supply. The supply will be more inelastic. 

4. Cost Relationships: If costs rise rapidly as output is increased, then any increase in profitability caused by a rise in the price of the good is balanced by increased costs as supply increases. If this is so, supply will be relatively inelastic. On the other hand, if costs rise slowly as output increases, supply is likely to be relatively elastic.

Industrialisation is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalisation. As industrial worker’s incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment: and economic growth.

The first country to industrialise was the United Kingdom during the Industrial Revolution commencing in the 18th century.

The four impacts of industrialisation on the environment are: 

1. The use of factories and mass production has led to depletion of certain natural resources, leaving the environment permanently damaged. One example of this is deforestation, which is the clearing of forest trees for use in production. When the trees are cleared, the wildlife in the forest also becomes uprooted.

2. Factories are emitting poisonous emissions and eliminating the source of oxygen. The pollution that has resulted from factories involves not only airborne emissions but land and water pollution as well. 

3. The primary issue resulting from pollution and carbon emissions from industries is that of global warming. As the temperature rises, the glaciers are melting and oceans are rising. More animal species are becoming endangered or extinct as a result of global warming. 

4. The human health problems that have resulted directly from the industrial revolution’s accomplishments have only been disastrous for the world environment. The mass production of man-made and chemically altered food has also contributed to worldwide obesity and health problems.

Private Income = National Income – Income from property and entrepreneurship accruing to the government commercial enterprises and administrative departments – Saving of non-departmental enterprises of the government + Interest on National Debt + Net current transfers from government + Net current transfers from abroad. Personal Income = Private Income – Undistributed Profits – Corporate Profits Tax – Retained Foreign Earnings

Hitler wanted to make Germany into a great power. He aimed to achieve this by : 

destroying the hated Versailles settlement; 

building up a strong army; 

reclaiming lost territories such as the Saar and the Polish Corridor; 

and bringing together all the Germans inside the Reich, which would involve annexing Austria, and capturing territories from Czechoslovakia and Poland, both of which had large German minorities because of the peace settlement. 

Some historians however believed that Hitler aimed to achieve more than this. It was his.aim to take over entire Poland and Czechoslovakia and then occupy Russia, as far east as the Ural Mountains. This was supposed to help Hitler to achieve Lebensraum to provide food for the German people, and area for the German supposed to people to settle down. This was also destroy communism.

(i) A-Cerebrum  B-Cerebellum C-spinal cord 

(ii) Cerebrum is the seat of intelligence, consciousness and will power. It controls all voluntary activities. Cerebellum coordinates muscular activities and maintains balance of the body. 

(iii) Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the brain. In cerebrum, outer portion contains cell bodies of the neuron whereas inner portion contains axons of the neurons. Whereas in spinal cord, outer portion contains axons and inner portion contains cell bodies of neurons. 

(iv) The membrane covering the brain is meninges which is a 3 membranous covering.

(v) Cerebrospinal fluid is a watery fluid found within the space of the covering membrane and also in ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord. It acts like a cushion to protect the brain from shocks. It also acts as a medium for the exchange of food materials, waste products and respiratory gases with neurons.

(i)

 A. Cerebrum 

B. Cerebellum 

C. Spinal cord 

(ii) 

A. It is the seat of memory, will power, emotions, experience, intelligence and controls all voluntary actions of the body. 

B. Maintains balance of the body.

(iii) Meninges.

(iv) It serves as shock absorbing medium. Protects brain and the rest of CNS against jerk and jolts. It maintains constant pressure in and around the brain.

((i) Crossing over

(ii) Population density 

(iii) Passive immunity 

(iv) Non biodegradable 

(v) Pons varoli

(B) Turgor pressure exceeds wall pressure. 

The correct option is  (C) Calcium

 (C) Thylakoids

(D) Hypersecretion of Growth hormone

(C) Renal pelvis

This means that electron revolves round the nucleus in fixed i.e., quantised orbits and do not radiate i.e., angular momentum in these orbits is integral multiple of \(\frac{h}{2\pi}\), where h is plank's constant.

\(\frac{1}{F'}= \frac{1}{f_1}+\frac{1}{f_2}\) = \(\frac{1}{+40} +\frac{1}{-30}\) = \(\frac{1}{40}-\frac{1}{30}\)

\(\frac{1}{F'}\) = \(\frac{3-4}{120}\) = \(-\frac{1}{120}cm\)[Diverging]

Since e = 314 sin 50 πt V

∴ ω = 50 π

Hence, frequency, f  =\(\frac{50\pi}{2\pi}\) = 25Hz or Rad s^-1

Brewster’s law states that the tangent of the angle of polarization is equal to the refractive index of the medium.

i.e., μ = tan lp, where p is the refractive index and lp the polarizing angle.

The given beam is made to pass through a polaroid. The polaroid is now rotated about the direction of the incident light. If there is no change in the intensity of the transmitted light, it is unpolarized. If there is a change in the intensity of the transmitted light, then the incident light is polarized.

(i) The total area of land used for cultivation at least once in a year. 

(ii) The net sown area is the means to meet the food and other requirements of the rapidly increasing population in India. 

(iii) The two adverse effects are :

1. Low agricultural productivity and backward state of our agriculture. 

2. A lot of time and labour is wasted in moving seeds, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of land to another.

The following are the reasons for higher dependency ratio in the rural areas as compared to urban areas: 

1. Birth rates are higher in the rural areas as compared to those in the urban areas. 

2. Large number of adults migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs and better facilities of life. Adults who migrate to urban areas in search of jobs come back to their rural homes in old age.

(i) The importance of transport as an infrastructural resource to industrial economy are : 

1. It is the basic economic arteries and provides an important link between production and consumption. It plays a key role in the origin and growth of industrial economy. 

2. Transport plays a vital role in production and distribution. Production is facilitated as raw materials are brought to the factory site by quick transport. 

3. The location of a manufacturing plant, its production and distribution, the growth of cities, towns and ports, domestic and foreign trade all are influenced by transport. Transport and industry are closely related to each other. 

4. Cheap and efficient transport is essential for localisation and growth of industries. Transportation facilities are required for carrying raw materials and labour force to the manufacturing site and for carrying manufactured goods to the market.

Thus, transport and industries grow side by side in any area.

(ii) The two natural factors that govern the distribution of roads in India are : 

1. Flat level land. 

2. High density of population.

1. Fast growing population has its own implications because it nullifies all achievements in economic and social spheres and is largely responsible for environmental degradation. 

2. It is a Herculean task to provide food, clothing, shelter, health, education and other facilities to a population which grows at a rapid pace. 

3. More than one fourth of our population is living below poverty line. There are 179 million houses for 192 million families. Over 5 million families still depend on rivers and ponds for drinking water. 

4. A large percentage of population suffers from hunger, starvation and malnutrition and does not have access to proper healthcare.

(i) The first reason is that the tanks cover large areas of cultivable land which could be used for cultivation. The second reason is that the tanks dry up during the dry seasons and fail to provide irrigation when it is needed the most. 

(ii) The two geographical conditions are :

1. The region must have impermeable hard rocks which will not allow percolation of water easily. 

2. The region must receive sufficient rainfall.

Two characteristics of black soil are: 

(i) It is moisture retentive.

 (ii) It is rich in iron, potash, lime, calcium etc. Imortance: 

It is deep, fine grained and in moisture retentive. These qualities of soil are important for agriculturally.

The Himalayan ranges were formed when the Indian plate was driven northwards and pushed beneath the Eurasian Plate. With the advance of the Indian Plate towards the north, the Tethys started contracting about 65-70 million years ago. About 30-60 million years ago, the two plates came closer and the Tethys sea crust began to fracture into thrust edges. About 20-30 million years ago, the Himalayan ranges started emerging.

The two negative impacts are : 

1. Low Economic Progress: Due to a large number of people being unemployed, there is poverty and low standard of living. 

2. Poor Social Welfare: It corresponds to a high burden of youth dependency on Indian economy.

The sex ratio means “The number of females per 1,000 males in the popula-tion. According to the census of 2001, India has 933 females per 1,000 males in the population. Thus, the sex ratio is 933. 

The reasons for the low sex ratio in India are :

• The male child receives a preferential treatment while the female child is neglected. 

• Many women die at delivery time because of the lack of medical facilities. 

• There has been a steady rise in women’s suicide rate due to the social evils like dowry. 

• Abortion of female child is also a major reason for the low sex ratio in India.

(i) Deccan plateau is a highly dissected one because of many seasonal rivers flowing across the Deccan plateau. 

(ii) Most of rivers in south India flow into the Bay of Bengal because the Deccan plateau flows towards the east i.e. towards Bay of Bengal.

(iii) Rann of Kutch is not cultivated because it is a marshy lowland covered with salty water.

India is the largest producer of Tea whereas Sri Lanka is the third largest producer. India’s contribution of tea production in the world is about 35% and Sri Lanka accounts for about 12% of the total world production of tea. Sri Lanka is the third largest exporter of tea in the world after India and China.

The deltas of the river Mahanadi suffer from occasional floods because of : 

1. Large scale silting and the consequent change in the river courses. 

2. Indiscriminate felling of trees in the catchment areas of the river has complicated the flood problem. 

3. High tide at the time of flood aggravates the flood situation.

The four Indian geological eras in their chronological order are the Archean era (Early Pre-Cambrian), the Purana era (Late Pre-Cambrian), the Dravidian era (400- 570 million years old), and the Aryan era (400 million years old to the present).