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The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males in the population. Male child receives a preferential treatment while the female child is neglected. With small family norms, many young couples do not go in for a second child if the first child happens to be a male.

Three benefits of the long coastline of India are : 

1. Suitable sites for ports and harbours. 

2. Suitable coast for agriculture. 

3. Back waters and lagoons for fishing.

Market gardening is a section of agriculture in which fruits and vegetables are grown mainly for market purpose. It is relatively a small- scale production and directly sold to consumers and restaurants.

India has developed market gardening as it has a wide variability of climate and soil and produces a large range of horticultural crops like fruits, vegetables, ornamental crops, medicinal crops and aromatic plants.

(i) Inland. 

(ii) The cause of sudden fall of temperature in July is due to the onset of the monsoon season. There is a fall of temperature from July to September because of rainfall during this period. 

(iii) The station experiences continental type of climate with marked seasonal changes with respect to temperature and rainfall.

1. Pre-Cambrian over 570 million years old. 

2. Paleozoic (245-570 million years old)

Three reasons for largescale migration are: 

1. Employment – people migrate in large number from rural to urban areas as the urban areas provide vast scope of employment in industries, trade, transport and other services. 

2. Education – rural areas lack educational facilities especially higher education so the rural people have to migrate to the urban centres for this purpose. Many of them settle down in the cities for earning their livelihood. 

3. Marriage – every girl has to move to her in-laws place of residence once married. A large number of girls move to the cities as well.

Metropolis: Metro cities are cities with a population of more than 1 million. e.g., Allahabad, Kanpur, Pune, Kochi.

Megalopolis: Megacities are those with a population of over 5 million. e.g., Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad.

Market gardening is the growing of fruits and vegetables in suburban areas for commercial purposes and sale in urban markets. It is creating skilled employment for rural masses especially for women folks.

Agro forestry involves the raising of trees and agricultural crops either on the same land or in close association in such a way that all land including the waste patches is put to good use. 

Two benefits of Agroforestry are :

1. The farmers are able to get food, fodder, fuel, fruit, and timber from their land. 

2. The land gives maximum production and provides employment to rural masses.

The two factors are : 

1. The rugged and inaccessible mountain in the north restricts the availability of land for agriculture, development of transport, industries and other economic activities. 

2. The excessive heavy rainfall followed by soil erosion tend to discourage concentration of population in the northeastern region of India.

Western Ghats 

1. It runs parallel to the western coast in a north-south direction from Tapi river to Kanya Kumari. 

2. It’s average elevation is 900 to 1100 metres above sea level.

Eastern Ghats 

1. It runs in a north-south to south-west direction parallel to the eastern coast from Odisha to the Nilgiri hills. 

2. It’s average elevation is less than that of the western ghats and is about 600 meters above sea level.

(a) Ribbon Settlement: Such villages develop along some road, railway, river or a canal. The main streets run parallel to the road, rail or river and main shops are also in the main street. Linear pattern is also found along the sea coast. The flood plains of rivers in the hilly terrains are also occupied by linear settlements. In the low-lying areas of western Europe, villages are often positioned on dykes and levees forming linear patterns. In India, such patterns are found all along the major roads and rivers. 

(b) Metropolis: A metropolis is a distinct form of settlement, characteristically with sprawling of its built-up area and includes its interdependent nearby villages and even towns.

The two objectives of Urban Forestry are : 

1. Reduction of environmental pollution; 

2. Recreation and improving aesthetic values.

Urban forestry pertains to raising and management of trees on public and privately owned lands in and around urban centres. It includes green-belts, road side avenues, parks etc. 

Its main objectives are :

1. Reduction of environmental pollution. 

2. Recreation and improving aesthetic values.

Two objectives of social forestry are : 

1. To reduce pressure on the traditional forest areas by developing plantations of fuelwoods, fodder and grasses. 

2. Management and protection of the forests as well as afforestation of barren lands, aimed at helping in environmental social and rural development.

Three reasons for starting various social forestry programmes in India are as follows: 

1. To reduce pressure on the traditional forests by developing plantations of fuel wood, fodder and grasses.

2. For the afforestation of barren lands, aimed at helping in environmental and social and rural development. 

3. Community forestry involves the raising of trees on public or community lands aimed at providing benefit to the community as a whole. The protection of the plantation is primarily the responsibility of the community as a whole.

Two reasons for the ‘break’ in monsoon are: 

1. Failure of the tropical depression. 

2. Dislocation of the monsoon trough (ITCZ) over North India.

(i) Tethys 

(ii) In the Mesozoic Era (about 70 million . years ago). 

(iii) 1. The break up of Gondawana landmass.

2. The uplift of the himalayas out of the Tethys sea

On 23rd March, 1940 at the Lahore Session, the Muslim League adopted Jinnah’s two nation theory and passed the historic Pakistan Resolution which demanded the division of India and the establishment of an independent, sovereign Muslim State. This ultimately led to the division of the country in 1947.

The base of a cooking pan is made thick to increase its heat capacity so that it gets heated slowly and imparts sufficient heat energy at a slow rate to the food for its cooking. It also helps to keep the cooked food warm for a long time.

(i) [Ni(CO)₄] 

(ii) K[Ag(CN)₂]

A mixture having three parts of conc. Hydrochloric acid and one part of conc. Nitric acid is called aqua-regia.

Nitric acid acts as oxidizing agent.

We can prove that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and chlorine by the following experiment.

Take a voltmeter used for electrolysis of water, fitted with platinum cathode and graphite anode. Into the voltmeter pour 4 molar HCl and pass direct current.

It is seen that a colourless gas is evolved at cathode and a greenish gas is evolved at anode.

When a burning splinter is brought near a colorless gas, it bursts into flame thereby proving that it is hydrogen gas.

When moist starch iodide paper is held in the greenish yellow gas, it turns blue black, thereby proving that the gas is chlorine.

2HCl → H₂ + Cl₂

This experiment proves that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and chlorine.

Difference between Hydrogen chloride gas and Hydrochloric acid is:

• dreams – fulfilments of cherished desires 

• different dreams interpreted differently 

• pleasant dreams bring in cheer 

• horrible dreams startle even in sleep. 

• day dreaming of armed chair philosophers and idealists. 

• some utopian dreams 

• dreams very necessary to make the world more charming and worthliving 

• dreams not bad, greatmen had great dreams 

• alway s dream of good and great things and w orkhard to turn dreams into reality.

• outward glamour and show not the reality or worth of somebody or something 

• smiling faces may have devilish minds 

• simple appearances may concel godliness or saintliness 

• robes of sadhus may hide evil instincts and lusts 

• world easily deceived by ornamentation 

• all that glitters is not gold

Kirchoff's Second Law states about law of consecutive of energy.

(i) ACHIAVAMANT

(ii) – 18

Incredible

world

switch ( ) { 

case 1: 

System.out .println( “good”); 

break; . 

case 2: 

System.out .println( “better”); 

break; 

case 3: 

System.out.println( “invalid”); 

break; 

}

switch(var)

{

case 1: System.out.println(“good”);

break;

case 2: System.out.println(“better”);

break;

case 3: System.out.println(“best”);

break;

default: System.out.println(“invalid”);

}

(i) Void Keyword 

(ii) This Keyword

str1 = /manners 

str2 = good/manners

An Exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a code sequence at runtime. 

Error might be because of : 

• a programming mistake 

• bad input data 

• problems in network connectivity 

• problems in resource allocation

do

{

body of statements;

}

while (condition);

digital mp4 = new digital ( );

? is a ternary operator. It is also called conditional operator. Its syntax is condition? expression 1 : expression 2.

The ‘new’ operator is used to create an object in Java Programming Language.

Fiscal Policy: This refers to the revenue and expenditure policy of the Government of any country. The instruments of fiscal policy are public expenditures, imposition of taxes (and changes in tax rates), provision of subsidy, public debt etc.

1. Monopoly Market 

2. Oligopoly Market 

3. Monopolistic competition Market 

4. Monoposony Market.

Shifting of tax burden is possible in case of indirect tax. The tax is paid by some other person and the final incidence is borne by some other person e.g. excise duty and sale tax etc.

(i) 1. Veins from tissues 

2. Superior vena cava 

3. Pulmonary vein 

4. Right ventricle

5. Left ventricle 

6. Pulmonary Artery 

7. Aorta

8. Lungs 

(ii) The heart is said to have double circulation because the blood passes through the heart twice. 

1.  It first leaves through the right ventricle, goes to the lungs and the returns to the left auricle of heart (pulmonary circulation) 

2.  It leaves through the left ventricle, circulates through the body, and again returns to the right auricle of heart (systematic circulation)

(iii)  Diastole is the phase of relaxation of the heart muscles during which the heart chambers fill with blood and the supply of food to the cardiac muscle is improved.

i.   Water molecules → root hair → epiblema → cortex → xylem

ii.   Ovulation → fertilization → implantation → gestation → child birth. 

iii.   Testis → sperm duct → semen → penis.

iv.  Photons → grana water molecules → hydrogen and hydroxyl ions → oxygen 

v.  Pinna auditory canal tympanum ear ossicles cochlea

Analogous organs are those having similar outward form and function but quite different in anatomy and development e.g., tendrils help in climbing, in coiling around a support may be modified stipules (Smilax) in leaf-apex (Gloriosa), leaf-let (Pisum), whole leaf (Lathyrus) and stem-tendril (cucurbita, grapevine, passiflora).

Gene flow is the addition or loss of alleles from a population due to the entry or exit of a section of population. It reduces the differences in the gene pools of separate populations.

Temporary embryonic structures in vertebrates. 

1. gill clefts 

2. tail

Life span is the time period from birth to death of an organism. 

Life span of Elephant is between 20 – 90 years.

The genetic erosion is the loss of genes from the gene pool due to certain factors such as deforestation, urbanization, shifting cultivation, damage of ecosystem and adoption of certain genetically uniform crop plants.

1. Deforestation : It results in depletion of plant and animal life throughout the world. Deforestation disturb the tribals and forest dwellers living in harmony with nature. It reduces natural population of plants and hence cause genetic erosion. 

2. Reduction in crop varieties : As new varieties develop, old varieties are discarded. With this gene pool gets depleted. With development of high yielding varieties, local low yielding varieties are discarded. Such varieties and their genes can not be regained.