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(i) At present the PLC of the Home Theatre System is in its growth stage where it is facing a tough competition. Still the sale at distribution is widening. 

(ii) At this stage the Sakona Co. Ltd should adopt the following strategies: 

1. Keep the price at competitive level. 

2. More importance should be given to after sales service. 

3. Try to introduce more versions of the Home Theatre System with improved features. 

4. More advertising to be done to create brand image and more sales promotional activities to be introduced.

(a) It is important for a company to maintain a good relationship with its shareholders because they are the one who contributes to the company’s share capital and assure the risk of the loss. The company should consider the shareholder as its actual owner and should always strive for a better relationship with its shareholders to hold their interest in the company and j promote holding of stock as a long term investment. 

Mr. Sharma should provide the current information about the financial position and future prospectsnf the company in a simple and under-standable language. The company should organise share holder relation programmes to promote the longterm investment relationship with the company. This will reduce the dissatisfaction and organised opposition to management policies. 

(b) The two public relation programmes that would paramount importance to the company are: 

1. The importance should be given to good employee relations, by giving equal opportunities to the employees and to be a part of management. This will increase the adaptability of management policies more effectively. A two way r channel of communication should always be active between management and workers. 

2. Consumer decides the success or failure of a business enterprise. Therefore, a sincere concern for consumers is very important. This can be easily achieved by developing better relations with consumers by regularly communicating with them through sales representatives, meetings, surveys, mailings, magazines and literature. 

(c) Empathy means looking at things from others point of view which leads towards better understanding of another human being. It is basically concerned with the establishment of trust and rapport, which is the base for public relation. It involves seeing and feeling matters as others see and feel which builds more confidence of the public and promotes goodwill of the company. It also appreciate company’s perspective in a positive way by creating an atmosphere full of faith, trust and confidence.

(a) The three types of training that can be undertaken by Ardent Aptec Ltd are as follows: 

1. Coaching: Under this method of training, the employee gets instructions by the supervisors or by some experienced employee. This method of training is economical, more realistic, does not require any separate training department and it creates better understanding between the workers and their supervisors. 

2. Lectures, Seminars and Conferences: Employees learn new ideas and latest changes taking place in the technology by attending lectures, seminars and conferences. This refresh their knowledge and they learn new ideas. 

3. Job Rotation: In this method the trainee is periodically rotated from one job to another. This broadens the outlook of the employees, by making him learn a variety of tasks. 

(b) Ardent Aptec Ltd, thinks training is very important because training is a learning experience which develops manpower to improve their job performance. It also helps workers to cope with the latest technological advancement taking place rapidly which boosts the morale of the workers to face the complex situations at the work place. Well trained employees require less supervision which reduces the cost of supervision and increases the probability of expansion of work. 

(c) Three training methods that may be adopted by Ardent Aptec Ltd. are: 

1. Lectures, Seminars and Conferences: Under such training method the employees learn new ideas and latest technological developments taking place in the industry. It refreshes their knowledge with new ideas. 

2. Vestibule Training: This training is conducted away from the actual work place. Artificial working environment is created where the employees recover from their initial nervousness before going into an actual work place. This type of training permits greater emphasis on teaching the best method of work. 

3. Sensitivity Training: This method helps the employees to learn more about themselves, their weaknesses and to develop self awareness. It also helps in promoting team spirit among the workers.

Difference between a Skimming Pricing and Penetrating Pricing:

(i)  Demography 

(ii)  Magnesium

(iii)  Hemoglobin 

(iv)  Semicircular canal 

(v)  Cerebro spinal Fluid (CSF)

(i) (d)

(ii) (a) 

(iii) (b)

(iv) (c)

(3) terylene

(4) shortens the time to reach equilibrium.

(2) HClO < HClO₂ < HClO₃ < HClO₄

1. Swami wished that an earthquake would reduce the school building to dust. His wish was unlikely to be answered because that good building—Albert Mission School— had withstood similar prayers for over a hundred years now. 

2. “Loaf about less on Sundays and you will be without a headache on Monday.” “Nonsense dress up and go.” Tells us that Swami’s father was completely unsympathetic to his son’s headache. 

3. Swami’s mother first suggested him to go to school in a bullock cart and later allowed him to stay at home and not go to school. 

4. Swami gave a colourful account of Mr. Samuel to his father in hope that his father would be made to see that he couldn’t go to his class late. Mr. Samuel was a violent man and didn’t stop caning till he saw blood on the boy’s hand and then made the boy press his blood stained hand to his forehead like a Vermillion marking. 

5. Father became excited. He was angry that why were this children beaten in such a manner, such teachers should be removed from service. He decided to send Swami late to his class as a kind of challenge and also was going to send a letter with Swami to the headmaster. 

6. Father ordered Swami that he had to go to school, no amount of protest from Swami was given a ear to. He also gave a long letter for the headmaster and told Swami to go to his class.

1. jolted—be shaken roughly 

2. stubborn—obstinate 

3. avail—use

314,

Nehru Nagar 

Agra 

31th March, 2015 

Dear Aunt Tulip, 

You will be glad to know that I am going to awarded a special prize at annual prize r day ceremony in my school. I have secured full marks in science and maths in all the three terms among all the five sections of eighth class. Therefore I have been chosen for this honour. The name of the prize is Archbishop Gold Memorial Award for the best student in Physics and Maths. The prize carries a gold medal and scholarship of Rs. 2500. 

The best thing about the entire affair is that I am going to receive it from our r former president Shri A P J Abdul Kalam, an eminent scientist and visionary. He is the chief guest of the annual prize day this year. I am very excited and thrilled about my achievement plus receiving the hononr from the hands of such a great personality. I also feel thankful from the bottom of my heart to my teachers, God and my parents with whose support and guidance I am able to achieve this success. I also need your wishes and blessings for my life ahead. Please convey my regards to uncle and love to Aryan. 

Your nephew 

Arpit.

5, Garden Road 

Agra – 282004 

3rd March, 2015 

The Principal 

St. Georges College 

Agra 

Sir, 

I want to bring to your kind notice that the fifteen minutes time allotted for the recess is not adequate for the students. We are not able to finish our tiffins properly in the allotted time. When the bell for the recess rings, it takes time for us to close our bags. Sometimes it happens that the teacher is in the middle of a topic, so he takes some extra time before leaving us. Besides this, we have to go to the washroom which takes some more time. 

Often we have to gobble up the food so quickly that it leads to choking. We are also not able to freshen up ourselves properly by spending some time in playing and talking to our friends. Therefore, I request you to extend the break-time from fifteen minutes to half an hour. 

I am sure that you will look to my request and the break-time will be extended soon. 

Yours sincerely, 

Akarsh.

(a) Three types of cases in which the Supreme Court exercises its Original Jurisdiction include : 

(i) Dispute between the government of India and one or more states, 

(ii) Dispute between the government of India and one or more states on one side and one or more states on the other, and 

(iii) Dispute between two or more states. 

(b) Three ways by which the Constitution ensures the independence of the Judiciary : 

(i) Though the Judges are appointed by the President, he/she has to consult the senior judges. 

(ii) The salaries and perks of the Judges cannot be changed to their disadvantage unless there is a Financial Emergency. 

(iii) The Judges have complete freedom to announce their decisions and discussions in the Court Chambers. 

(c) (i) Advisory Jurisdiction  The Supreme Court has the power to advise the President whenever asked. However, this advice is not binding on the President. 

(ii) Revisory Jurisdiction  The Supreme Court has the power to review its own judgment.

Yes, but it has to be ratified by the High Court.

The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.

High Court is the highest Court of the state

The tenure of Legislative assembly in 5 years.

The district judge is appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High Court.

The district judge is appointed by the Governor in consultation with the higher court.

Difference between Product Advertising & Institutional Advertising :

The importance of human resource development in a commercial organisation are as follows: 

1. Attracting and retaining the required talent through effective human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, orientation, compensation and promotional policies. 

2. Developing the necessary skills and right attitudes among the employees through training, development, performance appraisal, etc. 

3. Securing willing cooperation of employees through motivation, participation, grievance, handling, etc. 

4. Utilising effectively the available human resources. 

5. Ensuring that the enterprise will have in future a team of competent and dedicated employees.

The following are the qualities of a good salesman: 

(i) Knowledge : Salesman should have adequate knowledge of his company, its product, rival products, consumer behavior etc. He should have knowledge about the price at which the competitor is offering goods or services. 

(ii) Sociable : A good salesman always mixes up with people without any restraint. He should have the quality of adjusting with the customers of different nature. He should be a convincing, conversationalist and should be able to present his proposition pleasantly. 

(iii) Physical Attributes : A successful salesman must have sound health and pleasing personality. He should have capacity for hard work, a good stamina and sufficient tolerance. He should be mentally fit to understand what prospect says on one hand and on the other to make prospect understand what he says. 

(iv) Initiative : Initiative is needed in prospecting, approaching and convincing the buyers even without prior direction. An effective salesman also needs to have presence of mind and good common sense.

(v) Personality : A good salesman should always has neat and clean appearance and he should ‘ be dressed up in accordance to the particular working conditions. Personality is a composite of various features of a person – habits, appearance, way of dressing, posture, voice etc. He should not be casual.

When producer or the manufacturer directly sells the goods to the customers without involving any middlemen, it is called direct selling. For example, Me Donalds, Bata etc. The producer can sell their product or services to customers by mail order selling, door-to-door selling etc. There are some circumstances where direct distribution is more suitable than indirect channels of distribution: 

1. In case of industrial goods like CT Scan machine, direct channel should be preferred because they are technical, expensive, made to order and purchased by few buyers. 

2. Short channels are preferred for technically complex goods like industrial or engineering products like machinery etc. 

3. Direct channels are used if management wants greater control on the channel members otherwise a company can go in for longer channels. 

4. Perishable products like fruits, bread or vegetables are distributed through direct channels.

Direct selling is the action of marketing and selling products directly to the consumer in a non-retail environment. Instead, sales occur at home, work or other non-store location. This system often eliminates several of the middlemen involved in product distribution, such as the regional distribution center and wholesaler. Instead, products go from manufacturer to the direct sales company, to the distributor or rep, and to the consumer. Four circumstances when direct selling is more suitable then indirect selling are.

• When, to enter new market with relatively low cost, especially providing unique products or services and does not require high capital investment.  
• When organization wants to gaining the initial interest and attention of prospective customer – personal touch.
• When organization allows avoid additional intermediaries in distribution.
• Requires no specially educated workers

Directing is certainly a part of controlling function. However, motivation is not a controlling function completely, it is an influencing factor. For motivation, we should first know the need of the other person. Encouraging someone to excel in his actions amounts to motivation but not a control function. Motivation is a complex activity. It includes shades of controlling activity, though in a positive mode. Threat is also amounts motivation, of course in a negative way. Motivation is the core of management. Before a manager or business owner can make any decisions, he needs to know how it affects his bottom line. It is crucial that the staff be motivated by the proper direction.

A market is a place where regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock and other commodities, takes place.

Capital Market: The capital market is a market which deals in long-term loans. It supplies industry with fixed and working capital and finances medium-term and long-term borrowings of the central, state and local governments. The capital market deals in ordinary stock are shares and debentures of corporations and bonds and securities of governments.

The funds which flow into the capital market come from individuals who have savings to invest, the merchant banks, the commercial banks and non-bank financial intermediaries, such as insurance companies, finance houses, unit trusts, investment trusts, venture capital, leasing finance, mutual funds, building societies, etc.

Money Market: Money market is the trade in short-term loans between banks and other financial institutions. Money markets allow banks to manage their liquidity as well as provide the central bank means to conduct monetary policy. Money markets are markets for debt instruments with a maturity up to one year. The most active part of the money market is the call money market (i.e., market for overnight and term money between banks and institutions) and the market for repo transactions. The former is in the form of loans and the latter are sale and buyback agreements – both are obviously not traded. The main traded instruments are commercial papers (CP’s), certificates of deposit (CD’s) and treasury’bills (T-Bills).

Indirect Channel: If the producer is producing goods on a large scale, it may not be possible for him to sell goods directly to consumers. As such, he sells goods through middlemen. These middlemen may be wholesalers or retailers. A wholesaler is a person who buys goods in large quantities from producers; where as a retailer is one who buys goods from wholesalers and producers and sells to ultimate consumers as per their requirement. Involvement of various middlemen in the process of distribution constitute the indirect channel of distribution. Let us look into some of the important indirect channels of distribution.

This is the common channel for the distribution of goods to ultimate consumers. Selling goods through wholesaler may be suitable in case of food grains, spices, utensils, etc. and mostly of items, which are smaller in size.

Under this channel, the producers sell to one or more retailers who in turn sell to the ultimate consumers. 

This channel is used under the following conditions –

• When the goods cater to a local market, for example, breads, biscuits, patties, etc. 

• When the retailers are big and buy in bulk but sell in smaller units, directly to the consumers.

Marketing research is a systematic process. It first collects data about the marketing problem. Secondly, it records this data. Then it analyses this data and draws conclusions about it. After that, it gives suggestions for solving the marketing problem. So, marketing research helps to solve marketing problems quickly, correctly and systematically.

Marketing research collects full information about consumers. It finds out the needs and expectations of the consumers. So, the company produces goods according to the needs and expectations of the consumers.

Steps in Recruitment Process 

• Identify vacancy 

• Prepare job description and person specification 

• Advertising the vacancy 

• Managing the response 

• Short-listing 

• Arrange interviews 

• Conducting interview and decision making

Modern Marketing: Its main motive is customer satisfaction that is building a relationship with MIS customer and is achieved through an integrated, corporate wide set of marketing activities. This technique understands the needs and desires of the customer and product is designed accordingly.

In modern marketing, consumers are more conscious as well as cautious about the product they consume. Their expectations always keep on increasing; even their consumption habits are changed. So to cope up with, marketing managers need to have the latest information which will be met by the MIS. Simultaneously, there is a growing consumerism. Peoples are not passive. They don’t want to have any exploitation by the marketer. They are ready to agitate immediately, which not good on the part of any progressive and developing marketing firm. Therefore, marketing managers need to avoid. Thereby acquiring the latest information through MIS.

Recruitment is a process of identification of sources of human forces and motivating them to apply for jobs in the organisation. It is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule. It helps in faster selection of an efficient working force in an organisation. It is a connecting activity bringing together those offering jobs and their waiting jobs. A good plan and managed security initiative will result in better quality jobs seekers. Recruitment brings happiness in an organizations needs and shapes its future. The object of an organisation rely upon how effectively human resources are managed and utilized.

Promotion mix: It refers to all the decisions related to the promotion of sales of products and services. The important decisions of promotion mix are selecting advertising media, selecting promotional techniques, using publicity measures and public relations etc.

There are various tools and elements available for promotion. These are adopted by firms to carry on their promotional activities. The marketer generally chooses a combination of these promotional tools.

Following are the tools or elements of promotion. They are also called elements of promotion mix: 

1. Advertising 

2. Sales promotion 

3. Personal selling 

4. Public relation

1. Advertising: Advertisement can be defined as the “paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of the idea, goods or services by an identified sponsor”.

It is an impersonal presentation where a standard or common message regarding the merits, price and availability of product or service is given by the producer or marketer. The advertisement builds a pull effect as advertising tries to pull the product by directly appealing to the customer to buy it.

Advertisement can be defined as the “paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of the idea, goods or services by an identified sponsor”.

It is an impersonal presentation where a standard or common message regarding the merits, price and availability of product or service is given by the producer or marketer. The advertisement builds a pull effect as advertising tries to pull the product by directly appealing to the customer to buy it.

2. Sales Promotion: Sales promotion refers to short-term use of incentives or other promotional activities that stimulate the customer to buy the product. 

Sales promotion techniques are very useful because they bring :

• The short and immediate effect on the sale. 

• Stock clearance is possible with sales promotion. 

• Sales promotion techniques induce customers as well as distribution channels. 

• Sales promotion techniques help to win over the competitor.

3. Personal- Selling: Personal selling means selling personally. This involves face to face interaction between seller and buyer for the purpose of sale. The personal selling does not mean getting the prospects to desire what the seller wants but the concept of personal selling is also based on customer satisfaction.

4. Public Relations: Apart from four major elements of the marketing mix, another important tool of marketing is maintaining Public Relations. In simple words, public relations means maintaining public relations with the public. By maintaining public relations, companies create goodwill.

Public relations evaluate public attitudes; identify the policies and procedures of an organisation with the public interest to earn public understanding and acceptance.

The public does not mean only customers, but it includes shareholders, suppliers, intermediaries, customers etc. The firm’s success and achievement depend upon the support of these parties, for example, a firm needs the active support of middlemen to survive in the market, it must have good relations with existing shareholders who provide capital. The consumers’ group is the most important part of the public as the success of a business depends upon the support and demand of customers only.

SMS Alerts : It is a facility used by some banks or other financial institutions to send messages (also called notifications or alerts) to customers’ mobile phones using SMS messaging, or a service provided by them which enables customers to perform some financial transactions using SMS.

ATM : ATM stands for an automated teller machine and also known as an automatic teller machine is an electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller.

Two points of distinction between training and development are :

(i) An SMS alert is a service by which an SMS is sent to someone to alert him of an event.

From case to case, the SMS alert is set up based on a specific request of the recipient who will specify’ an alert threshold (stock exchange prices for instance) or it is directly sent out by a company (overdraft situation, flight delays, etc.).

(ii) Fayol believed that all employees of his company, from the foremen to the CEO. should receive some type of managerial training. He developed a list of principles of management. He believed that there were more than fourteen of them, but chose to focus on those he found to be the most useful in his own career. 

The fourteen principles that Fayol concentrated on were:

• Division of Work 

• Authority’ & Responsibility 

• Discipline 

• Principle of One Boss 

• Unity of direction 

• Subordination of individual interests to the general interest 

• Fair Remuneration 

• Centralization & Decentralization 

• Scalar chain 

• Order 

• Equity 

• Stability of tenure of personnel 

• Initiative 

• Esprit de corps (building harmony and unity)

Nature of work: Meaningful and satisfying job helps to improve employee morale on the other hand morale tends to be low when the job provides no challenge and satisfaction and job standards are considered very high.

High morale leads to ardent zeal among the workers for good accomplishment. High morale impels employees to make joint efforts filly with the management for achieving organisational aims. It is admitted as the key to higher productivity.

External Sources of Recruitment 

1. Campus Recruitment: These candidates are directly recruited by the company from their college/educational institution. They are inexperienced as far as work experience is concerned.

2. Private Employment Agencies/Consultants: Public employment agencies or consultants like ABC Consultants in India perform recruitment functions on behalf of a client company by charging fees. Line managers are relieved from recruitment functions and can concentrate on operational activities.

3. Public Employment Exchanges: The Government set up Public Employment Exchanges in the country to provide information about vacancies to the candidates and to help the organization in finding out suitable candidates. As per the Employment Exchange act 1959, makes it obligatory for the public sector and private sector enterprises in India to fill certain types of vacancies through public employment exchanges.

4. Professional Organizations: Professional organizations or associations maintain complete bio-data of their members and provide the same to various organizations on requisition. They act as an exchange between their members and recruiting firm.

5. Data Banks: The management can collect the bio-data of the candidates from different sources like Employment Exchange, Educational Training Institutes, candidates etc. and feed them in the computer. It will become another source and the company can get the particulars as and when required.

6. Casual Applicants: Depending on the image of the organization its prompt response participation of the organization in the local activities, level of unemployment, candidates apply casually for jobs through mail or handover the application in the Personnel dept. This would be a suitable source for temporary and lower-level jobs.

According to F. W. Taylor, the fundamental principles of management are applicable to all human activities and all types of organisation. Managerial knowledge can be transferred from one organisation to another.

Medical examination is a vital thing in the selection process. It ensures that the selected candidate is physically fit for the job and he does not suffer from any serious illness/disease which may create problem in future.

Staff selection is the process of interviewing and evaluating the candidates for a specific job and selecting an individual for employment based on certain criteria (qualifications, skills and experience). 

Checking references: The person who gives the reference of a potential employee is also a very important source of information. The referee can provide info about the person’s capabilities, experience in the previous companies and leadership and managerial skills. The information provided by the reference person is meant to kept confidential with the HR department. 

Relevance of checking references : Reference checking allows you to ensure that you are finding the most qualified person. By conducting reference checks, you can avoid costs associated with poor performance. These checks help in confirming information provided by the applicant in application form and resume. It can help in looking into insights of the candidate’s skills, knowledge and abilities from someone who has actually observed the candidate. 

Placement : Placement is the process of assigning a specific job to each one of the selected candidates. Once an employee has been selected, he/she should be placed on a suitable job. Putting the right man at the right job is an important as hiring the right person. A misplaced employee remains dissatisfied and frustrated. 

Relevance of placement: 

• reduces employee turnover 

• reduces absenteeism 

• improves morale

Dismissal is a harsh step and should be taken with great care. 

The steps involved in dismissal procedure are as follow : 

Charge Sheet: It is a written complaint for the offence for which an employee is charged. It indicates the time limit within which an employee has to submit his reply. 

Receipt of Explanation : Written the prescribed time employee must submit his explanation to the concerned authority explaining the reasons as to why he should not be dismissed from his services. 

Issue of Notice of Inquiry : If an explanation is unsatisfactory then a notice of inquiry is issued to an employee. The notice should clearly mention the time, place, date of the inquiry and the name of officer concerned who is going to conduct an inquiry. 

Holding Inquiry : The inquiry officer concerned on the specified date and time will explain clearly the charges against the employee. The details of the inquiry are recorded and the report is then signed by the inquiry officer. All the witnesses are called to submit their statement. 

The Findings Inquiry : Officer prepared his report which contains the procedure followed. Statements recorded, document examined and the explanation given by employee. He also prepares his report in which he records his decision and submit it to the concerned authority who has a power to dismiss the employee. 

Decision : On receiving the report from Inquiry Officer, the concerned authority takes a decision to dismiss the employee. 

Communication of an Order: Finally a copy of dismissal orders is handed over to the accused employee under his signatures.

360° appraisal has four integral components : 

1. Self appraisal 

2. Superior’s appraisal 

3. Subordinate’s appraisal 

4. Peer appraisal 

Self-appraisal gives a chance to the employee to look at his/her strengths and weaknesses, his achievements, and judge his own performance. 

Superior’s appraisal forms the traditional part of the 360° performance appraisal where the employees’ responsibilities and actual performance is rated by the superior. 

Subordinate’s appraisal gives a chance to judge the employee on the parameters like communication and motivating abilities, superior’s ability to delegate the work, leadership , qualities etc. 

The correct feedback given by peers can help to find employees’ abilities to work in a team, co-operation and sensitivity towards others. Self-assessment is an indispensable part of 360° appraisals and therefore 360° Performance appraisals have high employee involvement and also have the strongest impact on employees.

The basic features of informal organisation are as under : 

• Informal relations are unplanned. They arise spontaneously. 

• Formation of informal organisations is a natural process. 

• Informal organisation reflects the pattern of human relationships. 

• Informal organisations are based on common taste, problem, language, religion etc.

• The membership of the informal organisation is voluntary. 

• Informal organisation is unstable in nature, its life is generally short.

Management is called a science because it has a systematic body of knowledge including concepts, principles and theories. But it is not a perfect science as its principles are mostly situation based and do not produce the same results every time. In fact, management is a social science as it deals with humans whose behavior is not fully predictable.