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Difference between Centralization and Decentralization.

Centralization and decentralization both are organizational structures which are followed in various organizations across the world. Both are quite opposite of each other and therefore it is important to know about the differences between centralization and decentralization:

1. While under centralization the decision making power is in the hands of top management. In other words all major decisions are taken at top management while lower management has no or very little power to make decisions regarding the company matters whereas under decentralization decision making authority is delegated to lower levels of the management, in simple words under this method all decisions are not taken by top management rather some decision making authority is delegated to middle and lower-level management.

2. Under centralization the chances of conflict among middle and lower-level managers is less because decisions are taken by higher management and all have to abide by it irrespective of their opinion whereas under decentralization chances of conflict increases because of multiple decision-making authorities due to delegation of power.

3. Centralized organizational structure is best suited for a small company which is operating in a limited geographical area because of its simplicity while decentralized organizational structure is ideal for big MNC companies which are operating in different geographical locations as in huge organizations it is not possible to have single or centralized decision making authority.

(i) It means that if a bulb is given a 250 V supply, it will consume 100 J of energy per second.

(ii) Let P = VI ⇒ ∴ I = 0.4 A

Given : 100 W, 250 V.

Information:

(1) It conveys that when the bulb is connected to a 250 V supply it consumes 100 J of energy in 1 second or 100 W power.

(2) It will work at its maximum capacity at 250 V.

(a) Institutional Advertising: The aim of this type of advertising is to build a favourable image of the organisation rather than to promote the sale of a product or service. 

Other types of Advertising: 

Advertising can be classified in the following categories: 

1. Product Advertising: The main objective of product advertising is to promote the sale or reputation of a particular product, brand or service. It is sponsored by manufactures, traders and other organisations to promote the uses, features, benefits and image of their products and services. 

2. Informative Advertising: This type of advertising contains information about a product/service or institution. It makes consumers aware of the existence, features, uses of goods and services. For example, advertisements suggesting how to save petrol or avoid accidents are informative advertising. 

3. Persuasive advertising: This type of advertising is designed to persuade the consumers to buy a product or service or to support an idea. 

4. Reminder Advertising: It attempts to remained people about the product/service or idea. 

5. Concept Advertising: This is also known as ‘primary demand advertising’ or ‘pioneering advertising’. Its purpose is to stimulate demand for a new type of product. Advertisements designed to change life style of people is concept advertising. For example, ‘a diamond is forever’ seeks to promote diamond jewellery as a concept. (b) Brand promotion: Brand promotion comprises all the activities which a business performs to persuade and motivate people to buy the brands of the company. It is done by the manufacturer but sometimes wholesalers and retailers may also undertake brand promotion. The main purpose is to build a market for a brand and to meet competition. For example, several brands are advertised on TV like Pepsodent toothpaste, Lux soap, Titan watches, and so on. In short, brand promotion means making a brand popular. 

Methods used for brand promotion: 

1. Advertising: It is a widely used medium for brand promotion. Advertisements on TV, radio, newspapers and magazines reach a large number of people. It is due to repeated advertisements that Pepsodent toothpaste, Rin detergent powder, Surf Excel, Hero Honda bike, Maruti car, Nokia mobile, Maggi noodles, Horlicks and other brands have become popular in the market. 

2. Sales Promotion: These are the short-term incentives to promote the sale of a brand. It induces buyers to purchase a brand through various incentives like discount coupons, prize contents, money refund. It provides the buyers incentives to purchase the brand ‘now’—immediately and without any delay. In fact, available only for a specified short period. It temporarily raises the demand and when incentives are withdrawn, the demand falls down. Now-adays mobile companies are using sales promotion techniques which induces consumers to buy a connection from-a particular company. 

3. Maintaining and Improving Quality: In order to promote their brands, business firms are continuously maintaining and improving the quality of their brands. Brands continue to enjoy confidence of consumers only when their quality is maintained and improved. 

(c) Company should use Television and Newspapers for advertising its product: 

1. Television: Television is comparatively a new but fast growing medium of advertising. It has become very popular and effective due to the combined force of picture and sound. It has a dramatic impact on the minds of viewers. On television, products can be demonstrated and their use can be explained. Therefore, advertisement has to be repeated frequently. 

2. Newspapers: Educated and civilised people all over the world read newspapers as a matter of habit. Newspapers reach all places and are read by all types of people. Therefore, newspaper advertising has a general and wide appeal. The choice of a particular newspaper for advertising depends upon the circulation of the paper, the type of readers it serves, the geographical region in which it is popular, the cost of space and general reputation of the paper. A daily newspaper &as a wide circulation so that the message can quickly reach a large number of people. The advertisement can be repeated daily to remind customers and to create a lasting impression. Because of its repetition value, newspaper advertising is very useful in the introduction of a new product or brand name. There is the benefit of selectivity. Desired markets or regions can be approached through local or regional news¬papers. There is greater flexibility as the advertisement can be changed daily and presented in a new form for greater impact.

Given : Resistance (R) = 500 Ω, Current (I) = 0.4 A 

Power (P) = I²R 

= (0.4)² x 500 W = 80 

W Potential difference at its ends (V) = IR 

= 0.4 x 500 V=200 V

(a) Given R = 500 W, I = 0.4 A, V = ?, Using V = IR, we have V = 0.4 × 500 = 200 V 

(b) Copper loss and iron loss. 

(c) (i) Should have high melting point and 

(ii) Should have low value of work function. 

(d) (i) The nature of the metal and 

(ii) Temperature of the metal surface. 

(e) The nucleus tends to be radioactive when it becomes unstable.

(a) (i) This is done by polishing the inner and outer surface of the copper calorimeter and the space between the copper vessel and the insulating container is filled with some poor conductor like wood wool or glass wool. 

(ii) A, as it will gain less energy in a given time. 

(b) Given m_w = 150 g, m_i = ?, m_C = 50 g, T_i = 0°C, T_w = 32 °C, T_f= 5°C 

Specific heat capacity of calorimeter = 0.4 J g^_-1 °C^-1 

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g^-1 °C^-1 

Latent heat capacity of ice 330 J gm^-1 

Heat lost by 150 g water + 50 g of calorimeter in falling form 32°C to 5°C 

= 150 × 4.2 × 27 + 50 × 0.4 × 27 = 17550 J 

Heat needed to melt ice = m_i L = m_i × 330 = 330m_i So 330m_i = 17550 or mi = 17550/330 = 53.2 g 

(c) (i) Infrared 

(ii) Infrared 

(iii) Temperature and surface area.

(i) Pitch. 

(ii) Colour

The two conditions are : 

(i) Displacement is zero. 

(ii) Angle between force and displacement is 90°.

(i) The deviation in the path of light when it travels from one medium to the other is called refraction of light. 

(ii) Speed of light is different in different mediums.

(i) ∴ Effort arm > Load arm. 

(ii) Single movable pulley.

Two methods of controlling soil erosion are : 

(i) Planting trees and indiscriminate felling of trees must stop. 

(ii) Terraced farming checks erosion.

1. Hilly areas of Uttrakhand and Himachal Pradesh 

2. Madhya Pradesh

Differences between alluvial soil and red soil are : 

(i) Alluvial soil is more fertile and deep whereas red soil is not water retentive and less fertile. 

(ii) Alluvial soil is yellow in colour and red soil is red in colour.

1. 36.2 °C – 12 °C = 24.

2 °C 2. 1.5 + 0.1 + 0.0 +1.4 + 1.1 + 21.0 + 25.3 + 27.2 + 24.0 + 9.4 + 1.5 + 0.4 = 112.9 cm 

3. Temperature range is very high so we can conclude the station is away from the equable effect.

(i) Annual rainfall experienced by the station is 128.7 cm. 

(ii) Annual range of temperature is 12.1°C. 

(iii) November is the wettest month.

(i) Rain shadow region. 

(ii) (18°C) – (-8°C) = 26°C.

(i) Laterite soil 

(ii) Alluvial soil 

(iii) Black or Regur soil 

(iv) Black or Regur soil

An effort made by man to prevent or reduce the rate of destructive erosion of soil by taking preventive measures is called ‘Soil conservation’. 

Soil conservation is a mu£t to maintain the productivity of land. Reafforestation is planting of two saplings in place of one tree, in a place of deforested area, saves the soil from erosion caused by both water and wind.

Laterite soils are formed by ‘Leaching’. Leaching is a process in which the nutrients of the soil get percolated down below the soil due to heavy rainfall, leaving behind the top soil infertile. Laterite soils are ‘In situ’ and the climatic condition responsible for it is high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate dry and wet period.

1. Forests occur in and around the deltas, estuaries and creeks prone to tidal forests. Trees can survive both fresh as well as brackish water. 

2. Nilgri region receives rainfall of 150 to 180 cm so moist deciduous forests dominate the region. Trees shed their leaves during the dry season.

1. Mangroves can live in the most inundated areas, prop themselves up above the water level with stilt roots and can then take in air through pores in their bark. Prop root systems allow mangroves to take up gases directly from the atmosphere, and various other nutrients, like iron from the inhospitable soil. Gases are quite often stored directly inside the roots and processed even when the roots are submerged during high tide. 

2. Littoral forests occur at several places along the coast and confined deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauveri.

1. Punjab plains, Northern Madhya Pradesh, South-West Uttar Pradesh, (Bundelkhand plateau). 

2. Trees remain small, it saves surface through which water evaporates. Develop an extended root system close to the surface and still collect a lot of water during scanty rainfall.

1. 1. They play a significant role in the prevention and control of soil erosion. 

2. Forests play an important role in regulating the earth’s temperature and weather patterns by storing large quantities of carbon and water. 

2. Social Forestry

• Variability in Rainfall: Rainfall in India is very uncertain, which increases the element of risk and makes crop production rather difficult.

• Unequal Distribution of Rainfall: In most parts of the country, 80% of the annual rainfall is received from June to September from the south-west monsoon. Saurashtra-Kutch region of Gujarat, western half of Rajasthan and parts of Punjab and Haryana are in the arid zone, where there is a constant deficiency of water.

(i) Insulin. 

(ii) Sex corticoids. 

(iii) Thyroxin. 

(iv) Somatotropin. 

Make use of the following hints and develop them into an argument against the statement:

It is right for a person to interfere in the affairs of another. 

• no good to interfere in the affairs of another 

• bad manners 

• causes disturbance 

• zoss of concentration 

• output poor 

• liberty and freedom in doing something is undermined 

• hampers prosperity 

• conclusion

Make use of the following hints and develop them into a complete essay. 

• Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam – a Missile Man 

• faced problems and hardships of life 

• rose to the .highest position of the President of India 

• his achievements as a scientist 

• honoured with Padma Bhushan in 1981 

• successful testing of Trishul (1985), Prithvi (1988) and Agni (1989) 

• his role in the Pokhran atomic bomb blast (1998) 

• popularly known as the Missile Man of India 

• author of a number of books

• friendly with the children

Personal Profile

1. Name : Nitin 

2. Father’s Name : Sh. AN Sharma 

3. Address : 13, New Park, Gurugram 

4. Education : Studied in St. Joseph’s school, Gurogram Passed ISC exam seeming 95% marks, 2018 

5. Academic Interests : Reading journals on Computer Science Interest in Artificial Intelligence.

6. Cultural Activities : Participated in debates at the Inter School Level Won many First Prizes 

7. Sports : Interest iii pbying cricket 

8. Position of Leadership : was Head Boy for 1 year at the school 

9. Future Plans . want to do MS in Computer Science (Artificial Intelligence) desire to work in an MNC in the USA 

10. Personality : hard work and sincerity in whatever I do innovative mind, applying theories to day-to-day life.

One of the most beautiful places in Kangra valley is Dharamshala which I visited last month in the company of my friends. We had heard a lot about this beautiful tourist resort of Himachal Pradesh. From Pathankot to Jogindar Nagar we travelled by train. The joumey was really enjoyable by train. The journey was really enjoyable as the weather was very fine. There was greenery all around and a cold wind was blowing.

We stayed in Sood Guest House on Cantt road in Kotwali Bazar. The rooms there were quite comfortable with all modem facilities. It was the month of June, the best season for visiting this place.

The guest house had a balcony from where the valley presented a picturesque view. We took our breakfast in the balcony where tables and chairs were laid. Then we made a programme of visiting Mcleod Ganj, home of the Dalai Lama and head quarter of the Tibetan Government in exile. It is about 10 kilometres from Dharamshala. We visited the famous temple the home of His Holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama. We came across many Tibetan monks who greeted us with a friendly smile. We enjoyed western food in a hotel. In the evening we came back to our guest house.

The next day we visited Kangra Art Musium. From our guest house it was at a distance of only one kilometre. We preferred to go on foot. We saw beautiful miniature paintings of Kangra school of art. Beautiful elaborately embroidered costumes of Kangra people were also displayed there. The wood carvings and the tribal jewellery displayed there were indeed very beautiful.

We spent five days in Dharamshala. Dining the daytime the weather was cool and enjoyable but the nights were rather cold/Twice it rained. On the whole the stay was highly enjoyable.

She was delighted to find the sealed envelope lying on her table. As she reached for it, something unexpected happened all of a sudden. A small monkey entered her room from the open window behind her study table, caught hold of the envelope and ran out from the window in no time.

She screamed loudly and called her father who was still at home. Father came in and enquired what had happened.

‘Amonkey…a monkey’, she murmured. ‘What monkey ?’ Father asked her confusedly.

‘Papa… a monky has taken my envelope having my certificates. Do something, please. I can see him on a tree in our garden’.

Father ran out, followed by Seema. They saw the monkey, sitting on a branch, trying to figure out what the envelope was and what it had. With a stick, Father tried to frighten the monkey. The monkey a mischievous rascal, giggled as it jumped to another branch, holding the envelope carefully as if it were a prize possession.

Ramu, our servant, came out with a more practical solution. He picked up some stones and threw them up aiming at the monkey. The Monkey remained adament and seemed to laugh down at us from his perch.

Then suddenly a crow flew over the monkey, and in fright the monkey’s hold on the envelope loosened and it fell down with a thud. Seema rushed forward and caught hold of the envelope. Father went to his room. Seema opened the envelope, and was amused to find a few forms in it, sent to some Rakesh to be filled in for some job.

Make use of the following points and write the story 

• time of evening, black clouds hovering 

• electricity failed, pitch darkness 

• silence, suddenly broken, shrill cry of Meenu, my sister 

• rushed to her room on first floor 

• trembling with fear, had seen some strange being in darkness 

• big teeth, dishevelled hair 

• took a round of the house in torchlight 

• nobody to be found, after an hour calmed, refused to sleep in her room

Hints 

• remained speechless and thoughtful for some time 

• the man helped me he was my friend Ram Kumar 

• now a totally changed person, with beard, moustache, robust physique 

• remembered school days 

• Mohit said he was a captain in the army, wanted some money 

• the moment he left, a group of policemen knocked at my door 

• stunned – Mohit was a robber, a proclaimed olfender

Hints: 

• everything went horribly wrong that evening 

• returning from a marriage party, car broke down

• no workshop close by, left the family, went, brought mechanic 

• started, stopped by police, verification of documents 

• car registration, missing, rebuked by police officer 

• due to tension wife started vomiting, reached home after 1 a.m.

Develop the following value points and complete the essay. 

• the news came as a pleasant surprise 

• father had been promoted as a General Manager 

• atmosphere of celebrations 

• a grand party- arranged 

• two days later a fax message came 

• the news of promotion false 

• father almost in tears, mother cried, all were sad 

• another message came — the news correct 

• this time father rang up the CEO to confirm 

• the news of his promotion true

Develop the following value points and complete the essay. 

• small things, usually taken for granted 

• importance felt only in their absence 

• broom, an agent of cleanliness 

• gas lighter/matchbox 

• process of cooking, begins with it 

• soap for bathing, and washing 

• pillow, mosquito repellent 

• no substitute for these small things

Any Boolean function that is expressed as a sum of minterms or as a product of max terms is said to be in its canonical form. The Boolean function which is expressed in the form of degree or cellularity or binary values is referred to as cardinal form. 

For example – The following function is in cardinal form. 

F(P, Q, R) = π(1, 3) 

The cardinal form has been converted into canonical form. 

F(P, Q, R) = π(1, 3) = 001, 011 

= (P + Q + R’). (P + Q’ + R’)

class Disarium 

{ 

public static void main (String [ ] args) throws IOException 

{ 

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader) 

System.in)); 

System.out.println ("Enter a number"); 

int n = Integer.parselnt (br.readLine()); 

int copy = n, d = 0, sum = 0; 

String s = Integer.toString (n); 

int len = s.length(); 

while (copy >0) 

{ 

d = copy % 10; 

sum = sum + (int) Math.pow (d, len); 

len--; copy = copy/10; 

} if (sum == n) 

System, outprintln (“Is a disarium no”); 

else 

System.out.prinln (“Is not a disarium no”); 

} 

}

import java.io.*; 

class Shift 

{ 

intmat[][]; 

int m; 

int n; 

public Shift(int mm, int nn){ m = mm; 

n = nn; 

m = 5; 

n = 5; 

mat = new int[m][n]; 

} 

public void input()throws IOException { 

InputStreamReader input = new InputStreamReader(System.in); 

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(input); 

for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) 

for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)

{ 

System.out.print("Elements of the matrix: "+i+", "+j+":"); 

mat[i] [j] = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); 

} 

} 

public void cyclic(Shift p) { 

for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)  for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) { 

if(i == 0) 

this.mat[m-1][j] = p.mat[i][j]; 

else 

this.mat[i-1][j] = p.mat[i][j]; 

} 

} 

public void display() { 

for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) { 

for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) 

System, out .print(mat[i] [j]+" \t"); 

System.out.println(); 

} 

} 

public static void main(String args[])throws IOException { 

InputStreamReader input = new InputStreamReader(System.in); 

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(input); 

System.out.print("M = "); 

int mm=Integer. parseInt(br.readLine()); 

System.out.print("N = "); 

int nn = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); 

Shift obj 1 = new Shift(mm, nn); 

Shift obj2 = new Shift(mm, nn); 

obj 1.input(); 

System.out.println("Original Matrix entered by you :"); 

obj1.display(); obj2.cyclic(obj1); 

System.out.println("New Shifted Matrix is :"); 

obj2.display(); 

} 

}

import java.io.*; 

class ConsChange { 

String word; 

int len; public ConsChange() { 

word = new String (); 

len = word, length (); 

} 

public void readword () throws IOException { 

InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader (System.in); 

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (isr); 

System.out.println ("Enter the word"): 

word = br.readLine(); 

word = word, trim().toLowerCase(); 

if (word.indexOf (") > 0) 

word = word.substring (0, word.indexOf (")); 

len = word, length(); 

} 

public void shiftcons() 

{ 

String cons = new String(); 

String vowel = new String();

 for (int i= 0; i < len; i++) 

{ 

char ch = word.charAt (i); 

switch (ch) 

{ 

case 'a'; 

case 'e'; 

case 'i'; 

case 'o'; 

case 'u'; 

vowel+ = ch; 

break; 

default: 

cons + = ch ; 

} 

} 

word = cons + vowel; 

System.out.println (''Shifted Word+word): 

changeword(); 

System.outprintln("Changed Word: "+ word); 

} 

public void changeword() 

{ 

int pos = -1; 

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) 

char ch = word.charAt (i); 

switch (ch) 

{ 

case 'a'; 

case 'e'; 

case 'o'; 

case 'u'; 

break; 

default: 

pos = i; 

}

 word = word.substring (0, pos + 1). toUpperCase 

()+word.substring (pos + 1); 

} 

}

import java.io.*; 

class Product 

{ 

String name; 

int code; 

double amount; 

Product(String n, int c, double p) { 

name = n; 

code = c; 

amount = p; 

} 

void show() { 

System.out.println("Name is :"+ name); 

System.out.println("Code is :" + code); 

System.out.println("Total Sale Amount:" + amount); 

} 

} 

class Sales extends Product { 

int day; 

double tax; 

double totamt; 

double fine = 0.0; 

Sales(String n, int c, double p, int d) { 

super(n, c, p); 

day = d; 

} 

void compute() 

{ 

if(day < 30){ tax = 12.4 * amount /100; totamt = amount + tax; 

} 

if(day > 30) { 

tax= 12.4 * amount /100; 

fine = 2.5 * amount /100; 

totamt = amount + tax + fine; 

} 

} void show () { 

show(); 

System.out.println("Total amount to be paid::"+ totamt); 

} 

}

importjava.util.*; 

class FiboString 

{ 

String x,y,z; 

int n; 

FiboString() 

{ 

x="a"; 

y="b"; 

z="ba"; 

} 

void accept() 

{ 

Scanner Sc = new Scanner (System.in); 

System. out.println ("Enter number of terms"); 

n = Sc.nextInt(); 

} 

void generate() { System. out.print(x+","+y); 

for(int i=0; i<=n-2; i++) 

{ 

System.out.print(","+z); 

x=y; 

y=z; 

z=y+x; OR z= y.concat(x); 

} 

} 

static void main() 

{ FiboString obj=new FiboString(); 

obj.accept(); 

obj.generate(); 

} 

}

class Stock 

{ 

String item; doubleqty,rate,amt; 

Stock(String a, double b, double c) 

{

item=a; 

qty=b; 

rate=c; 

amt=qty * rate; 

} 

void display() 

{ 

System.out.println("Name of the item: "+item); 

System.out.println("Quantity: "+qty); 

System.out.println("Rate per unit: "+rate); 

System.out.println("Net value: "+amt); 

} 

} 

class Purchase extends Stock 

{ 

int pqty; 

double prate; 

Purchase(String a, double b, double c, int d, double e) 

{ 

super(a, b, c);

 pqty=d;

 prate=e; 

} 

void update() { 

qty += pqty; 

if(prate!=rate) rate=prate; 

amt = qty * rate; 

} 

void display() 

{ 

super.display(); 

update(); 

super.display(); 

} 

}

import java.io.*; 

class Product 

{ 

String name; 

int code; 

double amount; 

Product(String n, int c, double p) { 

name = n; 

code = c; 

amount = p; 

} 

void show() { 

System.out.println("Name is :"+ name); 

System.out.println("Code is :" + code); 

System.out.println("Total Sale Amount:" + amount); 

} 

} 

class Sales extends Product { 

int day; double tax; 

double totamt; 

double fine = 0.0; 

Sales(String n, int c, double p, int d) { 

super(n, c, p); 

day = d; } 

void compute() { 

if(day < 30){ tax = 12.4 * amount /100; totamt = amount + tax; } 

if(day > 30) { 

tax= 12.4 * amount /100; 

fine = 2.5 * amount /100; 

totamt = amount + tax + fine; 

} 

} 

void show () 

{ 

show(); 

System.out.println("Total amount to be paid::"+ totamt); 

} 

}

import java.util.Date 

public class Account 

{ 

private int id=0 

private double balance = 0 

private static double annualRate = 0 

private Date dateCreated = new date(); 

Account () 

{ 

id = 0; 

balance = 0.0; 

AnnuallnterestRate = 0.0; 

} public Account (int newId, double newBalance) { id = newld; balance = newBalance; 

} 

Account (int newId, double newBalance, 

double new AnnuallnterestRate) 

{ 

id = newId; 

Balance = newBalance; 

AnnualInterestRate = new AnnualInterestRate; 

} 

public int get Id() 

{ 

return id; 

} 

public double get Balance() 

{ 

return balance; 

} 

public double get AnnuallnterestRate() 

{ 

return AnnuallnterestRate; 

} 

double get Monthlylnterest Rate()

{ 

return AnnualInterestRate/12/100 + bal; 

} 

double withdraw (double amount) 

{ 

return balance - = amount; 

} 

public double withdraw (double amt, date current date, date preset) 

{ if (getBalance() < amount) 

{ 

System.out.println("Amount is larger than current balance"); 

if (current date.after (preset) 

{ System.out.printing("Amount exceed balance"); 

return super;

 withdraw (amount); }

import java.io.*; 

class Book { 

String name[]; 

int point; 

int max; 

public Book(int cap) { 

max=cap; 

point = -1; 

name = new String[max]; 

} 

public void tell() { 

if(point == -1) 

System.out.println("SHELF EMPTY"); 

else 

System.out.println("Last entered: "+name[point]); 

} 

public void add(String v) { 

if (point+1 = max) 

System.out.println("SHELF FULL"); 

else 

name [++point] = v; 

} 

public void display() { 

if (point == -1) 

System. out.println("SHELF EMPTY"); 

else { 

for(int i = 0; i <= point; i++) 

System.out.println(name[i]); 

} 

}

public static void main(String args[])throws IOException 

{ 

InputStreamReader input = new InputStreamReader(System.in); 

BufiferedReader br = new BufferedReader(input); 

System.out.print("Capacity of the bookshelf: "); 

int size = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); 

Book obj = new Book(size); 

loop: 

while(true) { 

System.out.println("1. Last Entered"); 

System.out.println("2. Add New"); 

System.out.println("3. List All"); 

System.out.print("Enter your choice: "); 

int choice = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); 

switch(choice) { 

case 1: 

obj.tell(); 

break; 

case 2: 

System.out.print("Book title:"); 

String title=br.readLine(); 

obj.add(title); 

break; 

case 3: 

obj.display(); 

break; 

default:

break loop; 

} 

} 

} 

}

(a) Marketing is important for the following reasons: 

1. Large scale production : Marketing makes selling possible and thereby facilitates large scale production. This will reduce the cost of production and helps to expand the business. 

2. Income generation : Business can generate income to meet its expenses and earn more profits with the help of marketing. The survival and growth of a company depends upon the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing. 

3. Higher standard of living : Marketing modernised the living standards of people through the supply of quality products at reasonable prices. It is very helpful in improving the standard of living of people by offering a wide variety of goods and services with freedom of choice. 

4. Customer satisfaction : Marketing helps to identify and satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Modem marketing begins and ends with the customers. 

5. Economic development : It makes the economy strong by balancing production with consumption. It also gives a boost to banking, insurance, transportation etc. to keeps the economy moving ahead. t 

(b) 

(i) Bank Draft: Bank draft is a type of cheque which is drawn by a bank either on its own branch or on another bank. In order to remit money through a bank draft, a person first obtains the bank draft from the bank. The draft commission is paid in advance by the sender of the bank draft. The payment of an uncrossed bank draft can be collected at the counter of the bank on which it is drawn. 

(ii) Indemnity : Indemnity means a promise to compensate in case of loss. The insured is entitled to recover from the insurer only the amount of loss actually suffered. The insured will not be allowed to make any profit out of the happening of any loss covered by insurance contract. For example, Aman has insured his house for ? 20,00,000. Due to a fire Aman’s house is destroyed but Aman has been able to salvage household goods worth ₹ 1,00,000. Aman will be compensated up to ₹ 19,00,000.

(a) Difference between Advertising and Personal Selling :

(b) There are various techniques of sales promotion which are as follows : 

1. Bonus offers : It is the offer of an article free of cost or at nominal price on the purchase of a specified product. It is a practical persuasion to buy that helps to increase immediate sales and to clear accumulate stock. 

2. Exchange offer: In this method, customers are offered the facility of exchanging old products with the new one. For example, LG Ltd. offered to customers of washing machine that they could exchange their old washing machine and thereby pay less upto f 5000 on the new one. 

3. Coupons : Some organisations issue coupons to prospective buyers through newspapers, direct mail, dealers, package and door-to-door salesman. Coupons are used to introduce new products and to increase sales of established products. 

4. Clearance sale : Sales at reduced prices may be organised at important festivals or other occasions. For example, Khadi Gramodyog Bhavan offers special discount on Khadi products. 

5. Distribution of free samples : Free samples are distributed to selected people to gain consumer acceptance and to popularise the product. This is the effective technique for sale promotion as consumers can test the product before buying it.