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Long waves → Radio waves → Microwaves, Infrared radiation → Visible light → Ultraviolet radiation → X-rays → Gamma rays.

The electric\({\overrightarrow E}\) , magnetic \({\overrightarrow B}\) and velocity  \({\overrightarrow C}\)are mutually perpendicular.

The magnetic susceptibility is : 

• – ve for diamagnetic substances. 

• + ve but small for paramagnetic substances. 

• + ve but large for ferromagnetic substances.

Features of a Unitary Government are as follows: 

A single central all-powerful government: All the powers are vested with one single central government whose authority is supreme over all the parts and people of the state.

Local governments exist at the will of the central government: The local governments are created and vested with powers, by the central government. They work as administrative units of the central government and operate as the central government directs.

Constitution can be written or unwritten: Since there is no division of powers and all the powers belong to the central government, there is no special need for a written constitution. But it may be written or unwritten in accordance with the wishes of the people.

Flexibility of constitution and administration: The central government alone has the power to amend the constitution and in this sense the constitution is always flexible.

Single uniform administration: The existence of an all-powerful central government exercising power over all the people and places leads to single stable administration for the whole state.

Advantages: 

1. It is simple, less expensive and is ideally suitable for small states 2. It is a source of strong, all-powerful government. 

2. It ensures single uniform administration for the whole of the state. 

3. Suitable for meeting emergencies because being an all-powerful government, the central government can take all necessary decisions quickly.

Disadvantages: 

1. Possibility of a central dictatorship and avoidance of local areas. 

2. Central government often behaves inefficiently because of being overburdened with all the work. 

3. Being located at the center and faced with pressing national problems, it very often fails to satisfy local needs.

4. Unitary government is suitable only for small and homogeneous states.

Reforms in the education system and proper use of mass media to spread awareness are two ways to deal with the problem of communalism.

In Sprinkler Irrigation as water is supplied by means of pipes no water is lost by seepage and also there is no scope for loss of water by evaporation due to direct watering on the fields.

(a) (i) Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the British Government imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National Congress. 

(ii) Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 

(iii) To allow the Indians who lived near sea shore to manufacture and sell salt. 

(b) The proposals of Cabinet Mission were accepted by the Congress with some reservations. It suggested that grouping of provinces should be optional but not compulsory. The Congress rejected the scheme of Interim Government because of its limited powers and status. It also had objection of parity with the Muslim League. 

(c) (i) Federal Government : It recommended a federal type of government for the whole of India. 

(ii) Constituent Assembly : A Constituent Assembly consisting of 389 members – 292 members from provinces. 4 from the territories governed by Chief Commissioner and 93 from Indian Princely States would draft the Constitution of India. 

(iii) Division of Provinces : There would be three groups of provinces. 

(iv) Formation of Interim Government : An Interim Government at the Centre consisting of representatives of all communities would be installed on the basis of party between the representatives of the Hindus and the Muslims.

Electromagnets are used in electric bell. door alarm, electric motor, etc.

Continuous emission spectra : 

This spectrum is emitted by incandescent solids or by dense luminous gases heated to a high temperature. It consists of a number of continuous, unbroken bands of colors ranging from red to violet. There is no discontinuity or gap. It consists of all the wavelengths from one end to the other end. The intensity of a band is maximum at one end and then goes on decreasing. Since there is no demarcation between different colors it is called a continuous spectrum.

One postulate of Huygens’s wave theory is :

Every point on the wave front acts as a new wave-source from which fresh wave originates. These waves are called ‘secondary wavelets.’

(i) The phenomenon of photoelectric effect proves the particle nature of electromagnetic radiations.

(ii) Davisson-Germer experiment proves the wave nature of particles.

(i) Cytokinins: 

• It stimulates the cell division process. 

• It helps in the morphogenesis of plant cell, along with auxins. 

(ii) Auxin: 

• It helps in the formation of callus and in the development of xylem along with the promotion of cambial activity. 

• It is used for the elongation and enlargement of plant cell and it inhibits the promotion of growths of apical and lateral buds.

(i) IAA (Indole 3-Acetic Acid) and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) 

(ii) Kinetin and BAP (Benzyl Amino purine)

The benefits of a sound organisation are discussed below : 

Benefits of Specialization : Organisation is based on division of work which leads to specialization. In other words, jobs are created which require special qualifications, training and aptitude. People are appointed on the jobs on the basis of their area of specialization. This would lead to efficiency in performance and better quality’.

Clarity of Working Relationships : Organisation helps in creating well defined job and also clarifying the limits of authority and responsibility of each job. Thus, everybody working in the organisation knows the amount of authority and responsibility associated with his job. This would help in reducing conflicts over use of authority by different people in the enterprise and avoid confusions and duplication of work.

Optimum Utilization of Resources : Organisation leads to creation of distinct jobs and departments by systematic division of various activities. This would help in avoiding duplication of efforts and overlapping of duties among various individuals and departments. As a result, there would be optimum utilization of all kinds of resources.

Social Environment consists of the customs and traditions of the society in which business is existing. It includes the standard of living, taste, preferences and education level of the people living in the society where business exists.

The businessman cannot overlook the components of social environment as these components may not have immediate impact on the business but in the long run the social environment has great impact on the business.

For example, when the Pepsi Cola Company used the slogan of “Come Alive” in their advertisement then the people of a particular region misinterpreted the word “Come Alive” as they assumed it means Coming out of Graves. So, they condemned the use of the product and there was no demand of Pepsi Cola in that region. So, the company had to change its advertisement slogan as it cannot survive in market by ignoring the sentiments of the people.

The various steps involved in organizing process which are given below : 

Division of Work: The first step in organizing is to divide the total work to be done into specific jobs. Division of work facilitates specialization in work and skills which is essential, as no individual can perform the entire work efficiently and effectively. While dividing work, care should be exercised to ensure that all the activities required to achieve organisational goals are identified.

(ii) Grouping Jobs or Activities : The process of grouping the activities of similar nature under same departments is called departmentalization. Work divided into jobs is combined to facilitate unify of effort. The departments so created are linked together on the basis of their interdependence. 

Following are the various ways of departmentalization:

• On the basis of functions. 

• On the basis of type of products manufactured. 

• On the basis of territory.

Assigning Duties : Each group of activities is assigned to an individual best suited to perform it. In order to ensure effective performance in an organisation, it is essential that a balance is created between the nature of a job and ability of the employee responsible for that job.

Delegation of Authority: After assignment of duties, appropriate authority is delegated to each individual. A chain of command from the top manager to the individual at the lowest level is created through delegation of authority .

Establishing Reporting Relationships : It creates hierarchy management in which top management enjoys maximum authority and as one moves downward, the authority’ decreases. It establishing reporting relationship facilitates coordination amongst various departments. Interrelationships between different positions are clearly defined so that everybody knows from whom he is to take orders and to whom he can issue orders.

AIDCAM stands for Attention, Interest, Desire, Conviction, Action and More Sales. These are the various steps involved in personal selling summed up in the acronym ‘AIDCAM’. 

The two methods used to popularize a brand are: 

1. Advertisements: Advertisements in newspapers, radio, TV and other media are regularly given to make a particular brand well known among consumers. It is due to repeated advertisements that Lux Soap, Colgate Toothpaste, Titan Watch, Maruti Car and other brands have become popular in the market. 

2. Publicity: Publicity means any commercially significant news which has no sponsor, is non-personal and is not paid for by the individual or organisation involved in it. Mass media such as newspapers, radio and television give news and views about an organisation and its products or services in such a way that the image of the organisation is enhanced.

From : [email protected] 

Date : 10 : 10 : 18, 11 : 08 : 25 

To : [email protected] 

CC 

Subject : Inter-School Quiz Competition 

You will be glad to know that our school in holding an inter-school Quiz Competition on 15 October 20… at 11 am in the school auditorium. It will be a great favour to me if you kindly send three students to participate in the Quiz Competition. I would apppreciate if some staff member of your school accompanies these participants. I may assure you that the participants will be looked after well. Looking forward to your cooperation. 

C.J. Avasthi 

Principal 

St. Jude’s Convent School, Saharanpur

Comparison of roasting and calcinations:

Conditions for increase of corrosion are:

1. Presence of oxygen and moisture.

2. Metals which are placed higher in activity series corrode more easily

3. Dissolved salts in water act as electrolyte and enhance the rate of corrosion.

4. The presence of pollutants like NO₂ and CO₂ increases rusting.

When the surface of metal is attacked by air, moisture or any other substance around it, the metal is said to corrode and the phenomenon is known as corrosion.

Necessary conditions for corrosion are:

1. Presence of oxygen and moisture.

2. Metals which are placed higher in the activity series corrode more easily.

The five functions of the RBI in context with the Indian economy are: 

1. Issue of Currency Notes: The central bank has monopoly over issuing currency notes in the country. In order to inspire public confidence in paper currency, the central bank keeps reserves of gold, silver, etc., for issuing currency notes. 

2. Banker to the Government: The central bank acts as a banker, agent and advisor to the Government. As a banker, it receives and makes payments on behalf of the Government. The Central Bank serves as the Government’s agent in financial matters. It advises the Government in matters relating to monetary and banking policies. It manages the national debt and issue of Government securities. It also represents the Government in international conferences on monetary and banking matters. 

3. Banker’s Bank: The central bank acts as the bank for all commercial banks in the country. When a commercial bank needs funds it can obtain loans and rediscount its bills with the central bank. Commercial banks are required to keep a cash reserve with the central bank so as to control credit in the country. The central bank advises commercial banks on matters relating to their business. 

4. Lender of the last resort: The central bank helps commercial banks in times of emergency. Sometimes, a large number of depositors want to withdraw their deposits from a commercial bank at the same time. Under such circumstances, the commercial bank will have to borrow from other banks. But the other banks, due to some difficulty, may not be able to help the bank in trouble. At this time, the central bank is the lender of the last resort. The Central Bank helps commercial banks either by granting loans or by buying their securities. 

5. Credit Control: The central bank exercises both qualitative and quantitative control over credit granting capacity of commercial banks in order to maintain stability in prices and foreign exchange. In the absence of such control, commercial banks may lend too much or too little. They may lend to wrong parties or for unproductive purposes. They may also charge very high rates of interest. 

6. Custodian of Foreign Currency Reserves: The central bank is the sole custodian of gold, foreign exchange and all other reserves judiciously so as to overcome difficulties in balance of payments and to stabilize the exchange rates.

Brand means any identification mark (such as trade name, mark, symbol, picture, design, colour etc) used to identify the product of a seller and to differentiate it from the products of competitors. A registered brand is known as a ‘trademark’. Branding is the process of assigning a distinctive name to the product by which it is to be known and remembered. It is the process by which a product is branded. Brand India is a phrase used to describe the campaign India is using to attract business. Basically the campaign is to project the attractiveness of India as an emerging destination for business in the fields of service sector, manufacturing, information technology, infrastructures, information technology etc. The campaign uses both India as a huge market for products and services as well as a lucrative destination for investment. 

Branding helps consumers to identify and recognise the product. It is a means of differentiating the product from the competitor’s product. It is a basis of advertising and other techniques of mass selling. Branding helps to minimise selling costs by reducing dependence on middlemen. It tends to widen the market as need for inspection and sample is eliminated. 

Therefore, branding is very important in the Indian industry.

GAAP stands for ‘Generally Accepted Accounting Principles’. Accordingly, Accounting principles refer to the concepts, conventions, and standards which are widely accepted and adopted by accounting formation. According to Robert Anthony, “the rules and conventions of accounting are commonly referred to as principles”. Accounting is the language of business. In order to make this language precise, accounting authorities have developed certain basic rules. These man-made rules of accounting are called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The Principles are’accepted and used by accountants all over the world so that financial statements become comparable and useful to the users. 

‘Matching Concept’ of GAAP: Revenue must be ascertained first for a period and then the cost of that period should be charged to it. When cost is associated with a particular product or service, revenue earned from that product or service should be matched to its cost. This principle provides the guidelines as to how the expenses are to be matched with revenue. It requires that in determining the net profit, all costs which are applicable to revenue of that period should be charged against that revenue. 

While matching, costs with revenues, the following points must be considered: 

1. When an item of revenue is included in the profit and loss account, all expenses incurred on it whether paid or not, should be included in the profit and loss account. Outstanding expenses are debited in the profit and loss account on this basis.

2. If an amount is spent, but revenue from it will be earned in the next year, the amount should be carried down as an asset and should be shown as an expense next year. Prepaid expenses, are shown as assets in the Balance Sheet on this basis. 

3. Cost of goods remaining unsold at the end of the year together with expenses incurred on them must be carried forward to the next year. Therefore, closing stock is carried over to the next year as opening stock. 

4. Incomes received in advances must be treated as a liability, while income earned but not received should be recognised as revenue.

The basic idea underlying this approach is that the selling price of a product must cover its full cost and yield a reasonable margin of profit. The margin may be a fixed amount per unit or a percentage of cost. The margin is known as ‘Mark-up’ and therefore, cost plus pricing is also known as ‘mark up pricing’. The following formula is generally used to fix prices under this approach: 

Selling Price = Total cost per unit + Desired profit per unit 

Advantages: 

1. Cost plus pricing ensures full coverage of costs and helps in achieving a resonable return or capital employed. 

2. The method is logical and can be defended on moral grounds. It discourages cut-throat competition in the market. 

Disadvantages: 

1. If is very often difficult to determine accurately the cost per unit due to common overheads and joint products. The method involves arbitrary allocation of costs in such areas. 

2. The mark-up on the cost of the product is not fixed but may change with changes in demand. In practice, the rule of thumb methods are used to determine the mark-up.

Potential energy.

Rorschach ink-blot test is a projective psychological test. Projective techniques are used in psychology for assessment of personality. In this technique, the individual projects his or her unconscious wishes or desires on an ambiguous stimuli. These techniques are widely used in mental hospitals and clinics to assess personality and underlying psychopathology especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. 

Rorschach Inkblot Test is done to assess the structure of personality of an individual that includes personality characteristics, emotional functioning. 

History : Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach (1921) presented a systematic approach in regard to an ink-blot test. After Rorschach’s death, the original scoring system of the test was improved by Bruno Klopfer and others.

Test description and administration: There are 10 official ink-blots, each printed on separate white cards, approximately 18 x 24 cm in size. Each of the ink-blots is bilaterally symmetrical. Five ink-blots are black, two are black and red and three are multi-coloured. The blots are completely unstructured, ambiguous and without any meaning.

The test is administered in the following sequence : 

The cards are presented one at a time in a specified order. When the subject gets seated, the examiner gives him the first card with necessary instructions and asks him to say what he sees in it, what it looks like to him. 

The subject is allowed as much time as he wants for a given card and is permitted to give as many responses as he wishes. He is also allowed to turn the card around and look at it from any angle he wants. 

Besides keeping a record of the responses of the subject concerning these ink-blots on separate pieces of paper, the examiner notes the time taken for each response, the position in which the card is being held, emotional expression and other behaviours during the test. 

After all the cards have been presented the second phase of inquiry which is intended to seek clarification or addition to the original responses follows. Scoring, analysis and interpretation of the test: 

The responses are scored on four categories :

Location refers to the part of the blot the testee focuses on. There can be five categories of responses. ‘W’ indicating the subject has seen the blot as a whole. ‘W’ indicating the subject has not seen the blot as a whole and concentrates on specific sections of the blot, ‘d’ indicating the subject focused on minor or less important components. ‘D’ indicating that the subject focuses on major significant details. ‘S’ indicating the subject response to white regions within the blot.

Contents refer to what the responses contain or the nature of the response. Some of the common contents are as follows : 

1. Human forms are symbolized as H. 

2. Animal forms are symbolized as A. 

3. Animal details are symbolized as Ad. 

4. Human details are symbolized as Hd. 

5. Natural things such as river, meadows are symbolized as N. 

6. Inanimate objects like lamp shade, pot are symbolized as O. 

Originality refers either to popular (common occurrences) responses or original (which contains something new or is unusual) responses for each of the ten cards. Popular responses are shown as P and original responses are shown as O.

Determinants refer to how the blot is seen or perceived, i.e., it takes note of the manner of perception. The particular characteristics which helped the subject in deciphering the blot or deciding his manner of perception. The main determinants are- form of the blot shown as F, colour of the blot shown as C, perceived movement shown as M and shading of the blot shown as K.

" Please write as to what I tell you otherwise you will forget," the teacher said.

I would rather prefer to play a game than to watch a television.

(a) Secondary functions of Money: 

1. Standard of Deferred Payments—Deferred payments refer to those payments which are made sometimes in the future. 

Example: Money has made deferred payments much easier than before. When we sorrow money from somebody, we have to return both the principal as well as interest amount. It is difficult to make such transactions in goods and services. 

2. Store of Value—It implies store of wealth storing wealth has become considerably easy with the introduction of money. Wealth can be stored just in terms of paper titles. Stored wealth is a source of future investment and investment is a source of growth and property. 

3. Transfer of Value—Money also serves as a convenient mode of transfer of value. By facilitating transfer of value, money has promoted both consumption expenditure as well as investment expenditure across all parts of the world. 

(b) Cost push inflation—It refers to inflationary rise in prices which arises due to increase in costs. Cost push inflation is caused mainly due to increase in cost of wages and increase in profit margin. 

Three Determinants of Cost push inflation: 

1. Fluctuations in Output and Supply—The wide fluctuations in production of foodgrains has been mainly responsible for price rise. There was a remarkable increase in production Of food grains during first two plans and supply of food grains was good. But fluctuation in foodgrains production, the tactics of holding, resulted in an increase in price. 

2. Public Distribution System—The defective working of the public distribution system results in an uneven supply of various goods, ultimately affecting the prices of essential commodities by way of artificial scarcity. 

3. Rise in Wages—The rise in the general price level raises the cost of living which in turn, leads to demand for higher wages by workers. When the demand for higher wages is met, it will lead to further rise in costs or prices.

(a) Public Expenditure—Public expenditure is the expenditure incurred by the public authorities (central, state and local governments) to satisfy those common wants which the people in their individual capacity are unable to satisfy efficiently.

  Three reasons for an increase in public expenditure in India are as under: 

1. Development Work—Modem state has also taken up developmental work in addition to their primary functions of administration and defence. 

2. Rise in price level—As a result of the rise in price level, the public expenditure has gone up everywhere. The reason is that, the private individuals and also the government have to buy goods and services from the market at higher prices. 

3. Increase in Population—As a result, the government has to incur great expenditure to meet the requirements of increasing population. In fact, the public expenditure increases in the same ratio in which the population increases. 

(b) “Tax is a compulsory contribution from a person to the government to defray the expenses incurred in the common interest of all, without reference to social benefits incurred.” 

Three Merits of a Direct Tax: 

1. Equitable—A direct tax is an equitable tax. It is equitable in the sense that, it is levied according to the taxable capacity of the people. The rates of direct taxes, like the income tax, can be fixed in such a way that the higher income of a man, the greater is the rate at which he has to pay the tax. 

2. Certainty—The tax-payers know how much they are going to pay and at what time they are going to pay the tax. The authorities also know the amount of revenue they can expect. 

3. Elasticity—A direct tax c$n be varied according to the needs of the government and changes in the income of the people. When the income of the people goes up, the rate of income tax can also be increased. If the income of the people falls, the rate of income tax can be lowered.

(a) Shift in supply—Shift in supply curve refer to situations of increase or decrease in supply even when own price of the commodity remains constant. Shifts in supply curve are caused by factors, other than own price of the commodity. These are often studied as: 

1. Increase in supply, indicated by forward shift in supply curve. 

2. Decrease in supply, indicated by backward shift in supply curve. 

Three determinants of leftward shift the supply curve are as follows: 

1. Use of outdated technology, causing a fall in efficiency and rise in cost of production. 

2. Decrease in number of firms in the industry. 

3. Increase in taxation.

 (b) Elasticity of Demand: Elasticity of demand means responsiveness of demand due to change in price of the commodity, income of the consumer and price of the related goods. 

Three factors/determinants of elasticity of demand are: 

1. Own price of commodity—Other things being equal, with a rise in own price of the commodity, its demand contracts, and with a fall in price, its demand extends. This inverse relationship between own price of the commodity andits demand, is called law of demand. 

2. Income of the consumer—Change in income of the consumer also influences his demand for different goods, the demand for normal goods tends to increase with increase in income and vice versa. On the other hand, the demand for inferior goods like Coarse grain tends to decrease with increase in income and vice versa. 

3. Expectations—If the consumer expects a significant change in the availability of the concerned commodity in the near future, he may decide to change his present demand for the commodity. If he expects a rise in price in future, he will purchase today and if he expects a fall in price in future he postpones his demand.

(a) Division of Labour—“The system of distributing a particular type of job to a particulars type of worker is known as specialization division of labour.” 

Advantages/Benefits to Producers: 

1. Increase in Production—With the specialization of labour, the workers become more skilled and efficient. They acquire higher speed in work, which ultimately results in moreproduction, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. 

2. Improvement in Quality—As the worker acquires greater skill in performing the work, the quality of the commodity produced is better. 

3. New Innovations—Consequent to the division of labour, the worker uses only one kind of machine and tool or attends to only one process of the total work continuously for a long period and hence he originates an entirely new idea, which sometimes results in a new invention. 

(b) Capital formation—“Formation of capital implies that society uses its present production not only for the satisfaction of its consumption but also uses a part of it on capital goods that is making machinery transport facilities or other production equipments.” 

Three causes of low capital formation in a developing economy: 

1. Low saving ability—The people in India have the desire to save and possess all those factors, whifh motivate the “will to save’, like old age considerations, family affection, social and political influence, but they have lower per capita income. Lower per capita income leads to low savings which lead to lower rate of capital formation. 

2. Habit of Hoarding—Most of the people have very little capacity to save, and are more in the habit of hoarding their savings in their houses, such savings are of no use as far as capital formation is concerned, because these hoarding cannot be utilized for any productive purposes. 

3. Taxation Policy: High level of taxes on property in India, affects the savings and accumulation of capital adversely.

In the decade of 80, in India the land line telephones, telegrams and postal letters were the traditional means of communication. I have quite remembered that once I needed a competition book published from Amritsar in Punjab. I gave order to the book seller in my city but in vain. Then I wrote to the publisher to send the book by V.P.P. but I got no response. I waited a lot but when it became an urgent necessity, I myself had to go to Amritsar to purchase the book. My grandfather had expired in village. At that time there was no telephone in my village or anywhere nearby that’s why 1 was unable to communicate the immediate news of the tragic death of my grandpa to my parents living in the remote area of the country. 

But today we are living in the era of communication revolution. Today all traditional means of communication have become obsolete. What to say of letters or landline just talk of mobile or internet and even 3G or 4G technology and even more, wifi. All the new and revolutionary means of communication are quite thrilling and are the choice of entire world but when it comes to my best choice, I will approve of internet. Today on internet I can open any site of any publisher, no nlatter in India or any where in the vast world. By paying through my credit card online I can take my pass word from the publisher and open immediately any book or almost all the books on my computer screen just in my study room. 

I can talk face to face on screen or can operate teleconference among the people spreading in entire globe through internet. I can also do any transaction dealing in M.C.X. and stock exchange on line at home. Through internet using medical transcription I can consult with any superspecialist doctor showing my all the medical testings and reports and even all my record and thus can have his best prescription as the best care r of my health and the best value of my money. 

I can open the site of any institution or coaching situated in any remote area and can get the best matter on any subject of any course. I can also do the preparation of any pre admission test through notes and old papers on net or can do any course on line at home. 

On computer I can also do different transactions on line through internet. I can travel around M.C.X., I can enter into stock exchange or in any commodity dealing all at home. 

Internet and multimedia is today’s lifeline. Today’s train of all activities is running on the track of internet.

When we imagine of children a picture of an innocent carefree, tension free, smiling face appears in our heart. Children are the playful flowers as the creation of God. They are beloved to each and every one all over the world. They are the real image of truth and delicacy. Children are very tender by their body and very active and nimble by their mind. It is the innocence of children that makes them as holy as God. 

The other side of this beautiful picture of today is quite else and otherwise. 

The intense and clear study of the picture in question describes a scene of roadway hawkers, popcorn stall with a lot of packets and a heap of popcorn under the process of roasting and cooking in the frying pan with a small child waiting for customers. The most striking and appalling thing in the picture is that the stall is being run by two young children. Both the girls are looking quite innocent, poor and illiterate. These children are in great tension and pressure. They have almost forgotten how to smile. There may be others working in various factories, mills deprived of education and basic necessities. 

The irony of the fact is that every year we celebrate children’s days and declare human rights’ day and declare a number of children welfare funds and that of various program. But unfortunately could not abolish child labour and improve the statuses of children. Despite different Government and non-Govemment organizations the status of girls are not quite satisfying. Due to poverty most of the children can not study or go to school. Their parents are not so active vigilant and capable to send them to school. Most of the poor parents rather prefer their children to send as child labour for earning ; money rather than sending to school. Government has opened Aaganwadi institutes for the study of poor children. The Government is also supplying food as an incentive to the school going poor children. This mid day meal is claimed to be rich in nutrient.

The Government is doing various programs for welfaring poor children but all the programmes run just on the papers and press. They are no more reaching the poor and dejected children. Despite the anti child labour act we can see immense of children as child labour anywhere.

It is still to be done a lot more to improve the status and economy of the children.

XYZ 

President 

Social Service Club

Holman Institute E. Medium 

AGRA 

Date: 2nd March 2012. 

The Mayor 

Agra City 

Municipal Corporation 

AGRA 

Sub : Relief Plan for flood victims. 

Dear Sir/Madam, 

With due regard I draw your kind attention towards complications and miseries of various areas and people. The condition of flood victims of our district is pathetic and relief measures by the Government are falling short. Being President of the Social Service Club I wish to offer services in this regard and have proposals too. On taking a trip of flood affected areas my heart has been deeply moved to see the troubles and loss of vast amount of property and numerous lives. 

I have motivated all the students of my school and collected a big fund, cartoons of exhaustive medicine kits, food and clothes items.

 I have talked also to various inn and school owners to permit their venues for rehabilitation of flood victims. 

I have contacted some organizations like the Ron’s Club of the city, Agra Medical Club also, out of which Red Ribbon Agra is giving the team of doctors to treat against the calamities of flood victims, also free medicines and check ups will be supported by Agra Medical Club. 

The Chamber of traders and industrialists is also with us to support and supervise the aid programs. Teams of NSA and Scouts are also preparing their cooperation for this cause.

Agra Tent Association is providing bed and bed sheets for flood victims. 

A team of veterinary doctors is also with us to avoid the calamities of animals, birds and cattles. 

I am ardently wishing your permission and support for this cause. Kindly and generously open all your municipality sources for this kindful rehabilitation project. We are available online, our ID being www.xyz.com. We look forward to your early response. 

Thanking you. 

Yours sincerely 

XYZ 

President 

(Social Service Club)

In the periodic table alkali metals are plowed in the group 1.

The caste system plays a significant role in Indian politics. It helps in direction of political socialisation, political mobilisation and institutionalisation. Various policies and programmes of political parties are made on the basis of caste. Even the positions within a political party is determined on the basis of caste. Caste play a vital role in elections as people select their candidates on the basis of caste.

Hence, caste is encashed by the leaders for vote bank. Caste also play the role of pressure group in the arena of politics, as political bargaining is also based on caste. The administration is also influenced by caste as appointments, postings and transfers are also influenced by caste. Even the officials also carry out their administrative decisions keeping in mind caste considerations.

Features of Liberal Democratic State: 

Majority Rule: One of the features of liberal-democracy is that it is operated under the principle of majority rule. When major national decisions are taken the will of the majority is obtained through a free and fair elections referendum or poll.

Protection of Minority Interests: In spite of the fact that majority rule is practiced, the interests of the minority are respected and attempts are made to protect those interests.

Two laws that helped in empowerment of the women are: 

1. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. 

2. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.

1. Metallic 

2. Smallest

Silver nitrate solution when added to dil. hydrochloric acid will give a white ppt. and when added to dil. nitric acid, no change will be observed.

1. C—dil. sulphuric acid. 

2. A—Sodium hydroxide 

3. B—Weak acid.

1. Sulphur-di-oxide gas is evolved. Colourless, gas with smell of burning sulphur. It turns acidified potassium dichromate orange to green. 

2. Hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved. Colourless gas with smell of rotten eggs. It turns lead acetate paper black.

Add silver nitrate solution. 

White ppt of silver chloride obtained with dil. hydrochloric acid.

No. ppt obtained with dil. nitric acid.

1. Nitric oxide. 

2. Sulphuric acid

(i) Ionization potential : It is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outermost (valence) shell of an isolated gaseous atom. 

(ii) Electron affinity : It is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to the outermost (valence) shell of an isolated gaseous atom.

(i) AIN + 3H₂O → Al(OH)₃ + NH₃↑

(ii) Cu + 4HNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O + 2NO₂

(iii)  NaSO₃ + H₂SO₄ → NaSO₄ + H₂O + SO₂ ↑

(iv)  Na₂SO₃ + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O + SO₄↑

(v) C₂H₅Cl + KOH → C₂H₅OH + KCl

(i) Hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas. 

(ii) High solubility of the gas in water.

(C) HCl is highly soluble in water.

1. Ammonia gas and Hydrogen chloride gas. 

2. High solubility of the gases in water.