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(i) NOKIA 

(ii) 8

n = (q – p) > (p – q) ? (q – p) : (p – q) 

=14.

(i) 5.0 

(ii) 4

(i) Comparison operator 

(ii) Unary operator 

(iii) Logical operator 

(iv) Ternary operator

res = Math.pow (“345”.indexOf(‘5’), 3); is valued as :

res =8

Size of char a[4] is 4 × 2 = 8 Bytes. 

Size of float p[4] is 4 × 4 = 16 Bytes.

The / operator is used for division whereas % operator is used to find the remainder.

(i) 2 + 10 = 12 

(ii) -3

byte, char, int, double.

The char data occupies two bytes whereas int data type occupies four bytes.

Two types of access specifiers: 

1. public 

2. . private

An infinite loop is a loop whose test condition is always true. This type of loop never ends by itself. 

For example : 

for (i=l; i>0; i++) 

{ 

System.out.println(“Prashant Arora”); 

base class 

}

(i) Explicit type conversion, 

(ii) Implicit type conversion.

int PosChar (String str, char ch)

equals () is a string function where as = = is a relational operator equals ( ) checks for the equality of strings, whereas = = checks the equality of 2 primitive type values.

Exception handling is a term associated with handling irregular situations that occur while a program is executing. When some error is occurred in a program then an exception is created by its throwable class. It helps Java not to terminate the program when the error occurs rather the program is able to continue execution.

The parameter listed in the function prototype are termed as the formal parameters whereas the parameter used in the function call statement are the actual parameters.

The parameter listed in the function prototype are termed as the formal parameters whereas the parameter used in the function call statement are the actual parameters.

When the ray of light is incident at the polarizing angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted ray is 90°.

Given δ_V = 3.75°, δ_Y = 3.25°, δ_R = 2.86°

Using the expression for dispersive power

DP = \(\frac{\delta_V-\delta_R}{\delta_Y}\) = \(\frac{3.75-2.86}{3.25}\) = 0.27

Uses of Site-directed mutagenesis

• To study the protein structure, gene expression, gene regulation and function relationships. 

• To make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.

(i) Somatic hybrids are the hybrid plants produced through the fusion of protoplasts from two different varieties of plants each haring a desirable character. The hybrid protoplasts can be further grown to form a new plant. 

(ii) Promoter gene a gene haring a regulatory sequence of DNA that initiates the expression of a gene. 

(iii) Site directed mutagenesis involves induction of specified or desired changes in the base sequence at specified sites of genes, most successfully achieved by overlap extension PCR. 

Or 

The process of nucleotide changes in the cloned genes by specific in mutagenesis.

(iv) DNA probes are short 15-30 bases long, labelled oligonucleotides (RNA – DNA) used to detect complementary nucleotide sequences after hybridization and the auto radiograms gives many bands of different sizes. 

(v) Primer is a short oligonucleotide that hybridizes with the template strand and gives a 3′- OH end at which a DNA polymerase start synthesis of DNA chain.

Site – Directed Mutagenesis: In nature, mutations arise spontaneously but they are rare such as sickle cell anemia. The most powerful method of introducing point mutation into a gene is known as Oligonucleotide or site-directed mutagenesis.

Change in a single nucleotide base pair is called “point mutation”. Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique in which a mutation is created at a specific site in the DNA molecule. Using this technique specific point of a gene can be mutated. Therefore, this method has been used to understand the function of many genes. Moreover, this technique can only be used when nucleotide sequence of gene is known.

(a) On-the-job training provides first hand job, knowledge and experience under actual working conditions. However, the noise of the work place may distract the attention of trainees and they may find at difficult to concentrate on learning. Some major techniques used for on-the-job training are given below: 

1. Job instruction training (JIT): This is the most popular form on the job training. It is also known as step-by-step training. 

(a) Preparing the trainees by telling them about the job. 

(b) Presenting the instructions, giving the necessary information. 

(c) Letting the trainees try out the job. 

(d) Observing try out and providing necessary assistance and follow up.

 2. Apprenticeship training: Under thismethod, the trainees learn by working with those who are already skilled in their jobs. People who want to enter skilled-traders are required to undergo apprenticeship training. 

3. Job rotation: This method involves the movement or transfer of the trainees from one job to another, basically of similar nature, either in same department or different departments. The trainee get job knowledge and gains experience in different assignments. 

(b) The two systems are: 

1. Employee ranking: Under this system the superior compares an employee with all other employee in the group on the basis of their job performance. The best employee is given the first rank, the second best the second rank and so on. All employee are ranked on overall basis. 

2. Critical incidents method: In this method, the rater is required to record some exceptional events and the behaviour of each employee during such events. Employees are rated on the basis of whether their behaviour was proper or not. Scores are assigned to the extent to which the behavior was considered satisfactory.

(i) Centripetal force directed towards the centre of circle while centrifugal force is opposite to centripetal force. 

(ii) Principle of Conservation of Energy : Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It convert from one form to other form. 

(iii) Potential energy.

One Newton : If a body of mass 1 kg moves with an acceleration of 1m/s² then force acting on the body is said to be one newton.

(i) Inclined plane 

(ii) Pulley

(i) Circular lamina - Centre of the lamina. 

(ii) Triangular lamina - Point of intersection of medians.

(i) Nut cracker. 

(ii) Single fixed pulley.

It is the emf induced in a coil when there is relative motion between the coil and the magnet. It depends upon

(i) Number of turns in the coil.

(ii) relative velocity between the coil and the magnet.

According to Curie’s law, the magnetization in a para magnetic material is directly proportional to the applied magnetic field. If the object is heated, the magnetization is viewed to be inversely proportional to the temperature.

It can be framed into an equation

M = C x (B/T)

wherein, M = Magnetism,

B = Magnetic field (in tesla),

T = absolute temperature (in kelvin),

C = Curie constant

Curie’s law holds good for high temperature and not so strong magnetic fields.

Two safety measures to be adopted to prevent accidents in the kitchen are : 

1. Sharp cleaning objects should be kept away from children’s reach. 

2. Matchboxes and lighters should be kept in locked cabinets.

Mustard oil is adulterated with argemone seeds which are obtained from Mexicans poppy (a yellow flowered poppy plant, with bluish silver-veined leaves). The seeds closely resemble mustard seeds in appearance, although their surface is rough and uneven. The only difference is that argemone seeds have a little tail at the end. 

Argemone seeds have proved to be dangerously toxic in the form of oil and seeds. Regular consumption of this oil gives rise to epidemic dropsy (resembling wet beriberi). Watery fluid is collected in the tissues of the . body causing swelling, it starts with gastro intestinal disturbances, irregular fever with rashes on exposed parts. Swelling of feet and legs follow leading to oedema of thighs, hand and face. As the disease progresses, glaucoma leads to blindness, enlargement of the liver, and even lead to cancer and respiratory diseases. It may even be fatal due to cardiac – arrest.

The events in ‘The Story of an Hour’ happen so quickly that one is amazed at the turns and twists. When Mrs Mallard, a heart patient, is told gently the news of the death of her husband, her reaction is instant, unlike those of many other women. She weeps at once, in complete abandonment, in her sister’s arms. Then she goes to her room to be by herself.

In the loneliness, she looks out of the window at a world that seems alive and fresh. She sobs occasionally and then muses over the event. Then suddenly a feeling of freedom seizes her. She dreads it at first. She stops feeling bad about it. She is excited about her free body and free soul. She has a vision of a life which she will live for herself. She will not be accountable to anyone. Her vision is suddenly broken by the voice of her sister.

Accompanied by her sister she comes down, and suddenly she finds herself face to face with her ‘dead’ husband. Richards, her husband’s friend, quickly tries to screen Mr Mallard from the view of his wife, but he is too late. Mrs Mallard dies instantly. The doctors who are summoned proclaim that she “died of heart disease – of joy that kills.”

Though the ending of the story is a bit melodramatic, yet it seems to be quite satisfying. Any other way of ending it would only diminish its charm. Supposing Mrs Mallard does not die and shows her happiness on seeing her husband alive, her earlier feelings of freedom, her dream of a free, independent life, become totally meaningless.

We feel that the ending is quite appropriate in the context. It clearly underlines the importance of time in our life. In less than an hour Mrs Mallard has an idea of a whole different future, different from her ‘unhappy’ past with her husband. Her excitement about her free life is justified if we take into consideration various cues in the text about her unhappy married life. Her dream gets shattered and the blow proves to be too much. Her weak heart sinks not out of ‘joy’ on seeing the face of her ‘dead’ husband but out of the sudden realization of the death of her dream.

Thus, the ending of the story is meaningful and justified No other change can be more apt in the context.

Climatic conditions and Occasion are two factors affecting the selection of clothes.

Spices and honey are two food items which are endorsed with an Agmark.

Adequate nutrition and a balanced diet is very much important in the old age to prevent and control hazards and bad effects of ageing. Obesity, diabetes, constipation, cardiovascular diseases are the major diseases in old ages. Hence, good nutrition is very important dining old age. Special care should be taken that the diets of the elderly are nutritionally adequate and well balanced. You should know or have the knowledge that the elder people require less calories. Few factors always be kept in mind while you are planning balanced diet for the elder people. 

• Provide them liberal amounts of food products like as milk, fresh fruits, green vegetables. These kinds of food provide them vitamins and other minerals. 

• Adequate consumption of calcium should be ensured to make the bones strong in old age too. 

• Scientists also gave emphasis on the importance of water in the diet of the elder persons for the better functioning of kidneys. 

• The diet should be soft and well cooked and it should also include those foods which need a little or no mestication. Because at old age maximum people loss their teeth. So they need soft food. 

• Intake of sweets, fried, high fat foods should be reduced at minimum. Because the elder people feels difficulty to digest such kind of food. A proper diet, exercise and a pleasant environment are necessary for a healthy and long life of our elders.

Importance of Meal Planning: 

Meal planning is basically done to satisfy the nutritional needs of the family members according to their age and occupation. 

• Meal planning firstly determines the adequancy of the diet. 

• Better choice of food. 

• Helps to maintain a healthy life. 

• Beneficial for the old age persons. 

• Good exercise for the house wife. 

• Fulfill the nutritional value of the family.

Importance of Food Preservation: Food production and supply does not always tally with the demand or meets of the people. In some places there is surplus production of a food product, whereas in some other place there is inadequate supply. Even foods are perishable and semi-perishable like juicy fruits, vegetables, mangoes, tomato, papaya and many more, which very quickly gets spoilt. It is therefore important to improve and expand facilities for storage and preservation of food. 

Food preservation helps in : 

• It increases the self-life of foods thus increasing the supply. 

• Making the seasonal food available throughout the year. 

• Adding variety to the diet. 

• Saving time by reducing preparation time and energy, as the food has processed. 

• Stabilising prices of food, as there is less scope of shortage of supply to demand. 

• Decreasing wastage of food by preventing decay or spoilage of food. 

• Improving the nutrition of the population. Preserved foods help people to bring a variety in the diet, thereby decreasing nutritional inadequacies.

To prevent fire accidents at home, the following measures should be taken : 

Do not leave the kitchen unattended while cooking food, specially gas stoves. 

Avoid long flowing or synthetic clothes while cooking as they may catch fire. Wearing cotton clothes which are well fitted provide safety. 

Give heaters space. It should be at least 3 feet away from curtain, draperies, furniture, bedspreads, etc. 

If you have a smoker in the house, the best way to prevent cigarette-related home fires is to institute a policy of ‘no smoking indoors’. 

Instead of using traditional, open-flame candles, consider switching to batteryoperated candles that look and perform like real ones. If you use traditional candles, make sure there is always an adult paying attention in the room when one is burning.

Stevenson addresses the youngster who has sought his advice on the choice of a profession It is not unusual for the youngsters to seek such advice. The choice of a profession is one of the “most momentous epochs in a young man’s life.” It is really an appreciable gesture on behalf of a young person to seek counsel. He says categorically that wisdom has nothing to do with the choice of a profession. The wise, in these circumstances, act upon no principle whatever. Usually the people give foolish ideas in this respect. Such people have ready made answers for career counseling. He says :

“The world being more or less beset with Anxious Enquirers of the Socratic persuasion, it is the object of a Liberal Education to equip people with a proper number of these answers by way of passport; so they can pass swimmingly to and fro on their affairs without the trouble of thinking. ”

The modem dilemma is that mostly people, in their hectic schedule, have no leisure to know where they are going. Stevenson gives the example of a banker who does not know why he has joined a banking profession. Now the overwhelming question is, “Is a man’s business his duty ? Or perhaps should not his duty be his business ?” The sorry state of affairs is that modem man is trapped by many institutions and organizations, such as educational institutions, marriage, office etc. “Man, turned loose into this roaring world, herded by robustious guardians…”

“Bethink yourself and bestir yourself as a man. This is the time…” recommends Stevenson to the youngsters. Money has its own importance. No young man can be at peace till he stands on his own feet. A choice is almost more of a negative than a positive. When a person chooses one profession, he has to reject a thousand. The youngsters must bear it in mind they cannot excel in other professions. The youngsters have to be very clear in their preferences. In his parting advice to the youth, he rightly says:

“Most men are happy, and most men dishonest. Their mind sinks to the proper level; their honour easily accepts the custom of the trade. I wish you may find degeneration no more painful than your neighbors, soon sink into apathy, and belong spared in a state of respectable somnambulism, from the grave to which we haste. ”

Thus, the essay focuses on the idea that the choice of a profession is a subjective matter. No one can or should guide anyone as to what he should become. Young people should know their preference and follow it.

Five points to be kept in mind while storing expensive and delicate garments are :

Make sure there is ample ventilation and sunlight in the room and the wardrobe where expensive and delicate garments are stored. Do not store them in a plastic bag, but use muslin or tissue bags to provide enough circulation and prevent odors and fungal growth. 

Knitted, beaded and lacy garments require tissue paper between folds to prevent tangles with fabrics. 

Plastic or wooden hangers retain the shape whereas wire hangers de-shapes the garment and it may stain the garment with rust in long run and moist air. 

Do not store worn and clean clothes in a single shelf or drawer as it may attract pests. 

Cedar oil or lavender oil sachets can be stored in the wardrobe as alternative to mothballs.

Testosterone in boys and estrogens in girls are sex hormones that are active during adolescence.

In addition to adding a bit of calcium, liming process releases niacin and makes it available to the body.

During adolescent years, peer group becomes increasingly important. Adolescents experience more closeness in their friendship and turn to each other, instead of their families. They modify their speech, dressing style, choices, activities and behavior in order to become more similar to their peers. This provides them a sense of security and confirms acceptance in the peer group. At times, this increased cohesion and loyalty also leads to various problems like- negative labeling, formation of cliques, rejection in any form which can be painful or create tension and conflict.

Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal of the day because : 

1. Efficiency in physiological performance decreases in late morning hours when breakfast is omitted. 

2. Breakfast not only provides us energy, but it is also a good source of important nutrients like calcium, iron, fibres and proteins. 

3. A breakfast must be adequate to provide one-fourth of daily protein requirements and one fourth of the daily calorie requirement; for maintaining better efficiency in the late morning hours.

Seasonal fruits and vegetables are necessary in the meal. Because these fruits and vegetables have the nutritional value in their particular season. They provide us those nutrients which we need in that particular season. Secondly, such foods and vegetables are cheaper and easily available.

Objectives of planning family meals are : 

1. To satisfy the nutritional needs of all the members according to their age and occupation. 

2. To save time, energy and money. 

3. To keep in mind the likes and dislikes of family members. 

4. To provide balanced diet to all the family members. 

5. To provide variety in meals.

Importance of a balanced diet: 

A healthy diet is one that helps to maintain or improve the general health. It is important for lowering many chronic health risks such as obesity, heart diseases, diabetes, hypertension and cancer. As we know, a healthy diet involves consuming appropriate amount of essential nutrients and an adequate amount of water. 

A balanced diet has a major role in achieving long healthy life : 

• It helps in controlling body weight (obesity), heart rate and BP (Blood Pressure). 

• It also increases in exercise capacity and muscle performance. 

• It improves blood sugar level, lower harmful cholesterol and triglycerides and also increases the HDL cholesterol. 

• It produces mental and physical relaxation.