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Standardisation marks are marks given to a product which meets certain standards with respect to the quality of the product in terms of material used, method of manufacturing, labelling, packaging, sales and performance. 

Wool mark : It was established in 1949. It promotes pure wool, products. It makes it necessary for manufacturer to mention the amount and identity of other fibres used along with pure wool on the label of wool and woollen garments. 

ECO Mark : It has been launched recently by the BIS. It is given to those products which not only meet ISI standards but also saves energy i.e. they are environmentfriendly and reduce environmental pollution. 

Examples: Edible oil, tea/coffee etc. 

FPO : All manufactures of fruits and vegetable products acquire a license of their production and sale, after meeting the FPO standards. 

Example: Pickle, jam, ketchup, canned fruits etc. 

ISI Mark : Used for industrial products, the mark certifies the product as up to Indian standard, given by the national standard body of India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 

AGMARK : It is given to the agricultural, horticultural, forest and livestock products. Example: Wheat flour, rice, pulses, ghee, honey, egg etc.

Two functions to consider while choosing clothes for rainy season are : 

1. They should dry up soon. 

2. They should be light weight.

Five points to be kept in mind while planning a diet for a pre-school child are : 

1. Meals should be served at regular intervals in a pleasant way. 

2. Pre-schoolers enjoy colorful meals and that should be taken care of. 

3. Favorite foods should not be served too often at the cost of nutrients. 

4. It should supply adequate amounts of essential nutrients as calcium, phosphorus, protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C and Iron. 

5. It is good to give appetizing beverages such as fruit juices and flavored milk to the children. Part of milk can be served in the form of curd/buttermilk, kheer, custard, ice¬cream etc.

Inclusion of seasonal fruits and vegetables in the diet increases the immunity power and gives the following benefits :

 It is healthier : When product is grown in its proper season, under the appropriate growing conditions, it exhibits all of its natural nutrients. Seasonal fruits and vegetables don’t have to endure as much travel, so they don’t lose those vital nutrients. 

Cost effective : Effective Food is easier to grow in its proper season, making it more abundant, less time-intensive, and more affordable for consumers. 

Greater variety of ingredients : If fruits and vegetables are seasonal you’ll find huge variety of them. 

Environment friendly : Seasonal eating greatly reduces the need for practices like carbon footprint. A reduced carbon footprint is good for the environment, has health benefits, and reduces cost which are all great reasons to eat seasonally. The flavours are stronger and more developed.

Healthy eating during adolescence is important as the changes in the body during this time, affect an individual’s nutritional and dietary needs. Adolescence is characterised by growth spurt, a period in which growth is at maximum. Teenagers need more calories and nutrients than any other age group to support their growing bodies and to prevent future health problems.

Although the majority of language development occurs in infancy and pre-school years, development continues through adolescent years. Linguistics development during this time is subtle but important. This development includes learning to use more complex language and to communicate differently depending on the situation. At this time, children grow their vocabulary and learn the proper and underlying use of each word. They also develop syntactic sentence formation. Adolescents use of language also reflects their sensitivity to how their peers perceive them. For example, to use foul language in an attempt to fit into peer group or to prove he is tough enough.

Frying is not recommended as a method of cooking for people recovering from illness as : 

1. It is not easily digestible. 

2. Fried food is laden with oil, hence not recommended for ill people.

(a) Advantages of cooking food in pressure cooker are: 

1. Most nutrients are retained in pressure . cooking. 

2. Foods get optimally cooked. 

Example: Bengal gram requires pressure cooking to get completely cooked. 

3. Taste and flavour are retained in pressure cooking. 

4. It saves time and fuel making cooking process easy and quick. 

5. It uses less water than conventional boiling method by using steam under pressure. 

6. Multiple foods can be cooked at a time. 

7. It makes the food sterile and safe by using steam under high pressure. 

(b) Merits of cooking food are: 

1. Cooking makes the food easily digestible by converting long chain molecules to short chain molecules. 

2. It destroys the anti-nutritional factors that inhibit availability of nutrients. 

3. It helps to release many nutrients from complexes, making them easily available upon digestion. 

Demerits of cooking food are: 

1. Cooking destroys heat sensitive nutrients.

Example : Vitamin C.

2. Over cooking of food may lead to production of carbon products that are harmful to health. 

3. If the water used for cooking is discarded, the water soluble nutrients and flavours are lost.

The five methods which can be used to enhance the nutritive value of foods are : 

1. Germination 

2. Fermentation 

3. Combining foods (Example : Cereals and Pulses for proteins) 

4. Fortification 

5. Enrichment

Combination of food in our diet is done for the following reasons: 

1. Meat is an expensive protein food. So, economy can be brought substituting it partially by texturised soyabeans. 

2. Better nutritive value cereals are deficient in lysine and pulses are deficient in methionine. Combination of cereals and pulses improve the nutritive content in the food. 

3. Variety of cereals combine well with milk. They compliment and improve the protein and calcium content e.g., kheer, custard, dalia. etc. 

4. For healthy living and desirable change in food habits for e.g. Iron and calcium content can be improved by combining greens with meat, paneer and potatoes e.g., mutton biryani, dal saag and vegetable rice.

Personal hygiene entails more than just being clean. It includes many practices that help people stay healthy. Many of the health problems that adolescents face are linked to their activities and habits. Adolescents are active while playing, (exercising,, exploring the world, carrying out science activities which brings them in contact with dirt, germs and chemicals. They need to be aware of the harm that these can cause and how simple measures like washing hands repeatedly can prevent diseases (sometimes fatal) like typhoid, cholera, worm infestation etc, from spreading. 

Adolescents also need to know how to take care of their evolving and changing bodies. Bathing daily with soap and water, maintaining dental and oral hygiene taking care of eyes and ears and grooming are some of the activities that adolescents need to carry out. Adolescents who maintain personal hygiene are less pre-disposed to skin infections and other communicable diseases.

Food is cooked for the following reasons : 

Improves digestibility : Hard grains like beans, peas and block grains are cooked to soften them. The digestive juice penetrates easily into the tender and soft grains ensuring total utilisation of proteins and carbohydrates present in them. 

Changes taste, flavor and palatability : Cooking changes the taste of food. Fish and meat odours undergo a tremendous improvement in flavor and degree of palatability by cooking. 

Increases nutrient availability : Dais, legumes and soyabeans contain trypsin inhibitor. It gets destroyed by dry as well as wet cooking methods thus increasing the nutrient availability, 

Makes food safe and increases shelf life : Raw food starts getting spoilt and perishes in due course such as e.g:, tomatoes. If you cook, they will last longer in the form of ketchup or puree. Milk has a tendency to go bad on account of bacteria, which gets killed on boiling and lasts longer as compared to raw milk. 

Provides variety : Consumption of food in only one form will make it monotonous. Cooking food in different forms provide variety for e.g., wheat can be eaten in the form of dalia, parantha, chapati etc. It avoids repetition of one form of food.

Microwave cooking is of recent origin, where foods is quickly cooked by electromagnetic waves. It can be used to cook rice, vegetables, meat, etc., and can be used effectively for reheating of food, however there is a limitation to use of microwave ovens food items like cakes and biscuits do not get browned easily as in ordinary ovens. Microwave cooking cannot be used for stewing or deep frying.

A written resolution is passed by a majority of not less than 75% if it is passed by members representing not less than 75% of the total voting rights of eligible members. A resolution passed at a meeting on a show of hands is passed by a majority of not less than 75% if it is passed by not less than 75% of 

• the members who, being entitled to do so, vote in person on the resolution, and 

• the persons who vote on the resolution as duly appointed proxies of members entitled to vote on it.

Two advantages of pressure cooking are as follows: 

1. Pressure cooking cooks food faster than any other cooking method and saves energy. 

2. Food is cooked at a temperature above the normal boiling point of water which kills most micro-organisms.

The requisites of a good label for pre packaged food are: 

1. Name of the product 

2. Brand name 

3. Manufacturer’s name and address 

4. Contents! Ingredients 

5. Warning / Precautions 

6. Date of manufacture and expiry 

7. Net weight) Volume 

8. Maximum Retail Price 

9. Directions of use 

10.Standardized mark.

They are important as they guide consumers in selectiniz and buying the correct product.

This is because Van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 2 and for glucose, it is 1.

(i) 24 weeks 

(ii) Tt × tt 

(iii) Reduction of ozone-depleting substances 

(iv) Autosomal recessive

Cryopreservation

Dryopithecus

Scavengers .

8 chromosomes are present in meiocytes of a fruit fly.

European Federation of Biotechnology

 Rhodopsin is the photosensitive pigment present in the rod cells of the retina. 

XYZ Furniture Ltd.

8 March 2017

Dear sir,

I am the manager of a company. On the behalf of the company, I feel very regret to inform you that the some chairs delivered by your company i.e., XYZ Furniture Ltd. on 2nd March 2017, has been received in an entirely in a broken condition. Will you, therefore, look into the matter and send us a fresh pieces of chairs. On receipt of these goods, we shall return this chairs in a broken conditions to you. The cost incurred in returning the damaged goods will be borne by you. 

Please replace the goods urgently. 

An early reply is awaited.

In everyone’s life there comes a day when everything seems to go wrong. And thus the saying a work well begun is half done seems to mock and make fun of you. 22nd December 2014 seemed to be one such day for me. My exams had finished on 21st December and 22nd December was my real sister’s wedding from Jaipur. All my family members along with my sister had left on 20th Dec. and I was to reach Jaipur on 22nd Dec. by the morning Intercity from Agra to Jaipur. It was my hard luck that I woke up 15 minutes late which resulted in my reaching the station late and thereby right in front of me I saw the tail end of the last wagon leaving the platform. My heart was in my mouth out of fear and nervousness. 

I was all by myself with my luggage and was numb with shock. In the evening was my sister’s wedding and I was still in Agra and the only safe way of reaching Jaipur had; just left the station. I cursed myself for not being able to get up on time and if I had got up late for not hurrying up with the other morning routinal activities. Tears rolled down my cheeks. An old man seeing me in distress came to comfort me. On knowing of my plight consoled me and advised me to rush to take a taxi and reach to the next station Bharatpur and Catch the intercity. Luckily I was carrying some extra money hence the extra fare would not be a problem. Now the time was to act and run a race against time and train. I put aside my nervousness and fear literally, ran out of the station, jumped into a auto asked the driver to push hard on the accelerator to reach me to the Idgah bus station. Luckily I got a deluxe bus leaving the bus depot for Dausa a small place falling A midway to Jaipur. 

Prayers were flying high up in the air one after the other to Almighty God that I reach safely and speedily and am able to catch the train otherwise load of more trouble would befall me. I requested the bus driver and later the auto rickshaw driver to drive fast to follow the shortcuts to reach to the destination. My head was covered with beads of perspiration due to my tensed state. 

On reaching the Bharatpur railway station, I was much relaxed to see the train moving into the platform. I quickly boarded it and was able to reach Jaipur on time. My cousin brother had come to receive me at the station. I had learnt a valuable lesson that day i.e. the importance of being punctual and never to sleep very late at night especially when I have to catch a early moving train or bus.

Bananas grow in hot climates, so they are unused to the cold. If they’re kept at a cold temperature, the enzymes that enable them to ripen are inhibited. And as those enzymes become inactive, other enzymes operate more efficiently. Some cause cell damage, while others (browning enzymes) cause the skin to blacken.

∆G = ∆H – T∆S

Where ∆G = Gibb’s free energy change

∆H = Enthalpy change

∆S = Entropy change

T = Temperature in Kelvin 

This equation is called Gibb’s Helmholtz equation.

It is because substance A undergoes dissociation and substance B undergoes association while glucose is a non-electrolyte and neither undergoes association nor dissociation.

(i) (c)

(ii) (d)

(iii) (e) 

(iv) (b) 

(v) (a)

Two assumptions of Law of the Diminishing Marginal Utility are: 

(a) Every unit of a commodity must be same in-all respects-in size, color, quality, design etc. For example, if the quality of the second apple is superior to the first, the consumer may desire to mix utility from the second apple than from the first. 

(b) The unit of the good must be standard, E.g. a cup of water, a bottle of cold drink, a pair of shoes, a full orange, a glass of lime juice. The units of the commodity should not be too small or too large. Otherwise, the law will not be applicable.

(2) The reduction potential of copper is higher than that of zinc.

(4)  0.1M K₄ [Fe(CN)₆]

\(\frac{50}{75}\) = 0 . 67 

(2) 16 minutes

Two water-soluble vitamins are 

• Vitamin C, Deficiency disease – Haemorrhage

• Vitamin B1 – Deficiency disease – Beriberi

Monomers of nylon – 6, 6 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid

Rate law expression is given as

r ∝ [A]¹ [B]² [C]°

∝ [A]¹ [B]²

or r = [A]¹ [B]²

Tetrafluoroethylene, F₂C = CF₂

Addition polymerisation

Conc of A, B, C is doubled. The rate of a reaction in the equation given in A + B + C → D + E. become 8 (2 × 22 ) times.

(i) Food preservative

(ii) Artificial sweetener

A privilege extended to select shareholders of a corporation that will give them the right to purchase additional shares in the company before the general public has the opportunity by the event there is a seasoned offering. A preemptive right is written in the contract between the purchaser and the company but does not function like a put option.

Germany’s Palestine policy between 1933 and 1940 was based on a fundamental acceptance of the post-World War I status quo in the Middle-east. For different reasons, the Hitler regime continued in the footsteps of the various Weimar Governments by identifying German interests with the postwar settlement in Palestine. That settlement embodied a growing Jewish presence’ and homeland in Palestine, as well as the establishment of British imperial power over Palestine and the Middle-east. It also represented a denial of Arab claims to national self determination and independence in Palestine and throughout the Middle-east. 

Between 1933 and 1940, German policy encouraged and actively promoted Jewish emigration to Palestine, recognized and respected Britain’s imperial interests throughout the Middle-east and remained largely indifferent to the ideals and aims of Arab nationalism.

On 28th November, the Italian government signed a secret treaty with the Spanish Nationalists. In return for military aid, the Nationalist agreed to allow Italy to establish bases in Spain if there was a war with France

Jinnah justified his Two Nation theory by declaring that the real aim of the Congress was not independence but a Hindu Raj, hostile to Muslim minorities.

Kashmir decided to join the Indian Union after an armed incursion supported by Pakistan in 1947.

In July 1933, Hitler and pope signed a concordat, according to which the church renounced guaranteed the right to free worship to circulate Pastoral Epistles, to maintain catholic schools and property. Mussolini signed the Lateran treaty in 1929 which made Vatican City a separate independent state, recognized Catholicism as the state sponsored religion and gave the church 750 million lire in compensation for the Vatican loss of sovereignty over the Papal States in the 1800’s.

The enabling Act was an amendment to the German constitution which was passed by Hitler. It basically gave Hitler dictator powers and the right to enact laws without involvement of the German Reichstag. It was combined with the previous by passed Reichstag fire decree, which transferred state rights to the central government.