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It becomes very cold after the hail storm because ice begins to melt by absorbing heat energy from the surroundings. This decreases the temperature of the surroundings which leads to the cooling of atmosphere.

Latent heat is absorbed by the melting ice.

Helium gas..

Opening Balance of Capital Accounts, Additional Capital of any partner

(a) 

1. corpse—dead body 

2. quenched—satisfied 

3. reared—got up 

(b) 

1. The panther was getting bolder as it had killed seven persons in two months. Very recently, it carried off a little girl and the previous victim had been a man who was attacked in broad daylight in his field. 

2. The forest department hired a professional hunter because a panther was terrorizing the villagers of the Kulna district of Bangladesh.The panther had killed seven persons in two months. The villager’s efforts to kill the panther had failed. 

3. The hunter expected that the panther world be an old, wasted male with worn teeth, incapable of catching anything more difficult than a human. He found that it was a sleek tiger, a female with a single cub. 

4. The tiger followed the cub to the water’s edge to drink water before she turned to the goat to satisfy her hunger. Thirst is a greater urge than hunger. 

5. The hunter decided to shoot the tiger though he knew it was not the man eater because it was very close to. human habitation and might pose a threat to the villagers, especially since she was with cub. 

6. The hunter named the cub ‘Thirsty’ as he remembered how the cub had rushed to drink water in the river.

(c) 

(i) summary

(ii) “Richard Parker and Thirsty” is a suitable title for the summary. The title is suitable as the summary tells how the hunter Richard Parker successfully captures thirsty the tiger is given in detail.

3, Garden Road 

St. Georges College, 

Agra 15th March, 2014 

The Principal 

Mayo College, 

Ajmer 

Respected Sir, 

Subject—Invitation for Participation on Earth Day Celebration 

As the President of Nature Club of St. Georges College I extend an invitation to the students of your school to participate in the Earth Day celebration being hosted by our school. 

The day the event will take place is 23rd October, 2014 at 9 a.m. in the college auditorium. 

The chief guest and judge for the event is the eminent environmentalist and scientist Mr. R. P. Saxena. There will be an exhibition, poster competition and talk by the chief guest on the topic ‘Save Earth’. 

It is hoped that the students of your school will actively participate in the event. This activity hopes to bring an awareness among the students about the problems, dangers faced by the planet earth and the measures that need to be taken to preserve the ailing planet. 

We, at St. Georges College look forward to the active participation of the students of your school. 

Thanking you 

Yours faithfully 

Siddhartha Bansal 

President 

Nature Club.

Radio, television, e-mail, telegraph, etc., are the main means of communication whereas the railways, airways, buses, trucks, cars, etc., are the main means of transportation. 

1. To provide link: Transportation is the lifeline of a country. This connects one part of the country with another part, and helps in providing essential products to all the places and the people. 

2. Development of Economy: The means of transport and communication help the industries to get raw materials, and its finished products are transported by the railways and roadways. Agriculture also depends greatly on transportation.

Acid rain is a type of air pollution. Sulphur dioxide emitted by industries, volcanoes and released during combustion of sulphur bearing fossil fuels combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric and nitric acid. This acid brought down by the rainfall is called acid rain. 

Effects : 

1. It is responsible for scarring buildings and monuments. 

2. It corrods metals and turn soil and water acidic.

1. Indian Railways carry most of the long distance passengers traffic and 80% of the total freight of the country. 

2. Railway is cheap mode of transportation. It can carry bulky raw material.

Road transport is more useful than tail transport as : 

(i) Door to door service is most attractive feature of road transport. 

(ii) They can be constructed in hilly areas as they can negotiate sharp bends and slopes.

Waste accumulation results in landscape degeneration, pollution of air, water and soil, health problems and loss of terrestrial and aquatic life.

Advantage of Inland waterways—They are cheaper than any other transport. 

Disadvantage—Because of slow speed it can not compete with other means of transport.

(i) 1-Red blood cell

(ii) Diapedisis

(iii)

(iv) Phagocytosis: By this process, the WBCs destroy the germs coming into the body.

Because eustachian tube connects middle ear with the throat, so infection can be passed.

Because of conditioned reflex which we learn by experience and gradually responds to it unconsciously. 

Law of segregation states that the two members of a pair of factors separate during formation of gametes and are rejoined at random, one from each parent during fertilization.

(i) Imbibition 

(ii) Auricular systole 

(iii) Liver 

(iv) Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin 

(v) Antibiotics

(1) NADP ---> Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate. 

(2) ACT ---> Adreno Cortico Tropin.

(i) Cortex 

(ii) 1 – Afferent arteriole 

2 – Glomerulus 

3 – Bowman’s capsule 

4 – Efferent arteriole 

(iii) Ultrafiltration Selective reabsorption Tubular secretion 

(iv) Ultrafiltration. Blood rich in nitrogenous waste and excess water enters Bowmans Capsule through a wider afferent arteriole then splits into fine capillaries called glomerulus due to which a hydrostatic pressure is created. This pressure leads to filtration of water with nitrogenous wastes.

(1) Economic reasons : Children are considered to be helping hands to increase the family income. 

(2) Desire for a male child : In the desire of having a son, people give birth to many children.

(1) Desire for a male child. 

(2) Economic reasons as children are considered to be helping hands to increase the family income.

(i) The alteraction in thickness of lens that enables us to see objects at varying distances is called accomodation. 

1. During near vision the shape of the lens is more convex or rounded. 

2. During distant vision the shape of the lens is less convex or flat. 

(iii) Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligament. 

(iv) 1. In the dark — The cells are rods in pigment is rhodopsin. 

2. In the light — The cells are cones the pigment is lodopsin.

(i) Horse power is another unit of Power. 1 H.P = 746 watt. 

(ii) Given : Force = 2N, d = 20 cm = 0.2 m. Moment of force = Force × distance = 2 × 0.2 = 0.4 Nm.

The physical quantity is power. 1 H.P. = 746 W

(i) The cathode ray tube is evacuated to a low pressure so that the electrons may move without being obstructed by air molecules. 

(ii) The variation of the negative potential on the grid affects the number of electrons reaching the anode and striking the screen changed which changes the brightness of pattern on the screen.

 Similarities between A.C. generator and D.C. motor are : 

(i) armature coil rotates in a magnetic field. 

(ii) the external circuit is connected to two carbon brushes.

(i) Both have a strong horse shoe permanent magnet or an electromagnet. 

(ii) Both have an armature coil having soft iron core.

Central Bank controls the credit supply in an economy and this policy is called Credit Control. 

(i) Cash Reserve Ratio : To control inflation, the central bank raises the CRR which reduces the lending capacity of the commercial banks. Consequently, flow of money from commercial banks to public decreases. In the process, it halts the rise in prices to the extent it is caused by banks credits to the public. 

(ii) Statutory Reserve Ratio : Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) refers to the amount maintained by commercial banks with themselves in the form of gold and government securities before lending or before giving credit to any of their customers. As SLR effect the money supply situation in economy which inturn affect the inflation of the economy. Higher SLR , means bank can give less money as loan = Higher interest rate = it becomes expensive to start a new factory, buy a new house / car/bike. This can curb inflation but may also lead to slowdown in economy, because people wait for the interest rates to go down, before taking loans.

There is a single seller of a product called monopolist. The monopolist has control over pricing, demand, and supply decisions, thus, sets prices in a way, so that maximum profit can be earned. The monopolist often charges different prices from different consumers for the same product. This practice of charging different prices for identical product is called price discrimination and this practice is to gain market advantage or to capture market position.

Features of Monopoly are :

(i) One Seller and Large Number of Buyers : The monopolist’s firm is the only firm; it is an industry. But the number of buyers is assumed to be large.

(ii) No Close Substitutes : There shall not be any close substitutes for the product sold by the monopolist. The cross elasticity of demand between the product of the monopolist and others must be negligible or zero.

(iii) Difficulty of Entry of New Firms : There are either natural or artificial restrictions on the entry of firms into the industry, even when the firm is making abnormal profits.

(iv) Monopoly is also an Industry : Under monopoly there is only one firm which constitutes the industry. Difference between firm and industry comes to an end.

Privatisation : Privatisation is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector to the private sector. The public sector is the part of the economic system that is run by government agencies. 

(i) Privatization allows better flexibility in decision making as the owners are encouraged and are empowered to take their own decisions. 

(ii) Privatisation allows better utilisation of resources because competing private firms are able to perform better as they have larger resources to work upon. 

(iii) Privatization allows greater employment opportunities as people of different age,gender nationality etc are able to perform their best as chances of getting a job would be higher.

Privatisation is the general process of involving the private sector in the ownership or operation of a state owned enterprises.

(i) Greater Flexibility in decision making : Private sector is owned and controlled by private individual or individuals. All the major economic decision i.e. how to produce, what to produce, for whom to produce are taken by the individual keeping in mind the profit factor.

(ii) Better utilisation of resources : Under private sector resources are fully and efficiently utilised keeping in mind cost and profits.

(iii) Greater employment opportunities : Private sector in most of the developing nations has grown at a very fast rate. In last few decades more than 40% of the work force of developing nation is working for private sector.

Difference between Central Bank and Commercial Bank :

(i) An indirect tax is a tax that is paid to the government by one entity in the supply chain, but it is passed on to the consumer as part of the price of a good or service. The consumer is ultimately paying the tax by paying more for the product. An indirect tax is shifted from one taxpayer to another. 

(ii) Three important differences between Direct and Indirect taxes :

                          Difference Between direct and indirect taxes

(iii) (i) Custom duty — Indirect tax

(ii) Professional Tax — Indirect

(iii) Income Tax — Direct

(iv) Entertainment Tax — Direct

(iv) Indirect Taxes are important because of the following reasons :

(a) Resource Mobilisation

(b) Reduction in inequalities in income

(c) Social welfare and regional development

(v) Indirect taxes are regressive because like sales tax, excise duty, customs duty, etc., they are levied on all products/services without any differentiation i.e. without considering the consumer group’s income/fiscal status which consumes the product/service. So the poor or rich are equally impacted by this and hence considered regressive.

Progressive taxes refer to tax in which the rate of tax increases with the increase in tax payer income. Indirect taxes are also an example of progressive tax because the amount tax paid will increase at a higher rate than the increase in tax base for income.

Substances which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes.

Such atoms have same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

(i) Infrared radiations 

(ii) X-rays. 

(iii) Ultraviolet radiations

(i) Amplitude: The maximum displacement on either side of the mean position of the vibrating particle is called amplitude. 

Frequency: The no. of vibration of particle performed by the wave in one second is called frequency of the wave. 

(ii) Musical instruments like guitar are provided with a hollow box so that when the strings are set into vibration, forced vibrations are produced in box. Since the box has a large area, it sets a large volume of air into vibration which produces a loud sound of same frequency as that of the string.

(i) Resonance. 

(ii) This happens when the frequency of the air column becomes equal to the frequency of the tuning fork.

 (1) Amplitude : Maximum displacement of the vibrating particle on either side of the mean position is called amplitude. 

(2) Frequency : dumber of oscillations oscillations by the wave in one secoud is called frequency.

(B) maximum for violet color.

(A) its speed remains constant.

When mechanical stress is applied on polar crystals they produce electricity due to the displacement of ions. This phenomenon is called piezoelectricity. Lead zirconate (PbZrO₃) is an example of a piezoelectric crystal.

It is due to the association of HF molecules due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. A large amount of energy will be required to overcome these forces of attraction.

Of the following compounds, the one which is a Lewis acid is AlCl₃

In aqueous solution, MgCl₂ ionises into Mg²⁺ and Cl^– as it is an electrolyte while urea is a non-electrolyte and does not ionise. As a result no. of particles of solute in MgCl₂ solution is more than in urea solution. Due to this depression in f.pt. of 0.1 M urea is less than that of 0.1 M MgCl₂ solution because of depression in f.pt. is a colligative property and depends upon the number of solute particles

Fe³⁺ has 6 vacant d²sp³ hybrid orbitals. The hybrid orbitals accommodate 6 pairs of electrons from 6CN^– ions and form 6 coordinate bonds. Now, Fe^3- has one unpaired electron and, therefore, [Fe(CN)₆]^4- ion is paramagnetic.

(i) (+III)

(ii) (+III)

The salt ferric chloride, when exposed to the atmosphere, absorbs water molecules to become moist and show the phenomenon of deliquescence.