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The procedure to wash silk garments is : 

Preparation : Examine the garment for tears, holes, stains and foreign particles and give suitable treatment accordingly. 

Steeping : Steeping of silk is avoided due to its weak strength when wet. If the garment is heavily soiled, steeping can be done in lukewarm or cold water for very short time. 

Washing : Wash gently using kneading and squeezing method. In much soiled areas like neckline, elbow, cuffs etc. a gentle scrubbing with flat hand can be done. Extra soap water should be removed by gentle squeezing. 

Rinsing : Rinsing should be done in clear soft tap water, until soap is removed properly from the garments. Last rinse is given to silk by adding vinegar for increasing luster. 

Stiffening : Since silk is very soft and pliable, it requires a treatment of gum water to give stiffness, proper shape, body and shine. 

Drying : Coloured silk should be dried in shade and white silk in sunlight. All the garments should be properly ironed before they are completely dry. 

Ironing : Ironing of silk should be done at 300° F.

Food adulteration is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food by mixing the substances which are injurious to the health or by removing the some valuable ingredients.

1. Fabrics should not be dipped for a long time in the blue water otherwise patches will appear. 

2. Blued fabrics should be dried in sunlight.

Two factors which affect the safety of the food in home are : 

1. Cleanliness of the kitchen: Kitchen should be properly clean and free from germs. 

2. Hygienic handling of food: Food should be properly handled i.e., should be covered properly to avoid the entry of germs.

Both of these are the biggest problems that are faced by the consumers. When a dealer stock an essential commodity and create its artificial scarcity it is known as hoarding. Black marketing is buying or selling hoarded goods secretly at a higher price. Such practices create problems for the consumers. Because consumers have to pay a very high price to buy those commodities whose price are relatively less.

The responsibilities of consumer are as follows: 

1. To read the information while purchasing, acquiring or using various goods and materials. 

2. The consumer must choose wisely and Check the product for the standardization rpark. 

3. Only the quality goods that are not hazardous should be procured. It is consumer’s responsibility to use the products that are safe. 

4. Seek redressal in case of dissatisfaction – The responsibility for reporting malpractices and voicing legitimate complaints also lies with the consumer. 

5. Get a bill for every important purchase with the warranty card.

Consumer aids: 

Anything that helps and guides a consumer in selecting the product he wants to buy, is called a consumer aid. 

These aids help the consumer in wise selection of goods/services and also safeguards oneself against exploitation by sellers/manufacturers. 

Different Consumer aids: 

1. Labels: Information about the product may be given in the form of labels. These are supplied by the manufacturer of the product. These labels are printed on the packages. Sometimes these are pasted on the container. For example, label on jam bottles. Requisites of a good label are being listed below. 

• Name of the product 

• Brand name

• Trade mark 

• Manufacturer’s name and address 

• Standardization mark (FPO, ISI, AGMARK etc.) 

• Variety and quality 

• Ingredients ‘ 

• Preservatives used in case of processed food 

• Manufacture and Expiry date 

• Batch number 

2. Standard marks: Standardization marks indicate to a buyer that the product has been tested and found to be of good quality. Keeping the interest of consumers in mind, the government has undertaken various initiatives for keeping and upgrading the quality of the products. The Government operates certification schemes under which the standard marks are provided to the items. 

ISI – Mineral water, LPG cylinder, Pressure cooker, Biscuits etc. 

AGMARK – wheat Horn, ground spices etc. 

FPO – fruit juices, jams etc. 

Woolmark – woollen clothes.

Storage of clothes : 

• Cotton clothes: (i) Do not store moist clothes, they invite fungus. 

(ii) Put some deodorant among the stored clothing to avoid the smell, (musty) 

• Silk clothes: (i) Store dry clothing only. 

(ii) Avoid use of mothballs because they reduce the lustre of zari. 

• Wool clothes: (i) Store totally dry woollens. 

(ii) Use neem leaves, nephtha balls to prevent the damage by moths.

Laundry procedure of all clothes are approximately same. These are the steps which we use in laundering a woollen cardigan. 

1. Preparation: Firstly, examine the cardigan for tears, holes and stains and treat accordingly. Trace the outline on a brown paper to ensure it shape after washing. 

2. Steeping: In case of very dirty cardigan, it should not be soaked for more than 5-10 minutes in cold water. Luke warm water will harm the cardigan. 

3. Washing: Wash the cardigan with a very gentle hand with tender kneading and squeezing method. 

4. Rinsing: Remove the extra soap by pressing it between flat palms and then rinse off several times in a plenty of water. 

5. Drying: Roll it tightly in a towel to remove the extra water. Spread flat within the outline marked for its original shape. Dry it in shade. 

6. Ironing/Press: Cardigan should not be ironed. If required, it must be pressed.

For safety purpose, check whether rooms and hallways have no obstacles for safer movements. Busy areas should be cleared of things such as newspapers, electrical goods, boxes, phone cords, furniture and plants. All the household items such as bed covers and clothing material should be stored at a place where one can reach comfortably. 

Two ways to prevent falls at home are : Bathroom Safety : 

• While moving in bathroom area, in and out of the tub or shower, be sure to be safe by drying the area. 

• Don’t forget to remove the build up of soap in tub or shower. 

• It is necessary to place non-slip strips/treads in the bathing area. 

• Adjustable shower heads should be installed. 

Kitchen Safety : 

• Items such as dishes, food items and others which are used frequently should be kept in easy-to-reach locations. 

• While using a step stool, make sure it has a bar at the top to hold on to.

Steps involved in the laundering of woollen garment are as follows : 

Preparation : Examine the garments for tears, holes, stains or foreign particles and then treat them accordingly. For knitted woollens, tracing their outline on elasticity is important which further increases when it is wet. So, the knitted woollen fabrics invariably lose their shape. The tracing helps to restore the cloth to original shape. 

Steeping : Steeping of woollen garment is ‘ generally avoided because wool is a weak and elastic fabric. If required, they should not be soaked for more than 5-10 minutes in cold water. Do not use hot/Lukewarm water as it can cause dyes to run and damage the wool fibres. 

Washing : Wool is a protein fibre and is highly sensitive to alkalis. Washing it with even mild soaps may harm it. Only neutral soap or reetha should be used for washing woollens. 

Rinsing : Extra soap is gently squeezed out from the woollen fabric by pressing it between flat palms and then rinsing off several times in water. 

Drying : Because of its low strength, it cannot be wrung tightly to remove excess water. It is therefore rolled tightly in a towel and squeezed so that extra water is absorbed by the towel without straining the wool fibre. Then it is spread flat within the outline marked for its original shape and is allowed to dry in shade. 

Pressing : Knitted woollens being highly elastic, tend to lose their shape on ironing therefore they are not ironed but simply pressed. A moist, thin muslin cloth is spread over woollen cloth and then it is pressed with hot iron.

Steps followed for laundering a silk garment are as follows : 

1. Preparation: Firstly examine the garments for holes, tears and stains. 

2. Steeping: If the garments are much soiled it can be done in luke warm or cold water for a short time (10-15 minutes). 

3. Washing: Should be washed with gentle handling using kneading and squeezing method. Use neutral soaps for washing.

4. Rinsing: Should be done in clear tap water. Last rinse with vinegar increases lusture of silk garment. 

5. Stiffening: It requires a treatment of gum water for stiffness, proper shape and shine. 

6. Drying and Ironing: Coloured silk should be dried in shade while white silk in sunlight. Silk should be properly ironed before they are completely dry.

Steps in laundering polyester garment: 

• Preparation – examine clothes for tears and stains and treat them accordingly. 

• Steeping – they need not be soaked if not very dirty. Hot water gives them too many wrinkles. 

• Washing – can be washed with any soap or detergent. Methods of friction can be used for cleaning and removing dirt. 

• Rinsing – should be done with clear tap water. They should not be wrung to remove extra water otherwise wrinkles appear on synthetic fabrics. 

• Drying – synthetic fabric should be allowed to drip dry. They dry quickly and are resistant to fading. 

• Ironing – Require little or no ironing because synthetic fabrics are wrinkle resistant.

Basically, clothes should be soaked in water mainly in soap water, before washing. This is because by doing this the fixed dirt with the cloth becomes loose and easily get washed away. To remove the hard dirt particles or stains we soak the clothes in the soap water.

(i) Ventricular systole 

(ii) Both ventricles are contracting in this phase, because both bicuspid and bicuspid valves are closed in order to prevent the back flow of blood into auricles and the semilunar valves are open. 

(iii) 1- Pulmonary artery

2- Aorta

3- Bicuspid valve

4- Semilunar valve

(iv) '2' carries oxygenated blood. 

(v) Part 5 is semilunar valve through which blood passes into aorta and pulmonary artery and prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles. 

(vi) Pericardium.

• Perishable food: Food which cannot be stored for more than 2-3 days under normal temperature conditions such as fish, milk, milk products etc. 

• Non-perishable food: Food which can be stored for a long time, such as cereals, sugar, coffee, salt etc.

Greenhouse effect : Certain gases especially CO₂ and methane (CH₄) accumulating in the atmosphere prevent the escape of heat, thus warming the air. This is known as greenhouse effect.

These are used to counteract the effect of yellowness, making white fabrics appear whiter and brighter than before.

Advantages of consumer education : 

1. It helps the consumer to develop the ability to decide and choose things intelligently. 

2. It helps him to always demand safe, reliable and good quality products at a reasonable price. 

3. To make consumer alert, well informed and vigilant against corrupt practices in the market. 

4. To make suitable action when faced with a problem.

Food adulteration : To get the extra margin of profit the traders reduce the quantity of the pure goods and add the similar goods in it which is cheap and of low quality. This removal of quality product and addition of the low quality good is known as food adulteration. It is done mainly by intentionally.

1. The attitudes are developed and the values are recognized as the pear group friends do. 

2. This group provides an opportunity to understand the values of discipline i. e., rules and regulations and restrictional impose upon a child.

Sorting of clothes is necessary in the laundering process due to following reasons : 

1. To protect the cloth from damage like tearing. 

2. To decrease the chance that a garment is going to bleed over the other. 

3. To increase better and more efficient washing and drying.

Characteristics of a cheque: Following are the characteristic of a cheque : 

1. A written investment: Should be written or typed. Bankers do not accept cheques written in pencil. 

2. Signature of the drawer: It must be signed by the drawer and his/her signature should be matched with the specimen signature. 

3. Order: It is an order which is given by the drawee.

Recurring Deposit Account: It is started to encourage those people who cannot make large deposit in lumpsum. Recurring deposit can be opened with small amount over a specified period, the depositor keeps on depositing a specified sum of money every month. The number of monthly installments may be 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and so on. After the expiry of the period, the depositor gets back his money along with interest accruing on such deposits. 

A Pass Book is issued to the depositor, showing the installments deposited by him from time to time. Cheques cannot be drawn to withdraw money from a recurring deposit account. The amount can be withdrawn only on closure of the Recurring Deposit Account. If amount is withdrawn before expiry of the specified period, the rate of interest paid by bank is lower, to the level of interest payable on savings account.

Properties of a good laundiy soap: 

• Colour of the soap should be clear and pale. Dark coloured soaps contain impurities. 

• Soap should be hard to touch. Soft soaps contain excess water. 

• On storage, appearance of white crystals indicate excess alkali which is harmful to clothes and to hands. 

• When broken it should appear granular.

Advantages of consumer education: 

• To develop the ability to decide and choose things intelligently.

• To always demand safe, reliable and good quality products at a reasonable price. 

• To make consumer alert, well informed and vigilant against corrupt practices in the market. 

• To take suitable action when faced with a problem.

1. Planning keeps individual’s like and dislikes in mind. 

2. Meal planning saves time, energy, money and fuel too. 

3. With a little effort, cheap and nutritious food can be prepare. 

4. For saving time you should plan a meal for a week. Buy out the things you need once for the weeks, this saves your time for thinking what should made today. 

5. Prepare a menu card for a week. This will also save your time.

Finally now I’m in NCC [National Cadet Corps] and have completed my first lovely and memorable NCC camp. This experience in the camp was just like a lovely tour for me as we enjoyed a lot. 

We started on 15th of May. We reached school by 6:30 am and then our incharge, Miss Ashu divided all of us into six groups. There were total fifty four girls and nine girls were there in each group. Earlier only we girls decided what all we will carry with us. It was like so and so will bring mug, so and so will bring a bucket and all that. It was my responsibility to bring mugs. I took one comic book and my radio with me so that if I felt bored then I will read and listen to radio. We were told by our incharge to go to different classes and ask the students to bring their old clothes and collect them. 

Our bus arrived by 7 o’clock. My friends and I was in a hurry to enter the bus as we wanted to take the last seat so that we may have fun hut unfortunately our incharge r didn’t permit us to do so. There were total two buses. I went in bus number one and my friends in bus number two. We played many games and some of them made me laugh so much by their activities that while laughing my stomach ached. We were taken to a village near Burgidam. We reached over there by 11:30 am. After reaching over there we waited for bus number two to arrive and as they arrived we all hooted and shouted like hip hip hurray, hip hip hurray. We all were in our NCC uniform. I was in group II and with my group members we all started putting up our tents. There were special arrangements for us. It was this that outside our tents there were some wood pieces and bushes kept so that at night we may light them and enjoy. 

On 16th morning when my watch was exactly at six a whistle blew which indicated that we have to go out and exercise our body. After that at eight we were given refreshments. This is what I loved the most in NCC. After having all that we were told to go back to our tent to get ready to return by 10:30 am. At 10:30 we all came there in our uniforms and were then taken inside the village. There were many beggars to whom we offered those old clothes collected by all of us. From second day onwards all the fun began. We all were back to our tents by 2:30 p.m. We had our lunch which was provided to us and then I slept for two hours. At five we all Mends gathered outside the tent and played games related to movies and songs. It was great fun. At dawn we got busy lighting our camp fire. When it was ready we all sat around it and sang many songs. In the night one of my friend Nida Patel was sleeping we all planned to put Kajal on her face. We bought cameras with us and then as I put the Kajal on her face, she workup and we all shouted clown! Whenever I try to remember this incident, it makes me laugh a lot.

Picture Study 

It rained so heavily that all the cluster of cars and buildings of the city were looked like the playing objects present in the aquarium of our state. People were praying for the rain will stop and they can go to their work. 

Day by day rain started becoming heavier and all the roads, highways, parks, etc. were full of rain water. All the workmen were praying to God to stop the rain as the news was spreading that floods may arrive within a day if the rain continues. Within a span of no time a dam broke and floods came. The drainage system was blocked due to which the water level rose higher and higher. Many people were drowned and saints were comforting their mind by saying that all this is God’s will and he will not destroy them. 

Humans have the special quality of adjusting themselves with their surroundings. So in such dangerous atmosphere of floods, people were having difficulty in living their life but they were doing their best to cooperate with the nature. People along with such accidents knew the power of nature and took the pledge of saving their mother earth. 

In the picture also one can see that a rickshaw puller is struggling hard to earn his living. Whereas the woman sitting with the umbrella in the rickshaw is smiling shows that she is insensitive to the hardships of the poor rickshaw puller.

For his living he has to work inspite of the difficult situation or one can also interpret it as the fighting spirit in the woman that against all odds life has to continue. Crossing deep water she has moved out of her house may be to purchase daily need goods to feed her family. For it is sure under such hard circumstances no one would venture out of their house. 

One should make an effort of controlling flood so that people may not have to struggle and so that there will be no damage to property or life of people. The people learn lesson through this picture study and they must help the people who are caught in the flood and take measures to prevent floods. By doing this one can easily stop a lot of destruction occurring every year.

Children’s Day Celebration: 

14th November. Children wait for this day with lots of excitement in their mind, infact, I too wait for this day with excitement as 14th November is celebrated as children’s day. 

I love this day as in our school, every year it is celebrated with full of excitement, surprises and lots and lots of fun. This year’s celebration really surprised me a lot. On 13th November, it was declared to us that we all have to come to school on 14th in colour dress. We all were thrilled by this news as for the first time our principal permitted us to wear colour dress on children’s day. On 14th morning we reached school by 8:30 am. We had our regular prayer and then there was an special prayer for we children as it was Children’s Day. Every one looked pretty in colour dress. It seemed as if it was a glowing colourful morning to all. After the assembly got over, we were told that there will be lots and lots of surprises for us and we were told not to hoot but to maintain the discipline. Then the program started. At first there were two dances. Something special and surprising in both the dances were that, every year it was being performed by we students. But this time they were our own teachers who performed it. The starter was performed by our primary teachers but, the actual fun was in the second dance which was performed by our senior teachers. When the music of second dance was about to end, our principal Sister Roslyer entered the stage dancing. All the girls hooted as it was amazing to see the principal of a school dancing for her school students. After that our singing teacher sang a soft and beautiful song for us. Then we all were taken to our class by our class teachers. In our class there came three cartoon boxes. We all started guessing whats inside them. The first cartoon contained packets of chocolates, the second contained beautiful key-rings and the third cartoon contained chocolate bars. Oh! such lovely gifts they were. 

There was an announcement made by Sister through the intercom that we have to reach our multipurpose hall after receiving the gifts. We all made a line and then went to our multipurpose hall. Our multipurpose hall looked/like heaven when we reached there as it was totally decorated with beautiful flowers and even the chairs were decorated so beautifully that the decoration pleased us a lot. Our principal invited few of the singers on the stage infact I was also called. Total nine students were called on the stage and then she told us that we all had to sing songs and entertain the whole school. We were glad and each of us sang only pop songs. When the show got over every one shouted Music! Music! Sister knew what we meant, so she played all the latest songs and all of us were dancing with lots of fun and joy. We all made groups and then danced. It was a great day for me. I will never ever forget this day in my whole life. I had never thought that we will see our teachers and even our principal dancing for us. This was a real treat for me. I’m really thankful to all of them for performing such a wonderful show for us.

Group tests of intelligence are test which can be administered to many individuals at the same time. It is not costly in terms of administration and time. No trained examiners are required to administer the test e.g., 

1. Army alpha test (group verbal test) 

2. Army beta test 

3. Raven’s Progressive matrices (Group Non-verbal test)

(i) Reflex action. 

(ii) Synapse 

(iii) 1. Sensory/Afferent neuron. 

2. Dorsal ganglion/Dorsal root. 

3. White matter

4. Grey matter 

(iv) Function of 5 (Synape): Transmit the sensory impulse from sensory neuron to the motor neuron. 

Function of 6 (Motor neuron/Efferent neuron): Transmit the command to the effectors (muscle or glands). 

(v) In Brain: Gray matter on the outerside and white matter on inner side. 

In Spinal cord: White matter on the outerside and Gray matter on inner side.

(i) Reflex action

(ii) Synapse

(iii) 

1- Sensory neuron

2- Dorsal root ganglions

3-White matter

4- Gray matter

(iv) 5- It receives messages from sensory neuron and passes it to the motor neuron. 

6- It passes impulses from the main nervous system to the effector organ. 

(v) In spinal cord. the gray matter is inside and white matter is outside around it. In brain, gray matter is outside and white matter is inside.

Transpiration rate in such plants is very high during mid-day and exceeds the water absorption rate of the roots. So more water is lost than absorbed. This water deficiency in cells causes them to loose turgidity and the plants get wilt.

CFC reacts with ozone in the atmosphere and decreases its concentration. This has resulted in a thinner layer of ozone in the air specially over the polar region. Harmful ultraviolet rays would be able to enter the earth's atmosphere through this thin ozone layer and cause damage to life and diseases like skin cancer in humans. Therefore, its use is banned in many countries.

In dim light, colours cannot be distinguished because the rod cells are working in dim light but they do not detect colours. Cone cells detect colours but they do not work in dim light like that of moon.

(i) 

1. Urinary bladder

2. Ureter (left) 

3. Prostate gland 

4. Vas deferens/Sperm duct 

5. Urethra 

6. Testes 

7. Scrotum 

8. Epididymis 

(ii) Fallopian tube/Oviduct. 

(iii) It protects testis and regulate temperature of testes for sperm production.

F₁      Phenotypic ratio-Alltallplants, 1: 1

Genotypic ratio-All hybrids, 1: 1

F₂      Phenotypic ratio-3: 1 (3 tall: 1 dwarf)

Genotypic ratio- 1 :2 : 1

• It does not cause any pollution. 

• It is a cheap source of energy.

1. Uranium 

2. Due to its high utility as a source of energy and as a raw material for a large number of industries. 

3. Burning coal emits harmful wastes such as carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid, ash etc.

The structure of personality : Freud suggested that personality consists largely of three parts the Id, the ego and the super ego. The id consists of all our primitive, innate urges. These include various bodily needs, sexual, desire and aggressive impulses. According to Freud, the id is totally unconscious and operative in accordance with what he termed the pleasure principle. It demands immediate, total gratification and in . not capable of consideration the potential costs of seeking this goal. 

The second structure of personality is the ego. The ego’s task is to hold the id in check until conditions allow for satisfaction of its impulses. Thus, the ego operates in accordance with the reality principle. It takes into account external conditions and the consequences of various action and directs behavior so as to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. The ego is partly conscious but not entirely; thus, some of its actions – for example, its eternal struggle with the id – are outside our conscious knowledge or understanding. 

The final aspect of personality described by Freud is the Super ego. It too seeks to control satisfaction of id impulses, but, in contrast to the ego, it is concerned with morality – with whether various ways that could potentially satisfy id impulses are right or wrong. The super ego permits us to gratify such impulses only when it is morally correct to do so – not simply when it is safe or feasible, as required by ego. So, for example, it would be the super ego, not the ego, that would prevent a stock broker from altering a computer program and thereby transferring funds from his clients’ accounts into his own account, even though he knew he could get away with this action. 

Freud feel that this constant struggle among id, ego and super ego plays a key role in personality and in many psychological disorders. Moreover, he suggested that the struggle was often visible in everyday behavior in what have come to be known as Freudian Slips errors in speech that in fact betray unconscious thoughts or impulses.

According to Pinter (1931) ‘The potency of environment is not merely so great as commonly supposed. A child’s abilities are determined by his ancestors and all that the environment can do is to give the opportunity for the development of his potentialities”. We can claim our calculations agree perfectly with the hypothesis that intelligence is inherited in the same way as physical characteristics are inherited. 

Thus heredity is more important than environment in growth and development. Several experiment findings also emphasize importance of heredity in individual differences. Pearson (1904) found a remarkable resemblance among members of the same family in color of eyes, ratio of width and length of head and the physical traits which are by and large affected by environmental influences. Interestingly, he noted that the effect of heredity upon mental characteristics is the same as upon physical characteristics. 

Contribution of Environment to child’s development: The effect of changed environment upon mental traits – two studies concluded by Chicago University group headed by Freeman (1925) and Stanford University group headed by Burks (1928) are notable. Both these investigations emphasized some what different methods, through the purpose was same i.e., to study the influence of home environment upon the development of mental traits in children. Freeman agrees with Burk’s view that heredity is a force in the determination of mental ability by the side of which all other forces are dwarfed in comparison. Both the studies agree upon the influence of heredity in shaping mental ability. 

Both the groups show a general agreement on the role of environment in the development of individual intelligence. But the Chicago group seems to give greater emphasis to environment than to heredity. Watson has strongly emphasized the importance of environment in the development of human personality. If an individual’s abilities, efficiency and traits of personality would have bears exclusively influenced by genetic factors, environment, training and learning would have no value. Similarly, if training and education is considered as a sole factor influencing personality differences then favorable environmental opportunities are everything and potentialities and gifted qualities have no implications for personality development. 

It seems more reasonable to say that both nature and nurture, heredity and environment have important roles to pay in the development of human being. But their relative importance differs in the development of various traits of personality.

Similarly, environment has the upper hand in the development of personality traits like sociability, amiability, honest, dominance, submission, introversion-extroversion, interests and several others socially desirable, undesirable traits. Regarding the mental activities, there are sufficient evidences to believe that heredity factors determine the potential level of physiological limit of development which an individual achieves at the maximum. Within this limit, the environment factors influence the level of development that really occurs. 

Hence, neither nature nor nurture alone can explain one’s personality development. Heredity and Environment cooperatively and coordinately help in the growth and development of child’s behavior and personality.

Erik Erickson : Erickson like Homey emphasized (1902-1944) the importance of thinking process of conscious mind unlike Freud whose primary focus was an unconscious mind. Erickson developed a new approach of developmental milestone. He introduced eight stages a psycho social development where he described the 8 chief conflict areas of crises along with their respective favorable and unfavorable outcomes which play key role in personality development at that particular stages

Role of Parents: As we know that Adolescence is a crucial stage in every individual life. During the phase of adolescence, the adolescents want independence from their parents and yet they are dependent on them for their needs. They do not like to be old. ‘Do this’ and ‘Don’t do this’. Parents still want to control them while adolescents wants freedom and this leads to a tussle between their relationships. Here, parents have to learn to ‘Let go’, not of the relationship, but of their dreams, and their authority over the young people, so that they may allow a young person to develop their own dreams and greater self-responsibility.

Common skin troubles: 

1. Dryness 

2. Greasiness 

3. Blackheads 

4. Acne 

5. Superfluous hair

Five Defense Mechanisms : 

Repression : Thoughts or desire which cause anxiety are driven into unconscious state of mind, where we are no longer consciously aware of them. They are seemingly forgot ten. 

Eg., As he grows up, the child forgets his childhood when he lost both his parents. 

Regression : Acting or thinking in a childish manner when frustrated or anxious. Eg., A customer starts throwing tantrums on having to stand in queue at the store. 

Identification : Attempting to reduce anxiety by imitating the behavior of someone we fear or love. Eg., After returning from school, a student imitates his principal whom he is scared off. 

Reaction formation : Acting in a way exactly opposite to the way we really feel. Eg., A son jokes with this friends on hearing the news of death of his father. 

Displacement : Transferring emotion/reaction from one object to another or from one person to another. Eg., A manager pulled up his superior lectures his subordinate on good performance.

Projection : Ascribing one’s personal feelings to another person or object. Eg., A citizen upset over high taxation feels all others are also feeling the same.

Stress is most often associated with individuals. This is largely due to the consequences of stress being most visible at the individual level. However, businesses can also suffer from stress, as a result of the stress experienced by the individuals within the organisation. There are many potential consequences of stress for both individuals and organisations.

  Common individual consequences of stress include : 

Chronic fatigue : Stressful tasks require the individual to work beyond a point at which they feel that they can cope. In an attempt to cope, they will often increase their working hours and reduce their break times. This is done at the expense of family, social and leisure time. Even when not at work, they might find it hard to switch off. Prolonged exposure to stressful work can lead to chronic fatigue whereby the individual is both physically and mentally exhausted. 

Physical health : Prolonged exposure to stressful activity leads to a rise in the individual’s cortisol levels. Excessive levels of cortisol can suppress the immune system, thus exposing the individual to a wide variety of potential illnesses. The individual may also adopt unhealthy behaviors in an attempt to cope with the stress e.g., increased alcohol consumption. These behaviors can further increase the individual’s chances of experiencing bad health. 

Psychological health : For stress to occur, the individual must feel that they are unable to cope. This feeling of helplessness can have a dramatic effect on their mental health. Anxiety and worry levels increase and this can in turn lead to the individual experiencing depression. The individual consequences of stress can be very dangerous. Failure to recognize, and deal with, the symptoms of stress, at an early stage, leads to the stress spiraling out of control. The stress may start off in one small area of their life but as they fail to tackle it soon spreads to other areas. 

Perhaps the biggest problem with the individual consequences of stress is that they cannot be contained; they take over the person’s whole life. Despite being called the individual consequences of stress, they do have knock on effects for far more than just the individual. Organisations, families, communities and any other groups, with whom the individual has regular contact, suffer some consequence from the individual’s stress. For that reason alone, stress should never be seen as just and individual problem. It is a societal problem.

Intense competition in the corporate world has led to the emergence of advertising as a vital tool for corporate survival because these days, there are several producers producing similar products, therefore the primary objective of advertising is to provide relevant information to the consumers about products and services. It also provides link between producers and consumers. With the help of convincing advertisement, a business firm can create demand for its products which facilitates mass distribution of goods. By creating brand loyalty, advertising helps to maintain sales and market-share. 

Overhead or indirect expenses are those expenses which cannot be charged to production directly or cannot be identified with a specific product or job. These are incurred in planning and controlling the business operations. 

Three types of overhead expenses are: 

1. Factory Overheads: Consumable stores like Lubricants, Grease etc. used for the smooth working of machines. 

2. Office Overheads: These expenses are incurred in the process of managing business Activities e.g. office rent, salary of office manager etc. 

3. Selling Overheads: These expenses are incurred in selling and distribution of goods and services, e.g. advertising expenses, sales commission etc.

(i) No Change 

(ii) Improve