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(i) CaCO₃ + 2HCL ⟶ CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂

(ii) Relative molecular mass of CaCO₃ = 100 

If mass of 1 mole of CaCO₃ = 100 gm

Then 4.5 moles of CaCO₃ = \(\frac{100}{1}\times 4.5\) = 450 gm.

(iii) Molar volume of a gas at STP = 22.4l

So, Vol. of CO₂ at STP = 22.4l

(iv) Relative molecular mass of CaCl₂ = 111

If mass of 1 mole of CaCl₂ = 111 gm

Then 4.5 moles of CaCl₂ =  \(\frac{111}{1}\times4.5\)  = 499.5 gm.

(v) According to equation 

CaCO₃ + 2HCL ⟶ CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂

       1   :     2                1

No. of moles of HCL used = 2

No. of molecules = No. of moles x 6 x 10²³

                           = 2 x 6 x 10²³

                          =  12 x 10²³

(i) Na₂S₂O₃ + 2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + H₂O + SO₂ + S

(ii) Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2HCl ⟶ PbCl₂ +2HNO₃

(i) CaCO₃ + 2HCl ---> CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂

(ii) Mass of 1 more of CaCO₃ = 100 g

Mass of 4.5 moles of CaCO₃ = 4.5 x 100 = 450 g

(iii)  1 mole CaCO₃ liberates 1 mole of CO₂ 

.'. 4.5 moles of CaCO₃ liberates 4.5 moles of CO₂ 

Volume of CO₂ liberated at STP = 22.4 x 4.5 = 100.8 l.

(iv)  1 mole of CaCO₃ gives 1 mole of CaCl₂.

.'. 4.5 moles of CaCO₃ gives 4.5 moles of CaCl₂ = 4.5 x 111 = 499.5 g

(v) 1 mole of CaCO₃ requires 2 moles of HCl 

4.5 moles of CaCO₃ requires = 2 x 4.5 = 9 moles of HCl

Difference between electrical conductivity of copper sulphate solution and copper metal:

(i) Na₂S2O₃ + 2HCL ⟶ 2NaCl + H₂O + SO₂ + S

(ii) Ca(HCO₃)₂ + 2HCL ⟶ CaCl₂ + 2H₂O + 2CO₂

(iii) Na₂SO₃ + H₂SO₄ ⟶ Na₂SO₄ + H₂O + SO₂

(iv) Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2NaCl ⟶ PbCl₂ + 2NaNO₃

(v) Zn + 2NaOH ⟶ Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂

(C) They are metallic in nature. 

A. Antibiotic

Al³⁺ ions are precipitated first as Al(OH)₃ because Ksp for Al(OH)₃ is lower than that of Ca(OH)₂.

Two important characteristics of plantation farming are: 

1. Huge estates. 

2. Single crop farming (Mono culture) One important plantation crop is tea

Different types of iron ore found in India are: 

(i) Hematite 

(ii) Magnetite 

(iii) Limonite Magnetite is the best quality of iron as it contains more than 70% of iron.

Largest producer state of mineral oil is Maharashtra.

 Two oil refineries of India are: 

1. Trombay refinery (Gujarat) 

2. Mathura refinery (U.P.)

(i) The oldest coal field in India is Raniganj. 

The largest coal field in India is Jharia. 

(ii) Two raw materials derived from coal are ammonia and benzol.

Two off shore oil fields of India are : 

1. Mumbai high or Bombay high 

2. Aliabet oil field.

Two Advantages of a Bank Account: 

1. It helps to develop saving habits among people. 

2. A bank account can be produced as an evidence in case of dispute.

Sunk Capital: It is that kind of capital, which can be used to produce only one type of commodity or service. 

For example, an ice factory.

Floating Capital: It is that category of capital, in which all items can be put to alternate uses.

For example: money, fuels etc.

Labour and Entrepreneur are two active factors of production. Land and capital can be used only when labour is employed on then. No doubt, all factors are important in production because production results from cooperation among all the productive resources, yet labour is regarded as the single most important factor of production.

(i)  Yes, the two statements are totally different. The statement val = 3 is an assignment statement and the statement val = 3 is a relational expression which tests for equality.

(ii)  The result of

(i)  will be val having value 3 and the result of 

(ii)  will be (0) false because 5 is not equal to 3.

The elements of a loop which govern the working of the loop are known as loop control elements. 

The three elements are :

→ initialization expression

 → test expression

→ update expression

‘If’ condition is used to check a specific condition. It performs a course of action if the condition is true, otherwise it is ignored.

The operator at the left hand side will be performed first.

Output

c = ’z’

z = (++y * (y +++ 5)) 

z = (15 * (15 + 5)) 

z = (15 + (20)) 

z = 300

Each character is assigned a specific numeric value called ASCII code. 

Jave.io  library file in JAVA is used to support input and output data.

For finding length of character array char [ ] we use, a.length 

Ex: char [ ] a = {‘a’, ‘b’}; 

r = a.length; 

output: 2

For finding length of string object str, we use, str.length ( ); 

Ex : String str = “My”; int k = str.length ( ); 

output: 2

Incredible world

(i) ACHIAVAMANT 

(ii) – 18

The expression y+= ++y + y – – + – –y can be written as y= y+ (++y + y-- + -- y).

If initial value of y is 8 then final value of y= 8+ (9 + 9 + 7) = 33.

(i) System.out.println(“Java”);—method invocation statement. 

(ii) costPrice = 457.50;—assignment statement. 

(iii) Car hybrid= new Car();—object creation statement. 

(iv) petrolPrice++;—increment statement.

(i) –5.0

(ii) 4 + 8 = 12

i. Constructor has the same name as that of the class it belongs to.

ii. Constructor is executed automatically when an object of class is created.

An infinite loop can be created by skipping the condition. This provides infinite statements to be executed again and again. An infinite loop statement : 

int i; 

for (i = 1; ; i++) 

{ 

System.out.println(“This is an end loop”). 

}

The output is as follows: 

greinds 

WHEAT

The composite data types are: 

(i) string str; 

(ii) arr[i] = 10; 

(iii) obj.display();

A constructor is a special method which is called automatically as soon as the object is created to initialize the object. They has no return type not even void. It has the same name as the class name. A constructor is invoked as soon as the object is created to initialize the object.

Statement is true. In fixed deposit accounts, money is deposited for-fixed period. On- premature payment nominal penal interest is changed.

Sales promotion at salesmen's level may be done by providing special incentives to the salesmen employed by the manufacturer, whether in cash or in kind, or in the form of promotion to the next higher position in the hierarchy, if they achieve the predetermined sales targets, or popularize the products of the manufacturer in any other manner.

Central Bank referred to as a Banker’s Bank because Central Bank has almost the same relation with the other commercial banks of the country that the commercial banks have with the common public. Central Bank keeps the cash balances of commercial banks and issues loans to them on requirements, in the same manner as the commercial banks do for its customers. That’s why , it is also called as bankers’ bank.

Large-scale mining operations can result in significant deforestation through forest clearing still cover about 30 percent of the world's land area, but an area of the size of Panama is deforested every year. In addition to deforestation, mining also destroys aquatic ecosystems by using heavy metals and other toxic substances in the extraction metal ores, such as gold, silver, copper and iron. These substances contaminate water supplies and harm fish, disrupting the food chain and contributing to the extinction of already endangered species. Mining operations also emit toxic gases into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.

Capital is a passive factor of production because Capital on its own cannot produce anything until labour works on it. To produce with machines, labour is required. Capital cannot produce without the help of the active services of labour. Thus we can say that, labour is an active whereas capital is a passive factor of production.

Central Bank (RBI in case of India). Central Bank regulate and supervise the Commercial Banks. Being the apex bank, the Central Bank (RBI) acts as the banker to other banks.

As the banker to banks, the Central Bank functions in three capacities : 

(i) Custodian of Cash Reserves : All the commercial banks are required to keep a certain proportion of their deposits known as Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR with the Central Bank. In this way, Central Bank acts as a custodian of cash reserves of Commercial banks.

(ii) Lender of the Last Resort: 

• The Central Bank acts as the lender of the last resort. 

• When commercial banks fail to meet their financial requirements from other sources, they can approach the Central Bank which provide them loan and advances as lender of the last resort.

(iii) Clearing House : As Central Bank holds the cash reserves of all the commercial banks, it becomes easier and more convenient for it to act as their clearing house

A good recruitment policy should have the following consideration : 

(1)  Recruitment should be-made by central institute. Every department should send its requirement to it. 

(2)  Recruitment should be made according to posts fallen vacant.

(i) Cotton Yarn : Circulating Capital

(ii) Dyes : Circulating Capital

(iii) Power : Circulation Capital

(iv) Weaving Machines : Fixed Capital.

A progressive tax is a tax where the tax rate increases as your income increases. It means that the more a person earns, the higher his average rate of tax will be. For example, Income tax that takes a larger percentage of tax on higher income group and smaller percentage of a smaller income group.

The main reasons for the need of central bank for country are-

(i) Central bank can regulate the whole financial sector and exercise control over the monetary and credit policies of the nation.

(ii) It plays an important role in stabilizing the economy of the country.

(iii) Central banks also act as a “lender of last resort” to the banking sector during times of financial crisis.

Capital is a passive factor of production as it need human factor to produce. 

For example, to run any machine labour is required.

Trade account of the balance of payments includes exports and imports of goods in a year. The difference between the value of exports of goods and value of imports of goods is called the balance of trade. 

For example: if the value of the exports of goods is Rs. 10,000 in a year and the value of imports in the same year is Rs. 6,000, then the balance of trade is (+) Rs 4,000. It is a surplus balance of trade as exports are greater than imports.