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Meal planning is defined as ‘the implementation of the principles of nutrition in one’s daily diet in an appetizing way’.

Gay Lussac's Law of combining volumes : Under same conditions of temperature and pressure, the volume of gases taking part in a chemical reaction show simple whole number ratio to one another and to those of products if gaseous.

If young people go abroad to study as to seek job, they cannot be termed unpatriotic Write for or against:- Not surprisingly, education has undergone considerable changes in recent years. In current society, the rapid developing of economy the competitions stiff. There is no denying that a number of people choose to go abroad to get better education or jobs.

Everyone wants to live better and decent life. According to them studying abroad or doing jobs abroad will get them healthy return. They want their family be happy and healthy.

In many countries, there was not such facilities for a man. Due to the high competition, in their own country, the young people want to go abroad. They hope to enjoy there. They think life will be easy.

But the feeling of their own country where they were bom and brought up is still in their mind or heart. It is a patriotic feeling that never leaves their mind. But due to high society and the development they have to think high but the feeling for their country is still the same which was there before. They cannot forget the past which they spent in their homeland.

We cannot blame them to be unpatriotic. As everyone wants to live better life, so their thinking of living better is natural.

In our generation we have to use the opportunities which we get, because competition is so high that we cannot escape.

So, to get better life, we have to study abroad or to do jobs abroad, but it doesn’t mean that, we should forget our motherland. The feelings for our country remain the same as they were before. So if people go abroad for study or jobs they should not be termed unpatriotic.

It means that the resistance of a metal of resistance IΩ increases by 4 x 10^-3 ohm for every one degree centigrade rise of temperature.

It is the phenomenon of evolution or absorption of heat at the two functions of a thermo couple when a current is passed through it from an external source. In Peltier effect electrical energy is being converted into heat where as in Seebeck effect, heat is converted into electrical energy.

Physiological effects of gibberellins :

1. Stem elongation.:The most prominent effect of gibberellins on plant is stem intemodal elongation. Application of gibberellin on genetically dwarf plants causes them to grow well. They also help cell growth of leaves and other aerial parts except roots. 

2. Bolting and flowering: Some biennial plants grow as rosette of leaves on a very short condensed stem, in the first year of growth and then in the next year there develop an elongated shoot and bear flowers. This phenomenon is known as bolting. Exogenous application of gibberellin induces the bolting and flowering in the same year, e.g. Cabbage, Radish. 

3. Seed germination: Some of the light sensitive seeds like lettuce, barley etc. can germinate with the treatment of gibberellins even in complete dark, which otherwise require specific light conditions. 

4. Parthenocarpy: Gibberellins have been found to be more effective than auxins in causing parthenocarpic development of seedless Suits in pomaceous plants like apples, pears, etc. 

5. Breaking of dormancy: Gibberellins are effective in overcoming the natural dormancy in potato tubers and buds in winter. 

6. Vernalisation: Vernalisation or low-temperature treatment of some plants can be replaced by gibberllins 

7. Sex-expression: Gibberllins have masculinzing effect on genetically female plants of Cannabis. They can also replace female flowers with male flowers on monoecious plants of cucurbits.

Functions of human skeletal system : 

• It gives support to softer body parts. 

• Endoskeleton also protects the body parts e.g., brain is protected by the cranium of the skull, spinal cord gets protection by vertebral column. 

• Endoskeleton parts provide attachment for large muscles. 

• Bones help in bringing about movements due to contraction of muscles and the bones change their positions. 

• Blood cells are produced by bone marrow. 

• Bones maintains calcium and phosphorus level of blood.

(i) Connector :

Cause : Bone loses minerals and fibres from its matrix. 

Symptom: Bones become weak, porous, light in weight, liable to easy fracture.

(ii) Constipation : 

Cause : Insufficient fibres in the diet. 

Symptom : Infrequent passage of dry, hardened faeces.

(iii) Asthama : 

Cause : Long term inflammatory disease caused by an allergic reaction to irritants such as cigarette smoke, dust, or pet pander. 

Symptom : Exhaling is more difficult than inhaling due to spasms of smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles.

(iv) Tetany : 

Cause : Deficiency a parat hormone. 

Symptom : Lowering of blood calcium level, increased excitability of nerves muscles, sustained, contraction (tetany) of muscles of larynx, face, hands, and feet.

(i) Environmental Resistance: The sum total of inhibitory environmental factors, both biotic end abiotic such as drought, high temperature, shortage of food, shelter, predation, pathogens, diseases etc. which regulate population size and do not permit unlimited growth of population is called environment resistance. Because of environmental resistance, the populations are unable to reach full biotic potential.

(ii) Albinism: The individuals suffering from albinism are called albino. They lack melanin pigment in their skin, hair, iris of eye etc. Such persons are susceptible to bright sun rays and develop eye disorders and skin diseases. Albinism results from inheritance of autosomal gene mutation. Hence the individual lacks the enzyme tyrosinase which is essential for synthesis of melanin. The gene for albinism is a recessive gene (a) which can be expressed only in homozygous (aa) condition. A person with its dominant allele (A) will be normal. The condition is known to affect mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Albinism is a genetic disorder, while the most common term for an organism affected by albinism is ‘albino’. Most organisms with albinism appear white or very pale.

(iii) Plant Introduction : Plant introduction means introducing a plant having desirable characters (e.g., vigorous growth, high yield, disease resistance, etc) from a region or a country where it grows naturally to a region or country where it did not occur earlier.

The adaptation of an individual to a changed environment, or the adjustment of a species or a population to a changed environment over a number of generations is called acclimatization (or acclimation).

Plant introduction has played a significant role in the development of agriculture throughout . the world. Some of the most important commercial crops cultivated extensively in India today are introductions from other countries. For example, Gossypium hirsutum, Cinchona was first introduced into the Nilgris from Peru in 1860. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), chilli (Capsicum annuum), tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum), guava (Psidium guajava), custard apple (Annona squamosa), cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale) and Papaya (‘Carica papaya) are some of the other examples of crops successfully introduced in India.

Plant introduction can be useful in three different ways :

(a) the introduced material can be used directly by increasing it enmass. 

(b) desirable strains can be selected from the introduced material. 

(c) the introduced material can be used as a parent for hybridisation with adapted local varieties.

(iv) Palaeontology : It is the study of past life based on the fossil record. The fossils are petrified (turned in to stone) remains or impressions of ancient organisms preserved by natural means in the sedimentary rocks or other media such as amber, asphalt, volcanic – ash, ice, peat bogs, sand and mud. Palaeontology furnishes the most direct and reliable evidence for evolution, as it deals with the actual organisms that lived in the past.

Four causes of infertility in males: 

– Cryptorchidism 

– Low sperm count

– Vas deferens blockage 

– Smoking and alcoholism

Population growth refers to increase in the total number of organisms occupying a certain area.

The various methods to discourage population growth are : 

(a) Education : People particularly those in reproductive age group, should be educated about the advantage of a small family, and the consequent benefits to the nation. People should be educated about the affects of overpopulation by the Government agencies mass media such as radio, television, newspaper, magazines, posters and educational institution can play an important role in this campaign. It will certainly help check population growth.

(b) Marriageable age : Raising the age of marriage will decrease reproductive span, can help in reducing population growth. At present, the marriageable age is 18 years for females and 21 years for males. Social change and the increasing aspiration for education and career in women, encourage them to delay marriage and postpone reproduction.

Family planning : The family planning includes many birth control measures. 

Following family planning methods should be adopted :

• Use of oral contraceptive pills by women. 

• Use of vaginal diaphragms. 

• Use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) like copper-T and loop. 

• Surgical techniques of birth control like tubectomy in females and vasectomy in males. 

• Medical termination of pregnancy. 

• Natural family planning by having intercourse only during safe period or withdrawing penis before ejaculation.

(i) Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae): Fruits rich in vitamin C, commonly pickled and used as a medicine. 

(ii) Adhatoda vesica (Acanthaceae)Used as expectorant in cough, asthma.

Applications of tissue Culture (Micro propagation) :

These are as follows : 

• It helps in rapid multiplication of plants. 

• A large number of plantlets are obtained within a short period and from a small space. 

• Plants are obtained throughout the year under controlled conditions, independent of seasons. 

• Sterile plants or plants which cannot maintain their characters by sexual reproduction are multiplied by this method. 

• It is an easy, safe and economical method for plant propagation. 

• In case of ornamentals, tissue culture plants give better growth, more flowers and less fall-out. 

• Genetically similar plants (soma clones) are formed by this method. Therefore, desirable characters (genotype) and desired sex of superior variety are kept constant for many generations. 

• The rare plant and endangered species are multiplied by this method and such plants are saved.

Mass selection – Most common and old method of crop selection. In this selection, large num-ber of similarly appearing plants are selected for the desired trait and their seeds are mixed together which is then sown to raise new crops.

Pure line selection : It is the progeny of a single homozygous self-pollinated plant. The single plant of the desired trait is selected out of the variable populate in the field. Seeds from the selected plants are sown in different rows to produce progeny by self-pollination.

Pure line selection is better method because the selected plants retain desirable characters for several generation.

ADH- Antidiuretic hormone It is released from the posterior part of the pituitary gland. It acts on distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of nephron and increase their permeability for water. The secretion of ADH varies with the intake of water. If less water is taken more ADH is produced to reduce the urine volume and when more water is taken less ADH is produced so that only small amount of water is reabsorbed and majority goes out in the urine.

Function:

2nd — Optic — Vision 

3rd — Oculomotor — Movement of eyeball, accommodation 

8th — Auditory — Hearing and body balance

Those who are better fit in the environment leave more progeny than others. This is called reproductive fitness.

Example: Oyster lays 60-80 million eggs in a single spawn. If all the eggs hatch and young ones survive, it will be a very huge number of oysters which will be formed on the earth. All of them do not survive only those who are fit in the environment can survive rest die.

Primary lymphoid organs – In these organs, immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen- sensitive lymphocytes e.g., Bone marrow, Thymus Secondary lymphoid organs – The matured lymphocytes undergo proliferation and differentiation e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils.

Breeding of crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher proteins and healthier fats is called bio fortification.

Golden rice has five times more iron than common varieties.

Bio fortification is the process of breeding staple crops to have higher levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals either through selective breeding or genetic modification. e.g., bio fortification of wheat with zinc.

(i) Biopatent: It is a legal right given to the owner for a biological discovery. 

(ii) Parthenocarpy: Development of fruits without fertilization.

Early diagnostic symptoms of cancer are : 

1. Painful and persistent cough. 

2. Unaccustomed indigestion, constipation or diarrhoea. 

3. Abdominal pain and pain or difficulty in urinating. 

4. A lump, where the cancer is near the surface.

(i) So that no foreign pollen may fall on the stigma. 

(ii) Because some seeds and underground parts of plants are already present.

(i) Carrying capacity is the maximum population that a given environment can support for an indefinite period or on a sustainable basis. 

(ii) An implant is a tissue or organ inserted surgically into the human body to replace a defective one. 

(iii) Carcinomas are tumours made-up of mainly epithelial cells that cover or line the body organs e.g., breast cancer.

(i) P. Maheshwari : Plant tissue culture 

(ii) E. Wilson: Coined the term Biodiversity 

(iii) M. S. Swaminathan: Green revolution in India 

(iv) H. Boyer: Discovered restriction enzyme endonuclease.

(i) Divided the Earth into Bio geographical regions 

(ii) Father of Indian Ecology 

(iii) Triplet nature of codon 

(iv) DNA sequencing

According to Eysenck (1971), “Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organisation of a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique, which determine his unique adjustment to the environment.”

Career counselling: Career counselling is the process of helping the candidates to select a course of study that may help them to get into job or make them employable. A career counsellor helps candidates to get into a career that is suited to their aptitude, personality, interest and skills. So, it is the process of making an effective correlation between the internal psychology of a candidate with the external factors of employability and other courses. Career counsellors work with people from various walks of life, such as adolescents seeking to explore career options, or experienced professionals contemplating a career change. Career counsellors typically have a background in vocational psychology or industrial/organizational psychology. 

Career Testing : An objective form of career counselling is through an aptitude test, or a career test. 

Career testing is now usually done online and provides insightful and objective information about which jobs may be suitable for the test taker based on combination of their interests, values and skills. Career tests usually provide a list of recommended jobs that match the test takers attributes with host of people with similar personalities who enjoy are successful at their jobs. There are various ways to test an individual for which field he is suitable psychometric testing being one among them. 

Psychometric Testing : Different test companies have their own methods of testing. Usually, there are multiple sets of questions relating to personality type, how the test taker would handle aspects of work and home life, what his or her goals are for the future and his or her strengths and weaknesses. 

Currently more than 500 tests of personality of different types are in use. These tests have now become very scientific, refined and comprehensive compared to earlier tests. 

Intelligence Tests : Various intelligence tests are applied to detect one’s intelligence. While, average intelligent and intelligent persons can be selected for any common job, below average intelligent persons are advised to take up repetitive and jobs requiring less skills. Besides these main tests there are other testes like achievement tests, general aptitude tests, special aptitude tests and various types of special ability tests. Tests are essential for any selection, recruitment, counselling, training and even at the time of promotion. 

A general answer tracing the testing of a student (aptitude, personality, intelligence, ability and achievement); Explaining test results and achievability of goals; handling the admission process to courses (prerequisites for a course, presentation, at interviews etc.) and finally finding the right fit for the student.

Power of accommodation : It refers to the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length to see objects at different distances. The least distance of distinct vision for a normal eye is 25 cm and the maximum distance is infinity.

The brown ring test is used for detection of NO₃^- .

When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with iron sulphide, the gas evolved is Hydrogen sulphide.

(A) Hydrogen sulphide

The functional group present in acetic acid is Carboxltl - COOH.

The number of C-H bonds in ethane molecule are Six.

(D) Carboxyl —COOH

(i) Ammonia gas 

(ii) Nitrogen gas

1. Ammonia gas.

2. Nitrogen gas.

(a)

(i) CuO +2HCl ⟶ CuCl₂ + H₂O

(ii)MnO₂+ 4HCl ⟶ MnCl₂ +2H₂O +Cl₂

(b)

(i) The experiment is called Fountain Experiment.

(ii) This experiment shows that hydrogen chloride is highly soluble in water.

(iii) Red

It is a strong oxidising agent.

Because Hydrogen chloride is highly soluble in water.

A colourless gas with characteristic smell of ammonia is evolved.

Hydrogen chloride is heavier than air.

When hydrogen chloride is collected by downward delivery or upward displacement, it shows that it is heavier than air.

Cathode becomes thick due to deposition of red copper metal.

Hydrogen chloride is not collected over water as it is soluble in water.

A white ppt. is obtained.

A colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence is evolved.

In Cell A : Sodium chloride being strong electrolyte dissociates completely and therefore current flows better. 

In Cell B : Acetic acid being weak electrolyte ionises only partially and therefore. only a weak current flows. 

In Cell C : Sugar being a covalent compound does not ionise at all and therefore, no current flows.

A is sodium chloride solution which is a strong electrolyte which contains only ions. So more electricity is conducted and bulb glows brightly. 

B is acetic acid which contains both ions and molecules that is less number of ions. So less electricity is conducted and bulb glows dimly. 

C is sugar solution which is a non electrolyte that is it does not contain ions so electricity is not conducted and bulb does not glow.