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(a) 1. 088065 

2. 072073

(b)1. North – West 

2. North – East

(c) 1. 0704 

2. 0705

(d) 1. River, wells and tanks are dry. 

2. Vegetation – fairly dense scrub.

(e) Indirect distance = 12 cm 

1cm on the map represents = 500 

12cm on the map represent = 500

(f) 1. South – East 

2. North – East

(g) 1. Monthly Fair 

2. Agriculture – Yellow wash

(h) 1. Disappearing drainage 

2. Longitude line 35°

(i) Tank

(j) 1. Cause way 

2. Post office

Geographical reasons: 

(i) Shimla is cooler than Delhi in summer because the temperature decreases with the height at a rate of 1°C for every 165 m of ascend. 

(ii) Northern plains of India do not freeze in winter due to the presence of Himalayas which do not allow the cold polar winds to enter India. 

(iii) Kochi has a lesser annual range of temp, than Agra because Kochi is located on the sea coast and its temperature is modified by the land and sea breezes. Agra is away from the sea.

Direction of summer monsoon is SW. Because winds deflect towards their right in northern hemisphere.

(i) Tropical monsoon climate. 

(ii) Two factors responsible are : 

1. Latitudinal extent 

2. Presence of Himalayas.

(i) The rivers of South India flow over the plateau region and therefore are swift flowing, which are easier to generate power. 

(ii) As the Northen Plains have a low relief, road and railways are easier to lay down. 

(iii) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus.

Tamil Nadu gets winter rain by North East Monsoon or retreating monsoon.

(i) The Western Ghats are highlands which are forested – forests. 

(ii) They are the source of many rivers. 

(iii) They obstuct the South-West Monsoons and induce rain for India.

(i) The Godawari. 

(ii) Chota Nagpur Plateau. 

(iii) Anaimudi.

1. Cotton.

2. Soil is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium, carbonate, potash, lime etc.

Zn + 2KOH →K₂ Zn O₂ + H₂

                  Potassium Zincate

FeCl₃ + 3NaOH → Fe(OH)₃ + 3NaCl

                              red ppt

                        [Insoluble hydroxide]

C + 2H₂SO₄ → CO₂ + 2SO₂ + 2H₂O

(i) propanone 

(ii) ethene 

(iii) ethanol 

(iv) 1,1,2,2 tetrachloro ethane

Food groups: Food group is a collection of varieties of foods which share similar nutritional properties. In the food grouping, food items are generally classified on the basis of their nutrients. 

The five major food groups and their nutritional contributions are:

Following are the methods of laundering a white cotton shirt. 

1. Preparation: Here, you have to firstly examine the white shirt for any tears, hole, dirt particles, stain etc. 

2. Steeping; Overnight soak the white shirt if it is very much dirty but if it is less dirty you can soak it for 1 hour. Do not soak the coloured garments with the white ones. 

3. Washing: We know that cotton is a strong fibre and it become more stronger when it is wet. Cotton is mainly washed by scrubbing or rubbing method. 

4. Rinsing: To remove the soap and other impurities rinse two or three time in clean, running tap water. 

5. Starching and Blueing: Blueing is done for white cotton shirts only. Both these processes are done in a combined way to save time. 

6. Drying: Shirt should be dried on hangers. 

7. Ironing: Cotton fabric should be ironed properly.

The endocrine system is made up of glands which regulate and secrete hormones. Endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands because these have not special ducts.

ATM: Automated Teller Machine PIN: Personal Identification Number

III effects of toxic coloring: 

• They contaminate food with their poisonous ingredients. 

• They are carcinogenic. 

• Intake produces abnormalities of bone, eyes, skins, lungs.

• Mental retardation. 

• Accumulation of lead in the body.

Endorsement means transferring your ownership to another person by signing on the back of a negotiable instrument (say a cheque).

According to Marland report (1972), “the gifted are those who possess outstanding abilities or potential in the areas of general ‘ intellectual capacity, specific academic aptitude, creative or productive thinking, leadership ability, visual or performing arts and psycho-motor activity”. 

Characteristics of gifted children are as follows: Physical characteristics : Their developmental milestones are observed way earlier than average children. An appropriate correlation is found between height and weight.

Mental or intellectual characteristics : They have special ability of analysis and logic. They have a good ability to understand abstract ideas. They have original thinking. 

Educational characteristics : They take interest in reading reference books, newspaper, journals. They obtain good marks with less efforts than normal. They are systematic in their study. 

Personality characteristics : They have a well balanced temperament and a high ability of adjustment. They are goal oriented, self-confident and have good conduct. 

Social characteristics : They have special ability of leadership, they are trustworthy, like to play with children of older age group than themselves, high moral thinking and empathy and more tolerance ability. 

Negative characteristics : Negative characteristics include stubbomess, shyness, demanding, poor handwriting, tend to question laws, rules authorities, over active physically and mentally, absent-minded.

Howard Gardner challenged the motion of general intelligence. He tried to give a broad base to the concept of intelligence and its measurement by providing a multiple frame. According to him, intelligence can be best described as an individuals multiple abilities, talents and multiple skills. His theory first appeared in the frames of mind (1983). 

He proposed seven independent types of intelligence that grow and develop differently in different people. They are as follows. 

Linguistic intelligence : It includes linguistic competence, talents and skills such as written or oral expression and understanding. It includes syntax, semantics and Pragmatics. It is visible in professionals like lecturer, writers, lyricists. Logical mathematical intelligence : It is responsible for all types of abilities, talents and skills in areas related to logic and mathematics. The various components are inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, scientific logical problem solving. It is exhibited in professionals like mathematicians, physicians. 

Spatial intelligence : It is responsible for abilities, talents and skills involving the representation and manipulation of spatial configuration and relationship. It is visible in professionals such as painters, architects and navigators. 

Musical intelligence : It covers abilities, talents and skills pertaining to the field of music, like production of music through per-formance and composition various components are pitch, discrimination, sensitivity to rhythm, timbre. It is visible in professionals like musicians and composers. 

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence : It is concerned with the abilities, talents and skills involved in using one’s body or its various parts to perform skillful and purposeful movements. It is visible in professionals like dancers, athletes and gymnasts. 

Inter-personal intelligence : It consists of the abilities to understand other individuals and one’s relation to others. It includes the ability to act productively, based on understanding of others. It is needed mostly in social interactions in day-to-day life. 

It is exhibited in professionals like psychotherapists, sales person and politicians. 

Intra-personal intelligence : It is the individual’s ability to know himself, providing an insight into the total behavior. It includes the knowledge and understanding of one’s cognitive strength and style, one’s range of emotions and feelings. It is demonstrated in yogis, saints. 

Gardner’s theory provided a broad and comprehensive view of human abilities. However the last four types of intelligence have been subject of great controversy as to whether they should be categorized as separate types of intelligence.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Wechsler (1939)-“Intelligence is the aggregate of global capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.” 

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), has received some adverse criticism for the 1939 version. The principle changes are in the improved content, extension of the standardization population sample, and improved direction for administering and scoring. WAIS, has six subsets that constitute the verbal scale and five in the performance scale. It is used for 16 to 64 years and takes one hour. As below 

Information test : This test consists of items of information covering a wide range. It consists of 29 questions covering a variety of topics which an adult should know about the virtue of having lived in a culture. Along with vocabulary, the information test is less affected by ageing or pathology. Still, the repressive person will often poorly perform while the pedantic and obsessive individual will score higher often giving pretentious responses. 

Comprehension test : Includes fourteen items in which the subject is asked to explain why certain practices are followed, to interpret proverbs and what should be done under such circumstances. For example, if one finds a stamped addressed envelop on the street. 

Arithmetic test : It requires the subject to solve fourteen problems, found in the grade- school arithmetic tests. Problems are orally presented and paper and pencil cannot be used. 

Similarities test: Consists of thirteen items which requires the subject to state how two things are alike. 

Digit span test : Short term memory for lists of digits starting from three to nine digits, which are orally presented and must be immediately repeated back. 

Vocabulary test : Requires the subject to define forty words of increasing difficulty. Vocabulary is the best single measure of general intelligence. It correlates most highly with full scale I.Q.

Performance Scale : Digit symbol is a code-substitution test which has often been used in non-verbal test procedures. In this, there are nine symbols paired with nine numbers, along with the key before the subject. He must fill in as many blanks are the answer sheet as he can in one-and-a-half minutes. 

Picture completion test: In this the subject is asked to fill the missing part of a series of twenty one drawings. Close attention is required for this test. 

Block design test : In this test their are eight items. Picture Arrangement: As the name itself reflects in picture arrangement test the subject has to arrange the picture in a manner of storytelling. 

Object Assembly : In this test fragmented objects have to be assembled, in their original wholes. The active wall can be adjusted in one hour.

Puberty is the period during which the capability for sexual reproduction is attained. It is marked by changes in both primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Ironing is an important method of finishing need at home: 

• Ironing – cloth is spread on a flat, hard and padded surface. 

• Hot iron is moved back and forth along the length of the fabric with pressure. 

• Different fabric have different heat resistance. Synthetic clothes require very little heat to crease out their wrinkles.

• Cotton and linen are ironed at high temperatures. 

• The most important precaution is the maintaining of appropriate temperature for ironing. If higher temperature than required is used the clothes may scorch or burn and low temperature will not iron out creases properly.

Two points of importance of care labeling of a garment are : 

• color fastness, 

• washing instructions.

Two common problems of puberty are:

• acne, 

• mood swings..

Two ill-effects of using pesticides on food or crops are : 

• decreased nitrogen fixation, 

• reduced growth of plant

(i) In solid-state of a substance (ionic compound) ions are not free to move but in the molten (liquid) state they are free to move towards oppositely charged electrodes on passing an electric current. Hence, an ionic substance conducts electricity in the molten state and not in the solid-state.

(ii) Sodium chloride does not undergo hydrolysis when dissolved in water, as it is salt of strong acid and a strong base and solution remain neutral. Zinc chloride is a salt of strong acid and weak base so it undergoes hydrolysis in water (cationic hydrolysis) forming less dissociated Zn(OH)₂ (a weak base) and strong acid HCl which is almost completely dissociated. Therefore, the concentration of H⁺ ions increases and the solution becomes acidic and turns blue litmus red.

(i) sp³ hybridisation.

(ii) Coordination number is 4.

(iii) Type of lattice: Giant network type with the fee arrangement of C atoms.

(iv) The number of particles per unit cell is 4.

Cool colours: Blue, green, purple are basically known as cool colours. These colours bring in freshness and a much relaxed feeling because these are peaceful colours. These colours also create a visual impact having enhanced size and length. Cool colours also provide a balance to the warm colours.

Endorsement of a cheque: Endorsement means transferring your ownership to another person by signing on the back of a negotiable instrument (say a cheque).

Role of consumer education: 

Consumer education develops critical awareness and other living skills. Consumer education mainly aims at making consumer aware about what, when, where, how and how much to buy. Consumer education assists the buyer in wise selection of goods to meet family requirements. 

It helps in the following way: 

It helps a person to develop the ability to choose and decide things intelligently. 

It motivate the consumer to demand safe, reliable and quality products at a fair price. 

It also aware the consumer about his rights and responsibilities. 

It also suggest the various ways which a consumer can choose when he face a problem.

Two uses of Income & Expenditure A/c are :

• It shows the surplus of deficit of the non-commercial organizations during the accounting year.
• It serves as the basis for preparing the balance sheet at the end of the accounting year.

Four elements of Price Mix are :

i. Determining product development costs.

ii. Determining manufacturing (variable and fixed) costs of the product.

iii. Studying pricing policies and strategies of the close competitors.

iv. Identifying and analyzing of various relevant factors influencing pricing decisions.

Two harmful effects of global warming are : 

Agriculture : While CO₂ is essential for plant growth, all agriculture depends also on steady water supplies, and climate change is likely to disrupt those supplies through floods and droughts. 

Health : Warmer winters would mean fewer deaths, particularly among vulnerable groups like the aged. However, the same groups are also vulnerable to additional heat, and deaths attributable to heatwaves are expected to be approximately five times as great as winter deaths prevented.

The two merits of external recruitment are given below: 

1. election from external sources facilitates the choice of personnel from a large number of applicants. 

2. The enterprise greatly benefits from the freshness of outlook and approach of personnel chosen from external sources. 

(b) Bank draft is a type of cheque which is drawn by a bank either on its own branch or on another bank. In order to remit money through a bank draft, a person first obtains the bank draft from the bank. The draft commission is paid in advance by the sender of the bank draft. The payment of an uncrossed bank draft can be collected at the center of the bank on which it is drawn. 

(c) Business ethics is the written and unwritten code of principles and values that govern decisions and actions within a company. The purpose of business ethics is to guide the managers and employees in performing their jobs. 

(d) The following are the reasons for the growing importance of Public Relations to business enterprises: 

1. The development of an astoundingly vast and intricate network of mass communication media 

2. The increasingly keen competition in the world economy has imposed a regard for public opinion and an urgent need for public support. 

(e) The General utility functions of Commercial Banks are: 

1. Issuing letter of credit and standing as surety for customers. 

2. Accepting and discounting bills of exchange of exporters.

The Vestibule Training is one of the methods of training, where the technical staff, especially those who deal with the tools and machinery, are given the job education training in the workplace other than the main production plant.

The two merits of external sources of recruitment are :

•  Fresh talent and skill comes into the organization.
•  Highly qualified and experienced employees may help the organization to come up with better performance

A bank draft is a payment on behalf of a payer that is guaranteed by the issuing bank. Banks will review the bank draft requester's account to see if sufficient funds are available, for the check to clear. Once it has been confirmed that sufficient funds are available, the bank effectively sets aside the funds from the person's account to be given out when the bank draft is used.

Business ethics is the study of proper business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues, such as corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities. Law often guides business ethics, while other times business ethics provide a basic framework that businesses may choose to follow to gain public acceptance.

General utility function of Commercial Banks are : 

• Accepting Deposits : Commercial banks are mainly dependent on public deposits. 
• Advancing Loans : The public deposits are used by commercial banks for the purpose of granting loans to individuals and businesses. Commercial banks grant loans in the form of overdraft, cash credit, and discounting bills of exchange.

Two reasons for the growing importance of Public Relations to business enterprises are: 

• To raise awareness : People trust established brands. One way to make your business known and compete with established brands is to send out your message by a third party such as a popular magazine in your industry, a high-traffic website, a respected influencer or social media superstar. 
• Build credibility : Unlike advertising, a magazine mention of your product or a product review is not a direct sell so it comes out as a recommendation from a person that could be an authority in your niche like a celebrity beauty blogger with thousands of followers.

Good Public Relations help the business enterprises in following ways: 

1. It helps in building goodwill and positive image in the minds of consumers. 

2. It helps the enterprises in attracting and retaining talented and skilled personnels. 

3. Good public relations helps the enterprises to increase the volume of sales and its revenue. 

4. It helps the enterprises in collecting funds from general public by way of issuence of shares, debentures or public deposit. 

5. It helps the business in its plans of growth and diversification of products as the enterprise already enjoys goodwill due to good public relation.

Sales promotion schemes suffer from the following drawbacks: 

1. The incentives offered through sales promotion schemes are artificial and not real. The manufacturer is likely to recover the cost of these incentives by raising the price of products. 

2. Sales promotion schemes are offered only during particular seasons. Therefore, they produce short-term results. As soon as the incentives are withdrawn, the demand also falls. 

3. There is a feeling the sales promotion schemes are mainly intended to sell a sub-standard product. Inspite of criticism, sale promotion schemes help to stimulate demand and increase sales during the slack reason.

Assets are economic resources Of an individual or organisation that may be usefully expressed in terms of money for eg. land, building, debtors etc. 

Assets may be classified into following categories: 

1. Tangible Assets: Tangible Assets are those assets which have physical existence. So they can be seen and touched eg. Furniture, Machinery etc. 

2. Intangible Assets: Assets which do hot have physical existence, so they can not be touched and seen eg., Goodwill. 

3. Fixed Assets: Assets which are purchased in business with a view to produce good or to provide services and they are not meant for resale eg. land, building etc. 

4. Current Assets: Assets which are likely to be converted into cash within one year, eg., Bills received, prepaid expenses etc. 

5. Liquid Assets: Liquid assets are those assets which can be converted into cash in a very short period. These include all current assets except stock and prepaid expenses. 

6. Fictitious Assets: These assets are neither tangible assets nor intangible assets. They are never realised in cash though future benefits can be taken from these assets, eg. Deferred Revenue Expenditure. 

7. Wasting Assets: This term is used for natural resources which are valuable but they are consumed during the process of use. eg., coal mine etc.

(i) Skimming pricing strategy should be used to launch a high and smart phone in the market. In this strategy a very high price is set so that in the initial stages the cream of the demand may be skimmed and the investment made in the product is quickly realised. The aim is to ‘Sell to Classes’ who don’t care how much they pay for a good product. This price may be reduced later on to tap other segments of the market. This strategy is appropriate in case of a highly distinctive product which is aggressively promoted in early stages. 

(ii) Penetrating pricing policy should be used to launch shampoo is the market. This strategy involves setting a low price in the initial stage so as to make brand quickly popular and to maximise the market share. The ‘ manufacturer seeks to sell to the masses. Many firms use this strategy while launching fast moving consumer products.

Differences between Receipt and Payment Account and Income and Expenditure Account are as follows:

Marketing is wider in scope than selling. Selling is a part of marketing. Marketing includes not only selling but also other activities such as Market research, product planning and development etc. Marketing starts before the product is produced while selling starts after the product has been produced. Selling ends with the sale of goods. Marketing continues even after sales, e.g., after sale services, study of future demand etc. Marketing focuses attention on product, promotion, pricing and physical distribution whereas selling just pays attention to the promotion. Selling aims at transfer of awnership of the product from the seller to the buydr whereas marketing aims at achieving customer satisfaction after the products has been transfer to customer. Therefore marketing is a wider term because it starts before selling and continues after the selling has been done.

Two precautions to be taken while baking are: 

1. Always preheat the oven. 

2. Place the food properly and evenly in the oven so as to have a uniform temperature while baking.