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Once there lived a couple in Canada named Jim and Della, Della was very pretty. Jim was very fond of her beauty. For Jim only things were very precious: Della's hair and his ancestorial watch.

It was Christmas time and Della wanted to purchase one of the best and unique gifts for her husband. After managing all the household expenses for that month Della was left with only 1$ and 87 cents. This amount was nothing to purchase a gift for Jim. She tried to arrange for the money but couldn't get it. Next day Della got ready wearing a black skirt and white shirt with a cap. Her hairs were looking beautiful. She left for the market & while entering the market she saw a Hair Salon with many exclusive offers. She went inside and asked the Hair Stylist that how much he would pay her for cutting her hair till shoulder length as abroad the Hair Salon purchases the hair of customers for wigs and medical uses. The hair stylist checked Della's hair, the quality, texture, color, length etc... He then told her that he can pay her 20$. Della was quite happy and agreed for the haircut as she was eager to purchase a unique gift for Jim. The haircut was done and Della left searching for a perfect gift for her husband. 

As she entered the market further she saw a gold chain designed with white gold for Jim's watch. She purchased that watch chain and went home. It was evening time and as usual, Jim came home. As soon as he entered he saw Della and was upset after looking at her haircut but he didn't react to it. Della and Jim had casual conversation like every day. Della also tried convincing Jim that haircut gave her a different look and her hair will grow again so not to be upset. 

Then Della remembered about the gift that she had bought for Jim. Even Jim said that he has bought a gift for Della. Both were eager to see each other's gift. But when Jim saw the gift he was quite disappointed. Della saw that he was not happy. Jim gave Della her gift and said he sold that ancestorial watch to purchase that gift for her. After listening to this, even Della was disappointed as she knew well that Jim had lost both his valuable and precious things that was her hairs and his ancestorial watch. 

(a) Price Elasticity of supply: “It is the ratio of percentage change in quantity ’ supplied over the percentage change in price of the commodity. Factors determining elasticity of supply: 

1. Chances of shifting from production: The size or degree of response depends on how easily producers can shift the production of another product to the one whose price has increased. When the producers can easily shift from one product to another, it means the supply would be more price elastic. 

2. Length of time: Producers cannot shift the production immediately because of a change in price of other products within the short duration. However, it may be possible to do so over a period of time. Hence, supply tends to be relatively inelastic in the short run and relatively elastic in the long run. 

3. Risk-taking: The elasticity of supply is determined based on the willingness of entrepreneurs to take risks. Supply is more elastic when entrepreneurs are willing to take risk and inelastic when they hesitate to take risk. 

(b) Internal debt and external debt: 

Internal debt means the government’s borrowings within the country. Individuals, banks, business firms and others are the various internal sources from which the government borrows. The various instruments of internal debt include market loans, bonds, treasury bills, ways and means and advances. 

External debt means the government’s borrowings from abroad. External debts are multilateral borrowings, bilateral borrowings, loans from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. It helps for various developmental programmes. 

Productive and unproductive debt: A debt is called productive if the loan is financed for projects which bring revenue to the government; for example, irrigation and power projects. Productive debts are self liquidating in nature; this means the principal amount and interest are normally paid out of the revenue generated from the projects for which the loans were used. A debt is called unproductive if the loan is financed for war and other relief operations in case of emergencies. Unproductive public loans are a net burden on the community. The government will have to resort to additional taxation for their servicing and repayment.

(a) The two factors that determine the division of labour are: 

1. Size of the market: The extent to which division of labour can be adopted, depends upon the size of the market for a particular product. The concept of market includes the area or region, number of buyers and their purchasing power etc. 

2. Attitude of workers: Divisions of labour becomes useful and beneficial when the workers have willingness and positive attitude towards it. 

(b) Land differs from other factors of production: 

1. As it is a free gift of nature and is available free of cost. 

2. Supply of land is fixed in quantity. It cannot be increased or decreased like other factors of production. 

(c) “An indirect tax is a tax which is demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he shall indemnify himself at the expense of another.” 

For example: Excise duty, custom duty, sales tax etc. 

(d) 1. A professor working in a college: He is considered as labour in economics. He comes under the category of professional labourer. He is that mental worker, who has undergone advanced study and training. 

2. A social worker serving in an orphanage: He is not considered as labour as neither he performs ‘mental’ nor ‘physical’ exertion with a motive to earn money. 

(e) Capital is the core of economic development. It is not possible without a sufficient provision of machines, tools, irrigation system, dams, bridges, railways etc. All nations need adequate capital stock for their economic development.

(a) The two factors that determine the division of labour are: 

1. Size of the market: The extent to which division of labour can be adopted, depends upon the size of the market for a particular product. The concept of market includes the area or region, number of buyers and their purchasing power etc. 

2. Attitude of workers: Divisions of labour becomes useful and beneficial when the workers have willingness and positive attitude towards it. 

(b) Land differs from other factors of production: 

1. As it is a free gift of nature and is available free of cost. 

2. Supply of land is fixed in quantity. It cannot be increased or decreased like other factors of production. 

(c) “An indirect tax is a tax which is demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he shall indemnify himself at the expense of another.” 

For example: Excise duty, custom duty, sales tax etc. 

(d) 1. A professor working in a college: He is considered as labour in economics. He comes under the category of professional labourer. He is that mental worker, who has undergone advanced study and training. 

2. A social worker serving in an orphanage: He is not considered as labour as neither he performs ‘mental’ nor ‘physical’ exertion with a motive to earn money. 

(e) Capital is the core of economic development. It is not possible without a sufficient provision of machines, tools, irrigation system, dams, bridges, railways etc. All nations need adequate capital stock for their economic development.

(a) True: Construction of dams Have submerged large areas of agricultural land and forests surrounding these dams, thereby reducing the area under agriculture and forested land and causing ecological disaster. 

(b) False: When a consumer becomes richer he will start consuming more of a superior commodity in place of inferior commodity. 

(c) True: Monopoly is a market structure in which there exists only a single seller of the product, which has no close substitutes.

(d) True: Debtors benefit during inflation because they had borrowed money when the purchasing power of money was high and they return it when its purchasing power has fallen due to price rise. While creditors tend to lose during inflation since the loan repaid and interest received would have less real value as a result of rise in prices. 

(e) True: Labour is a human factor and human beings serve as both end and means of all economic activities.

(i) Price of the Commodity: There is a direct relationship between price of a commodity and its supply. Generally, the higher the price, higher the quantity supplied, and lower the price, lower the quantity supplied.

(ii) Price of Related Goods: The supply of a good depends upon the price of related goods. 

Examples: Consider a firm selling tea. If price of coffee rises in the market, the firm will be willing to sell less tea at its existing price. Or, it will be willing to sell the same quantity only at a higher price.

(iii) Number of Firms: Market supply of a commodity depends upon the number of firms in the market. If there is an increase in the number of firms market supply will increase and if the number of firms decreases market supply will fall.

(iv) The goal of the Firm: If the goal of the firm is to maximise profits, more quantity of the commodity will be offered at a higher price. On the other hand, if the goal of the firm is to maximise sales (or maximise output or employment) more will be supplied even at the same price.

Demand: Demand for any commodity refers to the quantity of that commodity which consumers are willing to purchase at different prices during a given time of period.

1. Quantity demanded of a commodity X will increase with an increase in the price of its substitutes because they will compete with each other for the same demand in the market. 

2. With consumer credit facility the demand for commodity X will increase because consumers would be tempted to purchase commodity X which they could not have purchased otherwise. 

3. Demand for commodity X will vary with government policy. If the government imposes taxes on commodity in the form of sales tax, excise duties, VAT etc. the price of this commodity will increase. As a result, demand for this commodity will fall. But, on the other hand, if the government incurs more expenditure on construction of roads, bridges, in setting up industries, etc. the demand for cement, iron and goods needed for these purposes will increase and so of this commodity if it is in the list.

Labour which involves mainly physical effort and very little mental effort is categorized as physical labour.

On the other hand, labour requiring intensive mental or intellectual effort is categorized as mental labour.

The labour of a coolie (porter) is an example of physical labour, while that of a teacher or lawyer is mental labour.

The four ways in which Division of Labour will influence production in an economy are as follows:

1. Quality of Production Improves—Division of Labour leads to an increase in the efficiency of Labour which further leads not only to an increase in the quantity of output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services. 

2. Large Scale Production—Division of Labour makes large scale production possible. Indeed, large scale production requires division of labour. If a car manufacturing company, for instance wishes to make 10000 cars in a year but does not introduce division of labour in its factory, it will have to employ so many workers that it will not be an economically viable company. It is by virtue of division of labour that the company can produce 10000 cars per year with a reasonable number of workers. 

3. Reduced Average Cost—Since division of labour increases total output, even with an unchanged number of labourers, the average cost of producing a commodity falls. This is a social advantage. Society can produce goods by incurring lower average cost of production. 

4. Lower Prices of Output—The reduced average costs of the products leads to reduced prices of the outputs in the market. As a result, consumers are benefited.

Public Sector Units: The enterprises which are completely owned, controlled and regulated by the Government are known as public sector units or PSUs. Public sector units made a commendable contribution to the Indian economy.

Four contributions of PSUs to the Indian economy are as follows:

1. Share in National Income—About one fourth of India’s National Income is generated in the public sector. 

2. Share in Capital formation—The share of the Public Sector in total capital formation reached a peak of 63.7 during the Third five Year Plan. Presently, it has been around 30 per cent. 

3. Public Sector Enterprises and Employment—The expansion of the public sector has witnessed a considerable increase in employment. Of the total employment in the organized segment, the public sector accounts for about 70 per cent and the private sector only 30 per cent. 

4. Command heights of the economy—The public sector is in command in almost all the strategic sectors of the economy like coal, oil refining, electricity, iron and steel, paper and newsprint etc. In all, it holds a dominating position in the production of 50 types of industrial commodities and services which are of decisive significance for the economic development of the country.

The half-life period for the decomposition in seconds is  1.155

(3) Carboxylic acid

In the periodic table alkali metals are placed in the group 1.

This metal is a liquid at room temperature Mercury.

Hydroxide of this metal is soluble in sodium hydroxide solution is Lead. 

Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature.

Gram molar mass of SO₂ = 32 + (2 x 16) = 6 g.

No. of moles in 320 g of SO₂ = 320/64 = 5 moles

At STP 1 mole of SO₂ occupies 22.4 dm³

5 moles of SO₂ will occupy 5 x 22.4 = 112 dm³

SO₂

=32 + 16 x 2 = 64 gm

If volume of 64 gm of SO₂ at STP = 22.4 l

Then volume of 320 gm of SO₂ at STP =   \(\frac{22.4}{64}\times320\) = 112 l.

1. sharing 

2. high 

3. nitrogen 

4. increases 

5. decreases

(i) Co-ordinate bond

(ii) Acid salt

(iii) Halogenation

(iv) Water of crystallisation

(v) Deliquescence

(i) char ch=(char)object.read(); 

(ii) String str=object.readLine();

Employee staff=new Employee() means that staff is an object of class Employee and it is being created.

(i) array length = 5. 

(ii) array [2] = 8.

(i) ompu 

(ii) 4 

(iii) Applicationster 

(iv) False

(i) 9.99 

(ii) 3.0

The multiple definitions with the same function name is called Function Overloading. The only difference among those functions is their parameter list which helps the compiler to recognize which function is being executed.

The value of x[1][0] is 3 and the Value of x[0][2] is 6.

(i) A break statement terminates the current loop and proceeds to the first statement that follows the loop. For example: boolean prime=true; for(int i=2; i<n; i++)

{

prime=(n%i==0); 

if (prime) break; 

}

(ii) A continue statement transfers the control to the next iteration leaving all the other statement unexecuted that follows after the continue statement. 

For example : 

for(int i=1; i<20; i++) 

{ 

if(i%2==0) 

continue; 

System.out.println(i); 

} 

The above loop will print all the odd numbers

a + = a ++ – ++ b + a 

= 5 – 10 + 6 

a + = 1 

The value of a after execution will be 6.

(i) Output when the value of opn =‘b’ : Object Oriented Robust and Secure 

(ii) Output when the value of opn =‘x’ : Wrong Input 

(iii) Output when the value of opn = ‘a’ : Platform Independent

After converting the while loop into for : 

for(int i=0; i<=20; i++) 

{ 

System.out.print(i+“ ”); 

}

(i) The name of the object of class academic is student. 

(ii) The class variables used; in the program are x and y. 

(iii) The local variables used in the program are a and b.

(iv) The function is of impure type and its name is access ().

int x, c; 

x=10; 

c=20; 

do 

{ 

x++; 

c=c-2; 

}while(c>=10);

class vol 

{ 

void volume(int s) 

{ 

int vc=s*s*s; 

System.out.println(“The Volume of a Cube is”+vc); 

} 

void volume(double r) 

{ 

double vs=(4/3.0)*3.15*r*r*r; 

System.out.println(“The Volume of Sphere is”+vs); 

} 

void volume(int l, int b, int h) 

{ 

int vcd=l*b*h; 

System.out.println(“The Volume of a Cuboid is”+vcd); 

} 

}

Two attributes required for class declaration : 

(1) Access specifier 

(2) Class name.

double pie=3.142;

A token is the smallest individual unit in a program. E.g. : keyword, identifiers, literals etc. whereas an identifier is the name given to different parts of a program. 

E.g. : variable, functions, classes etc.

Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class can link and share some common properties of objects from another class. It helps in reusability in such a way that it adds some additional features to a class without modifying the contents of a class.

Binary Search—Array should be sorted before and less iteration required. 

Linear Search—Array may or may not be sorted before and large number of iterations required.

Instance variables are variables that are created for each instance of a class. These variables represent property/state of object. 

e.g. 

class text 

{ 

int data 1; // These are instance 

int data 2; // variables 

: 

: 

}

Instance variables are variables that are created for each instance of a class. 

These variables represent property/state of object. 

e.g. 

class text 

{ 

int data 1; // These are instance 

int data 2; // variables 

: 

: 

}

(a)

class series 

{ 

public static void main() 

{ 

int s=0; 

for(int i=2; i<=20; i=i+2)

{ 

if(i%4==0) 

{ s=s-i; 

} 

else 

{ 

s=s+i; 

} 

} 

System.out.println(“The Sum of the Series is”+s); 

} 

}

(b)

class series 

{ 

public static void main() throws IOException 

{ 

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 

System.out.println(“Enter the value of x:”); 

int x = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine( )); 

double s=0; 

for(int i=2; i<=20; i=i+3) 

{ 

s=s+(double)x/i; 

} 

System.out.println(“The Sum of the Series is”+s); 

} 

}

Two types of Java Programs: 

(i) Java applets 

(ii) Java applications

The scientific technology has proved the biggest boon for the mankind. In the modem age phones play a great role for the development of culture and industry and thus the mobile phones are becoming indispensable for a common man. It is now the goddess of life. Advertisers say that the world is in our palm. Even a rickshaw-puller can be seen fixing time with his customers on the mobile phone. Gone are those days when it used to be the man’s status symbol. With the mobile phone in the common hands the world has become much short and can be closed in a handset. It has become imperative to provide services on mobiles. 

In this age anybody asks whether mobile phone is necessary for a boy or girl and if one says no, he may be considered as an uncivilized person. Most of us will hate this kind of advice, but the sweetness will be realized later. 

Every object has its use and misuse. It is like liberty, which is properly, enjoyed by wisemen but fools misuse it. The end result is highly harmful. The misuse of mobile phone is generally seen among school students. According to my opinion mobile phones are not at all necessary for school students. Moreover guardians should not allow their children to take mobiles to their institutions, at least up to plus two levels. They are the most misusers. It should be strictly controlled. If it is not done properly and timely it will lead to great disaster. 

Many of the people use mobile phones for SMS. It is a mechanical system. It has greatly affected our letter writing skill and our culture. They are taught to write letters only for composition. They have forgotten the importance of post office and even a post card. We should bear in mind that the postcard is the cheapest means of communication, SMS will not give any feelings of mental satisfaction as letters do. When we write ‘Dear friend’ it strengthens co-operation and intimate friendship. But SMS or a computer cannot compete with letters. Moreover the language used in SMS is incomplete and we lose the beauty of good language. We have lost the art of writing. 

Don’t be under the impression that I am against using mobile phones. We should enjoy modem facilities and we should learn the use of them. At the same time we should not look down upon old things because old is gold. New items originate from old ones. A few years ago when a student passed SSC examination with first class, he got a watch or a pen as gift. Today, parents offer them the latest mobile phone. Gradually we are becoming slaves to mobile phones. 

When we are driving and using the mobile phones, there is every likelihood of ghastly accident. Using the device in the examination hall, banks, post office, and other secret agencies can bring disastrous havoc to the nation. So we must realize that all should make its judicious use.

I was working as a computer engineer in a reputed company. My MD had great faith on my efficiency. Our company was to get a contract that was to be worked out confidentially. As all my colleagues including me expected, I was chosen to work on it. Many other companies were also struggling to get the contract. I received many tempting offers and bribes at my door, to hand over the important informations and papers. But I was determined to remain honest to the company, I already worked in. I had to spent hours together on my computer, preparing the reports. After working hard for many days, I felt need of a web-designer, who could help me in my work. As I was not good at web-designing, I had to hire the one. 

To my horror, I experienced a scary situation. For a moment I thought I had permanently lost all the articles, reports and informations on my website forever. The web designer I had been working with did some funky things during a hosting transfer, and the result was a perfect storm of negligence—the site was down, all my passwords were changed, and the designer I had paid to do this was not responding to me. For I was sitting on the realization that the all content on here might be lost …… 

During this time I went through all of the emotions : anger, fear, sadness, despair, etc. I have spent hundreds of hours working on it. I simply could not believe that it was gone! I was mistaken by my authorities. My MD thought that I was behaving under the influence of bribe. The result was, we had to lose the contract. 

Amid my deepest moments of hopelessness, I decided to purposefully snap myself out of it. I tried my hardest not to dwell within the emotions. I noticed I had a lot of anger towards the designer, and I was thinking he maliciously did this to me. I also noticed that I felt like a victim of a crime, and felt very sad that all my hard work was taken away from me so needlessly. Observing these feelings, I started to realize that the emotions, even though they are very strong, were completely self-perpetuated. This ultimately gave me sense of relief. 

Once I felt relieved, I came to the understanding that no matter what had happened I was going to be able to deal with it. I acted with the mindset and decided to call both hosting companies and explain my situation in great detail. Second, I called another web guy I work with and decided that I would do whatever it takes to motivate him to help me. I was on the right path, I could feel it.

(i) It decreases.

(ii) Electrons. 

(iii) It is the addition of an impurity in a pure semiconductor.

• Only those orbits are allowed for which the angular momentum of the electron about the nucleus is an integral multiple of h/2h , where h is Planck’s constant.
• Energy is radiated when an electron “jumps” from one allowed stationary orbit to another. E = -13.6 eV

(i) It is caused by the deficiency of iodine in the diet, needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones. It causes enlargement of the thyroid gland. 

(ii) The water potential of pure water is highest, considered as zero at normal temperature and pressure. All the water molecules are free and have maximum kinetic energy. Addition of solute decrease the kinetic energy of the water molecules (due to collision of solute and solvent molecules), thus lowering the water potential of water in the solution. 

(iii) When we turn round and round, the endolymph in the semicircular ducts, does not move as fast as our body and the sensory cells of cristae continue to move, after the body stops moving. Because of this difference in the rate of movement, the sensory hair of cristae are swept through the endolymph and become bent over, to stimulate sensory cells, which set up action potential in the fibres of auditory nerve, which transmit it to brain.

The brain sends, instructions to muscles to act, hence we lose our balance.

Or 

If you turn round and round in circles, the endolymph in semicircular canal is forced to one end. When you stop moving, the endolymph rushes back, the other way. This give you the whirling sensation in the opposite direction and you feel giddy and find difficult to overcome the tendency of falling down. Thus we lose our balance.

(iv) The spores of Bacillus thuringiensis are used as bio-insecticides because they contain proteinaceous toxins- thurioside as crystals to eradicate different group of insects such as moths, flies, mosquitoes, beetles etc. ingesting the spores. These toxins are converted in to active form and kill the insects by inhibiting the ion transport chain in the midgut.

(v) Owls have better night vision than day vision because they mainly contain rod cells in their retina. These cells possess a visual purple pigment called Rhodopsian which works in dim or diffused light. In bright light, it is broken and does not work.

Ex-ante and Ex post Demand: Ex ante demand refers to the number of goods that consumers want to or willing to buy during a particular time period. It is the planned or desired amount of demand. Ex post demand, on the other hand, refers to the amount of the goods that the consumers actually purchase during a specific period. It is the number of goods actually bought. The number of goods actually bought is not the same as the amount that the consumers want (desire) to purchase. If the commodity is not available in adequate quantity, the quantity actually purchased (expost demand) will be less than the quantity that the consumers desire to purchase (ex-ante demand). Thus, consumers may end up buying more, or lesser quantity of goods that they had planned to buy.