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Income Method:

NDP_FC = COE + OS + MI = 700 + (200 + 0 + 310 + 600) + 350 = 2160

NNP_FC = NDP_FC + NFIA = 2160 + (-10) = 2150

Expenditure Method:

GDP_MP = PFCE + GFCE + GDCF + Net Exports = 1100 + 750 + (385 + 65) + (-15) = 2285

NNP_FC = GDP_MP – Dep. + NFIA – NIT = 2285 – 65 + (-10) – 60 = 2150

(i) Wheat grown by a farmer but used entirely for family’s consumption is a part of the contribution by him to the value of goods produced. Therefore, this is included in national income. 

(ii) Income from the sale of shares will not be included as such transactions do not contribute to the current flow of goods and services. These financial assets are mere paper claims and involve a change of title only. 

(iii) Services rendered by family members to each other are not included in the estimating national income because family members are not paid for their services. Moreover, it is difficult to the market value of their services.

The difference between depreciation and devaluation is as follows:

(a)  Direct Tax and Indirect Tax.

(b)  Interest payments, subsidies

(a) The revenue receipts of the government include taxes and the amount received from the sale of equity. 

(b) The revenue expenditures of the government include interest payments and expenditure on subsidies.

(a) The revenue receipts of the government include taxes and the amount received from the sale of equity. 

(b) The revenue expenditures of the government include interest payments and expenditure on subsidies.

The currency created by the Central Bank (Reserve Bank of Indian in India) is called High Powered Money.

(i) Homogeneous product: Homogeneous product is a product which is identical in size, colour, packing etc. Due to this, all the firms become price taker.

(ii) Entry and Exit: Under perfect competition, a firm can enter or leave any industry. There are no legal restrictions on entry or exit. Accordingly, whenever there are supernormal profits, some new firms will enter the industry and in case of losses, some existing firms will leave the industry of course, in the long run.

(iii) A large number of buyers: Under perfect competition like a large number of sellers, the number of buyers is also very large. But like an individual firm or producer or seller, an individual buyer cannot influence the price of a commodity. Each buyer makes transactions in this market at a prevailing price.

(iv) A large number of sellers: Under perfect competition, the number of firms selling a particular commodity is so large that any increase or decrease in supply by an individual seller fails to impact the price of the commodity in the market. The individual seller can sell whatever amount it wishes to sell at the existing price of a commodity. All sellers in this market are price takers only.

(i) O(a + bc) 

(ii) O(n^2)

(i) for (i = 0; i < N ; i + +) This loop gets executed N times thus take time C1 * N for (i = 0; j < M ; j ++) This loop gets executed M times thus take time C2 * M Total Time = C1 * N + C2 * M = 0 (N + M) 

(ii) It becomes = O(2N)

B + W [(I – LBR) + M (J – LBC)] 

= 1046 + 2 [(2 – 0) + 7(3 – 0)] 

= 1046 + 2(2 + 21) 

= 1046 + 2(23)

= 1046 + 46 

= 1092

(i) The king of Siam is an odd character. He had a peculiar manner of naming his children. When he had two daughters he named them day and night. When he has two more, he changed the names of the first ones and called the four of them after the seasons. When he had three others he called all seven by the days of the week. On more daughters being born he called them by the months of the year. 

(ii) The Princess September’s name had never been changed. She had a very sweet and charming nature. She was basically innocent and kind hearted. On the other hand, her sisters had annoying nature. They were petty minded and cunning because their names were changed more than once. 

(iii) The King of Siam used to give, not receive gifts on his birthdays. One year on his birthday he gifted each of his daughters a green parrot in a golden cage. The other gifts that he gave were his wedding presents and his own crowns which had gone out of fashion.

(iv) Princess September put the bird in a cage because her sisters advised her that the bird could fly away and never come back. Actually they wanted to trouble the bird for they were jealous of it. Princess September truly became worried about the bird. September said to the bird that it should remain in the cage. The cage was golden and made by the best workman. She feared it would go and never return and also was worried about its safety. 

(v) The bird being locked in the cage was feeling troubled and weak. It refused to sing, it stopped eating and then it lay in the cage as if it were dead. 

The message is, freedom is cherished by all creatures. Nature has good effect on one’s physical and mental growth.

The protagonist of the story is determined and persistent. He remains undeterred by many handicaps, both physical and mental. He is overconfident of his stamina. He is indifferent to the fact that man can live within certain narrow limits of heat and cold. He is really fearless and courageous.

He does not give up easily. When he realizes that he will die, he starts running. Exhausted, he falls down, but rises again and starts running. He falls down again. Ultimately, he decides not to be foolish. He cannot escape from death. He will have to accept the inevitable. He has only been running around “like a chicken with its head cut-off”. So he stops his struggle for life. He decides to meet death with dignity. He lies down on the snow and sleeps off to death. This shows his moral victory even in his defeat. He does not give in easily. This freedom from fear of death in the last stage makes him a sort of hero in the Greek mould.

Exception: It refers to some contradictory or unusal situation which can be encountered while executing a program. 

(i) IO Exception 

(ii) Array out of Bound Exception

(i) The clerk says, “yes” he was in the war. The clerk found it as a trouble to stick to that kind of a lifestyle, whereas Dancy finds it difficult to stick to a civilian lifestyle. He gets no excitement from year’s end to year’s end. It’d drive him mad. 

(ii) Twisden tells Dancy that after the court rose the day before, they had a man called Ricardos.

Ricardos accepted that Dancy had given his danghter one thousand pounds, who was a great friend of Dancy, as a settlement as Dancy married Mabel. Two notes of that amount were in possession of Twisden and were a clear evidence against Dancy. So Twisden gives him an advise to go to Morocco where a war was going on, since it would suit Dancy’s reckless lifestyle. Also, Twiden told Dancy that he had lost his honour and he couldn’t save his wife’s peace of mind. So he would better go. 

(iii) Colford reacts emotionally saying that if it were his own brother, he couldn’t feel it more. Margaret offers Twisden to put up her pearls up the spout again and pay back the money to De Levis and anyhow save Ronny. 

(iv) Mabel thought that Dancy was supposed to be in the courts but when he comes home, she is surprised, saying, “why are you back?” 

Mabel requests the inspector to come back in half an hour. 

(v) Dancy is in a room when the inspector comes. He locks the room from inside. Then, knowing that he had lost it all and there was po way out of it, he opens the door and says, “you can come in now” and simultaneous shoots himself with a pistol. Knowing that it was the only decent thing he could do, he calls his suicide as another dangerous jump, a leap that would spare him a lot of disgrace and dishonour. Colford uses the term Hara-Kiri. 

Hara-Kiri: The Samurai, a warrior group in Japan, formerly practised a ritual of committing suicide by cutting open thleir bowels. This they did to save themselves from the disgrace and dishonour in the hands of their enemies

(i) The incident occurred in Hiroshima in Japan on August 6,1945. The flashes, that is, bright light were caused by the detonation of the nuclear bomb that was thrown on the city. The roof and the wall of his house crumble leaving behind timber and debris raising dust. 

(ii) The clothes of the doctor disappeared. A splinter extended outwards from his dam¬aged thigh. He found his right side bleeding and his cheek was tom. He took out a piece of glass from his body without any pain.

(iii) The name of doctor’s wife was Yecko San. A house standing before them tilted, swayed, toppled and crashed. The fire sprang up in the dust and spread widely by the wind. 

(iv) On the way he met a soldier standing silently who gave him a towel. Further, he saw shadow like appearances of people, some looked like ghosts, the others like the scarecrows. He was stunned to see people walking in a naked parade. 

(v) The people were walking with their hands away from their bodies because the friction on their bums caused so much pain that they feared rubbing flesh against flesh. Silence was a common feature to all the suffering men and women. The poem is an attack on all who are still engaged in piling up nuclear and other deadly weapons of war. The wars must be stopped and nuclear weapons should be totally destroyed.

(i)  He is the setting sun. Us are the poetess and Death, who are travelling in Death’s carriage and pass the setting sun.

(ii)  Earlier in the context the poet had said that on her final journey in Death’s carriage, accompanied by Death himself, they passed the setting sun. Then she realizes that she is already dead and the carriage is her hearse. Since she is dead, it was not possible for her to pass the setting sun. So she corrects herself by saying that it was not they who passed the setting sun, rather it was he who passed them. Like Death and Immortality, the setting sun has also been personified.

(iii)  The setting sun signifies old age or the evening of life. The passing of Death’s chariot by the setting sun shows that the poetess had passed her old age or the evening of her life. She was now dead and was travelling towards her grave.

(iv)  The setting sun signifies the evening when the drew begins to fall and the night becomes chill. When the poetess and death pass by the setting sun, she realizes that it is evening and she is wearing only a thin, gossamer gown. This signifies that she realizes that she is dead and the sudden realization chills her. Till now the journey has been so pleasant that she has not realized that she is dead.

(v)  The destination of Death’s carriage was a house. This house was actually the grave of the poetess, her final resting place.

(i) The slave was cutting and gathering the harvest of rice for his master and owner. His labour and the heat of the sun had exhausted him and he fell asleep just where he was in the field. As he slept he dreamt of his past life in his native land of Africa.

(ii)  The slave saw the river Niger of Africa following in the landscape of his dreams. It is mighty river because it has been described as wide and lordly.

(iii)  The slave saw his native land of Africa in his dreams. Through the landscape he saw the might river Niger flowing. He saw the palm trees that grew on the banks of the river.

(iv) The slave heard the sweet tinkling of bells attached to the covered wagons in the caravan that were coming down along the hilly road. Probably there were some of his own people returning to their village after transacting some business.

(i)  The husband Mr. White was looking for the paw because he wanted to make his third wish. After the death of their son it was very hard for them. Mrs. White found it very difficult to live without her son. So she asks her husband to make a second wish and get the son back which Mr. White does. But then when he heard the knocking at the door he becomes sure that it was his son but now he was afraid that his wife would not be able to see her son, because, due to the accident his body was mutilated beyond recognition. That is why he wants to wish that he be gone.

(ii)  Mrs. White was finding it very difficult to live without her son. By any means she wanted her son back and that is why she even forced her husband to make his second wish. But in her grief she did not realize how her son would look. She just wants him back. Now, when there is knocking at the door she is sure that her son has come back and she hastily goes to open the door.

(iii)  Once Mr. White had made his second wish he and his wife are waiting for something to happen. Along with them the readers are also ready to believe that as a result of his second wish the visitor at the door was none other than their son Herbert. Because the first wish was granted now they as well as the reader’s are sure that the second one would also be granted. So I think it was Herbert knocking as the door though nobody is shown at the door. We can only guess that it was Herbert in his totally mutilated body at the door.

(iv)  The third wish also seems to have been fulfilled. After the first wish the old couple received a sum of two hundred pounds. It makes us believe that the monkey’s paw had the magic spell about it. Second time after the wish there is knocking at the door which meant that Herbert had come and the knocking stopped soon and this is enough indication that the third wish was also granted.

(v)  The old fakir had put a spell on the monkey’s paw. He wanted to show that fate ruled people’s lives and that those who interfered with it did so to their sorrow. When Sergeant proffered the paw and told them how he got it, Sergeant Major had warned Mr. Morris by saying that if he must wish then he should wish sensibly and thus had invited their sorrow. They showed greed in asking for materialistic things like money, without realizing that they would have to pay a price for getting that money. Though the wishes are granted but all the three who used the paw regretted having asked for the wishes. In other words we can say that when we aspire for material things we might be happy only for a short while but in the long term they cannot make us happy rather they are the cause of pain and misery that human beings undergo.

‘The Monkey’s Paw’ is a short story written by W.W. Jacobs. The story revolves around a mummified paw of a dead monkey which is a talisman that grants its possessor three wishes. The wishes come true but with an enormous price. To generate the enigma and horror the writer has implemented techniques of scene setting, choice of time when the incident occurs, use of situation and events, dialogues and description of the characters etc. that greatly contribute to build up the horror in the story.

One of the most effective techniques used by the writer, in the story is the setting. The opening scene is a cold, damp night in an English village on the edge of a moor. The house, Laburnum Villa is situated in a secluded out of the way place. It is isolated and lonely. It is winter and this scene is set at night and to add gloominess to the setting, it is raining. This description adds the dark tone in the setting, which signifies evil. Mr. White the owner is not at all happy with the location of his house as it is isolated. He calls his place ‘beastly’, slushy’ and ‘out of the way’, with this the writer prepares the readers for anything to happen. The opening scene where Mrs. and Mr. White with their son are in the sitting room, we are told they are waiting for a guest. Throughout in the story an element of ‘wait’ is added to bring about the curiosity. From the first scene to the last the Whites as well as the readers are anxiously waiting for something to happen. The strong wind blowing outside is suggestive of the impending doom. The storm outside prepares the readers for the storm to come in the lives of the three members of the family. The writers has very effectively used intermingling of the alternating mood of somber events, anxiety, grief, cheerfulness and light heartedness of the family which is unaware of the tragedy that is going to fall on them. The complicated situations and the simplicity of the nature of the characters bring that necessary contrast in the story which is very important.

The technique of description of events or incidents, dialogues, narrations and actions are used effectively to build a feeling of horror. The explicit mention of far of oriental lands, and stories related to jugglers, magicians and fakir’s, the mummified monkey’s paw that has a spell cast on it, sets the mood for some super natural happening. The spell put by the old fakir that “fate ruled people’s lives, and that, those who interfered with it did so to their sorrow,” governs the whole story. They make the readers curious to know how this spell is interpreted in the story.

The writer prolifically uses descriptions especially with adjectives and dialogues to create an eerie atmosphere like ‘his blotchy face whitened’, “his tones were so grave that a hush fell upon the group”, “but I warn you of consequences”, ‘death’, ‘horror’, “but if you wish, wish for something sensible”, the contrasting situation between – outside ‘The wind was higher than ever’, and inside “Silence unusual and depressing’ constantly generate apprehensions about the forthcoming events. The incidents like the movement of the paw like a snake on asking for the first wish and when Herbert is seeing faces in the fire add to the horrifying effect. The use of this incident that though Herbert pretends not to believe in the powers of the paw yet he is afraid, deep in his heart shows that the faces he sees in the fire are a projection of his own fears. The story ends when it is night and dark outside.

By this time the readers have experienced varied emotions of happiness, gloom, sorrow, fear, horror, suspense and all these add to the setting of the atmosphere that the author is preparing us for. The element of supernatural is inter woven throughout the story and is so convincing that the readers also make up their mind not to interfere with the ways of destiny and fate. The writer has very effectively used the technique of foreshadowing. There are hints given to the readers from time to time about what is going to happen. Mr. White we are told is a very impatient man. he has been warned by Morris that he should be sensible while asking for a wish, he was not sensible and so the tragedy occurred. The writer W.W. Jacobs has used symbolism to create the desired effect. In the beginning there is a mention of the fire place which is symbolic of the warmth that exists in the family. When Morris throws the Monkey’s Paw into the fire it suggests that he wants to get rid of the spell or magic put on it. When the tragedy is to fall on the family the candle in the room is blown out. This symbolizes the impending darkness that is about to prevail on the family. The oncoming hollowness, the emptiness and the desolation, in the lives of Mr. and Mrs. White are represented by the view of the deserted road, when she opens the door, and nobody is there, it is all empty and desolate. The climax of the story when Mr. White makes the second wish of getting his son back to life from grave and then the realization that dawns on him about how mutilated Herbert’s body was, he tries to convince his wife not to open the door at the knocks and then he seems to have actually matured when he makes a third wish of sending the ghost of Herbert back.

The author has amalgamated different techniques of scene setting, mood setting, occurrence of events, dialogues, actions etc. perfectly well to successfully produce an element of horror in the story which can be almost perfectly visualized by the readers and enough to send a chill down their spines.

(i) Tubal is a Jew and a friend of Shylock. When Tubal enters, Salanio says that mother Jew is coming. He says that a third person cannot be found who can match with Shylock and Tubal in wickedness unless devil himself becomes a Jew. 

(ii) When Tubal appears in the scene, Shylock asks him what news he has brought from Genoa and if he has found his daughter. At this, Tubal replies him that he frequently went to the places where he learnt she was present, but he could not succeed in finding her. On hearing this, Shylock laments that she has eloped with his hand earned wealth. He is so angry that he wishes that her daughter to be lying dead at his foot with jewels she has taken with her in her ears and the ducats in her coffin. 

(iii) Tubal tells Shylock that he (Tubal) heard in Genoa that Antonio’s ship which was coming from Tripolis, sank. To hear this Shylock, at first, thanks God for the loss of Antonio and then thanks Tubal for bringing such a good news. Then he tells Tubal that now he will exploit the situation and cause him great discomfort. 

(iv) After knowing about the misfortune of Antonio, he feels unbounded joy and thinks the way of torturing Antonio. Then, he instructs Tubal to go and engage a lawyer for him and pay him (lawyer) in fedvance. He asks him again to engage the lawyer a fortnight before the date on which the bond expires. He tells him that if Antonio fails to repay the debt on the appointed day, he will cut this chest out of his body. He adds that if Antonio is not in Venice he will make profit of his choice. He then asks Tubal to go and meet him at their synagogue. 

(v) Throughout the play, it is found that Shylock shows no love for her, which is surprising, since Jews , have the highest regard for the sanctity of the family. Later he wants her daughter dead at his feet, the jewels in her ear and the ducats she robbed from him, in her coffin. Whether his curses toward her daughter and his restraint in love for her are justified on not, depends on one’s own sense of values.

(i) At this time, Portia and Morocco are seen in a room in Portia’s house in Belmont. As the curtain lifts, Portia and the Prince of Morocco arrive along with their train to the flourish of carnets. 

(ii) The Prince approaches the three gold, silver and lead caskets. The gold casket has the inscription “who chooses me shall gain what many men desire”. The silver casket has the inscription “who chooses me shall get as much as he deserves”. The lead casket has the inscription “who chooses me must give and risk all that he has”. 

(iii) Portia tells the Prince that one of the caskets contains her picture. She further says that if he succeeds in choosing that one, she will be his. The Prince feels great confusion in choosing the right casket, so he invokes the gods to help him. Before Prince going to choose the casket, Portia puts a condition which is to be applied at f any cost. She tells him that he has to take an oath before making selection that if he makes the wrong choice, he will never again ask a woman to marry him. 

(iv) He analyses the inscription on the casket of silver which promises the reward according to the worth of the chooser. The Prince makes a self-assessment and concludes that, in all fairness, he deserves to get Portia. He thinks that he is a royal prince by birth so he deserves her by the right of his birth. Portia is very rich and so he deserves her in this also. 

Portia is exquisitely beautiful and very talented : accomplished and virtuous. Here also he deserves because he is also extremely handsome as the most beautiful maidens of his kingdom covet him. He is valiant and virtuous also. So in his opinion he is most suitable and deserving candidate for Portia’s hand. 

(v) The Prince ultimately decides to choose the gold casket to acquire what all men desire. To him lead is too ordinary a method to contain the portrait of someone as beautiful as Portia. He rejects silver because it is one tenth the value of gold. Morocco chooses the casket for its outward appearance, and his physical desire for Portia matches with the inscription on the scroll. 

(vi) We find that the prince has no inward beauty, dnd has little time for Portia’s inne

(i) Porita and Nerissa are in a room of Portia’s house in Belmont. In fact, Portia is greatly fed up with this life of affluence and luxury and she is not given the liberty of ‘ choosing her husband according to her own will. The matter of her marriage will be settled according to the will of her dead father. Nerissa tries to console her. 

(ii) When Portia tells Nerissa that she is greatly tired of this wordly life living in the midst of luxuries and now she has lost her entire interest in such a life, Nerissa 1 tries to cheer her up saying that if she (Portia) had been poor in the same measure as she is rich, she would have been fed up with the life of scarcity and misery. She adds that it has been her (Nerissa’s) experience and observation so far that both rich and poor are dissatisfied with their present state, hence it is definitely an occasion for happiness to be neither too rich not too poor. Then she says that the man of great wealth leads a life of worries and becomes old sooner but a man of modest means . enjoys a longer life. At this Porita says that she has commented in a good and beautiful way. 

(iii) Portia says that the old people preach instructions to the young, forgetting that such instructions are difficult to be carried out. She complains that it is very unkind of her father to leave no freedom of choice in her marriage. In fact, Portia has no alternative at all, for her dead father, from whom she has inherited all her wealth, had already bound her by his will regarding the method by which she ought to choose her husband. She thinks that in that case she will have to mercy with a man whom she does not know by his nature and behaviour and according to the will, she also has lost the chance of loving a man whom she likes. 

(iv) After hearing the talks of gloominess from Portia, Nerissa tells her that her (Portia’s) father was very wise in restricting his daughter’s freedom of merriage by means of these caskets, because she (Nerissa) believes that anyone who could choose the right casket by correctly interpreting the inscription upon it should be regarded as a very desirable suitor because of his wise judgement in the selection of casket. Later it is found that the justification made by Nerissa proved correct. A right person named Bassanio whom Portia liked, succeeds in choosing the right casket and Portia feels unbounded joy to find such a husband who was true and sincere in love and friendship. 

(v) Portia’s reply to Nerissa proves that she is deeply attached to her father. She respects his will and desires to be married only according to his will. She is determined not to violate her father’s will even if she has to pay a price by remaining unmarried. Another facet of Portia’s character that is revealed to us is her kindness. She bears no malice towards her suitors and prays to God to grant all of them a safe departure.

(i) Lorenzo and Porita are in a room of Portia’s house in Belmont. Portia makes a sudden resolve to hasten to Venice with a daring scheme for the rescue of Antonio. She wants to take Nerissa with her, so she asks Lorenzo to hold the responsibility and management of the house until her husband returns. Lorenzo is at once ready to obey her honourable command with all his heart. 

(ii) On hearing about Antonio’s troubles on account of Bassanio, her husband, Portia immediately sends him, with enough gold to reprey the debts many times over, to Venice to help Antonio out of his misfortune. After Bassanio’s departure Lorenzo praises Portia’s noble gesture and adds that if Portia, learns how nice, kind, generous and true Antonio to whom she has sent help, she will be more proud than she is now.

(iii) Portia tells Lorenzo that she has made a solemn vow to heaven to live in prayer and meditation, in only Nerissa’s company. She adds that there is a monastery two miles from here and there they will live. Actually she is going to the court of the Duke in Venice to rescue Antonio from the cruel trap of Shylock. 

(iv) Portia, before setting out on her journey to Venice, orders Balthazar to take the letter and go as fast as a man is capable in getting to Padua. She asks him to give the letter to her cousin, Dr. Bellario and whatever papers and robes he may give him, he must bring them at once with all possible speed to the public ferry, over which the trade route to Vienna passes. She also orders him to waste no time in talking but go at once because she will be there before he arrives.

(v) Portia tells Nerissa that they are going to meet their husbands much sooner than they can ever expect to meet them. Nerissa, of course, does not understand what Portia means. Portia further says that they are going to change their female dress for the male dress. She adds that she will be able to present a smarter person than Nerissa in the male drees, because she will put on her knife and the belt more skilfully than Nerissa, and she will put on much greatef airs as a male personality than Nerissa can possible imitate. While speaking to Nerissa, Portia seems to be in a mood of making mischief.

(i) In the second line of this extract, Portia is referred to as ‘him’. Portia appears in the court in the costume of a male lawyer. She arrives at the court of the Duke in Venice to save the life of Antonio who is badly entrapped by Shylock, a Jew. 

(ii) Nerissa brings a letter from Dr. Bellario at Padua. This letter recommends a young and learned lawyer to the court. Nerissa also tells the Duke that the lawyer is waiting quite close to know his (Duke’s) decision whether he will permit him or not. At this Duke permits him most readily and asks some three or four persons to go and bring him to the court with due courtesy. 

(iii) Bellario is a learned doctor of law of Padua. The Duke sent a messenger to bring him to settle the question about law. He writes a letter to the Duke for showing his inability to join the case due to his illness. In his letter, he says that he had a friendly visit of a young doctor of Rome called Balthazar and made him aware of the case and the dispute between the Jew and the merchant Antonio. He futher adds that they consulted many law books together and he knows his opinion on the case, which improved by his own learning, the extent of which he does not have words to praise, so he is coming instead of him. In his letter, Dr. Bellario requests the Duke that his lack of years should not be considered a reason for not having the highest respect for him, for he (Bellario) has never known so young a man with such profound thinking and the actual trial will his true worth even better. 

(iv) The ‘controversy’ means the rise of dispute between the Jew and the merchant, Antonio. Bassanio approaches a rich Jewish money lender for three thousand ducats for three months on Antonio’s surety. Shylock asks Antonio to, playfully, sign a bond with the condition that if he is unable to repay the amount in three months, Shylock will have the right to cut off a pound of flesh from his body. Antonio signs such a bond despite Bassanio’s objection. A rumour spreads that Antonio is going to meet utter disaster. Upon his inability to repay the loein in time Shylock has Antonio in his vice grip. Shylock brings this case in the court of the Duke of Venice. He demands r justice from the Duke. All efforts, requests and offers of many several times the actual sum fail to persuade Shylock from proceeding to claim a pound of Antonio’s flesh. An inferno of hate and vengeance—personal, religious and professional—is blazing inside Shylock and he is adamant on getting justice according to his bond. 

(v) ‘The young doctor of Rome’ (Portia disguised as a male lawyer.) The Duke asks Portia if she is aware of the dispute between the Jew and Antonio which is under consideration of the court at present. At this Portia replies him that she has already been informed of the complete details of the case. Then turning to Shylock, she says r that his suit is really very preculiar in nature but it is being followed in such a lawful manner that the Venetian law can not refuse its implementation and resist him from L following the course he has decided upon. Portia makes appeal to Shylock to accept twice the sum for settling this dispute and to give up his cruel intention of cutting a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. She also requests him to show merciful and generous attitude toward Antonio. 

(vi) When ‘the young doctor of Rome’ (Portia) finds that Shylock is firm on his decision, she admits Shylock’s claim and makes him jubilant. But as Shylock prepares to cut a pound of Antonio’s flesh, she restrains him saying that he can cut a pound of Antonio’s flesh — neither more nor less — and that too without shedding a drop of blood because the bond does not give him any blood. Thus Shylock is caught in his own trap. Portia relentlessly applies one provision of law after another and vanquishes Shylock completely. Portia as a ‘young doctor of law’ shows her intellectual strength and the depth and force of her moral grandeur. We find that she is eloquent, dignified, unfailing in knowledge, impartial and has a noble anxiety to save Shylock from his own inhumanity.

(i) Antonio, Shylock and gaoler are present in a street before Shylock’s house in Venice. The gaoler is present there because Shylock gives him warning and instruction to be followed. He warns the gaoler to take proper care of Antonio lest he should escape. Shylock also blames him for having permitted Antonio to have come out of the prison. 

(ii) Shylock tells the gaoler that Antonio is that foolish person who lends money without charging any interest and gives him great loss. Antonio humiliates him in public place by abusing him and also calls him dog. 

(iii) Shylock deprives Antonio of his liberty and asks the jailer to show a harsh attitude towards him and not to permit him to go out at any cost. Shylock seems to be determined to execute the bond signed by Antonio. At this Antonio calls him good Shylock and asks him to listen to him, but Shylock does not pay any heed towards his words. 

(iv) In this extract, Shylock shows a kind of cruel and barbaric attitude towards Antonio. He seems to be strong-hearted for him. He is determined to use his bond to gratify his craving for revenge. Shylock shows his bitterness for Antonio because Antonio lends money without interest and thus spoils his business as a usurer. He is also bitter because Antonio hates his sacred nation and constantly chides him for charging interest. 

(v) In regard of the bond Solanio tries to bring hope to Antonio saying that he (Solanio) is sure that the Duke will never allow this penalty to be paid. But Solanio’s consolation can not give him any kind of relief. Antonio tells him that the Duke can not deny the course of law. He further adds that the rights which strangers have among them in Venice can not be refused, or it will greatly malign the justice of our state, since its trade and profit consists of all nations. 

(vi) When Portia finds that Shylock is determined for the implementation of his bond signed by Antonio and is not ready to show any kind of mercy for Antonio. She allows him to apply his bond and asks him to cut only a pound of flesh—neither more nor less. And no single drop of blood should fall as it has not been mentioned in the bond. In this way she saves the life of Antonio. We feel sympathy for Shylock. He appears to be a tragic figure to us because he has lost everything.

Three causes of demand pull inflation are : 

i. Increase in Money supply: The first major cause at demand pull inflation is increase in the supply of money which leads to increase in aggregate demand. Supply of money includes currency with the public and demand deposits at banks. This is money in spendable form Demand deposits at banks can be withdrawn at any time and hence are in spendable form. Demand deposits, thus act as medium of exchange. 

 ii. Increase in Disposable Income: When the disposable income of the people increases it raises their demand for goods and services leading to demand pull inflation. 

iii. Increase in population: Increase in population is another major cause responsible for rise in prices. Increase in population means increased demand for consumer goods. It increases the aggregate demand for goods. It increases the aggregate demand for goods and services and puts pressure on the existing supply of goods and services.

Desire for a good or service backed by the ability and willingness to pay for the good is demand. Demand is related to time and price.

Merits of Indirect Taxes are: 

(i) Wide Coverage: The main merits of an indirect tax are that it touches all incomes groups. 

(ii) Consumption Control: By imposing an indirect tax, the consumption of an undesirable thing can be discouraged. 

(iii) Popularity: People are not always conscious of indirect taxes because, in most cases, it is combined with the price.

Number of balls = 20

∴ n(S) = 20

Number of balls marked with multiple of 3 or 4 is 3,6,9,12,15,18,4,8,16,20

∴ n(A) = 10

The required probability P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 10/20 = 1/2

Suppose that x number of the unit be produced and sold. 

As each unit’s variable cost is 25% of revenue 

The variable cost of x units = 25 % of ₹ 8x = ₹ 2x 

Total cost of producing x units C(x) = TFC + TVC = ₹(24000 + 2x) 

Price of one unit = ₹ 8 

Total revenue of selling x units = R(x) = ₹ 8x 

At break-even values, 

C(x) = R(x) 

⇒ 24000 + 2x = 8x 

⇒ 24000 = 6x 

⇒ x = 4000

(i) Eye : Optic nerve :: Ear: Auditory nerve. 

(ii) Cytoplasm: Cytokinesis :: Nucleus : Karyotinesis. 

(iii) TT : Homozvgous :: Tt : Heterozygous. 

(iv) Foetus : Amnion :: Heart : Pericardium. 

(v) Adenine : Thymine :: Cytosine : Guanine.

(i) Eye: Optic nerve:: Ear: Auditory nerve 

(ii) Cytoplasm : Cytokinesis:: Nucleus: Karyokinesis 

(iii) TT : Homozygous:: Tt: Heterozygous 

(iv) Foetus: Amnion:: Heart: Pericardium 

(v) Adenine: Thymine:: Cytosine: Guanine

(i) Odd term: Styrofoam Category: 

Biodegradable wastes. 

(ii) Odd term: Pepsin Category: 

Nitrogen bases of DNA molecule. 

(iii) Odd term: Iris Category: 

Ear ossicles/Tiny bones present in the middle ear. 

(iv) Odd term: Cortisone Category: 

Hormones secreted by Pituitary gland. 

(v) Odd term: Typhoid Category: 

Sex linked inheritence.

(i) Odd term: Glucagon Category: Pigments 

(ii) Odd term: Uterus Category: Parts of excretory system 

(iii) Odd term: Phagocytosis Category: Processes in plants 

(iv) Odd term: Photon Category: Parts of a neuron. 

(v) Odd term: Insulin Category: Female reproductive/sex hormona.

(1) Adenosine Triphosphate

(2) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

(3)  Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

In F₂ generation 75% plants will be tall and 25% dwarf.

Mendel's law of Dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, one is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed.

Expectations of the employers are : 

1. Employees should be dependable and should keep secrecy of the business. 

2. Employees should achieve sales targets of the business firm. 

3. Employees should achieve profits for the firm. 

4. They expect quick learning on the part of their employees. 

5. Employers expect feedback of the products or services supplied by the business firm.

(2)

1. Anytime, Anywhere Services : Internet technology is available anywhere, anytime, i. e. 24 hours service across the world. 

2. Cost Effective : E-commerce transactions lead to reduction in cost by sending e-mail etc. 

3. Online Marketing : It is buying and selling of goods on internet. 

4. Way of Information : Important information about consumer needs can be gathered with the use of e-commerce technology. 

5. Effective Advertisement : E-commerce is also a source of advertisement. Through internet a seller can give information to the consumer about its product. 

6. Instant Services : E-commerce provides promptness in service through which customers can get information in seconds while sitting in home or office. 

7. No need for Middleman : E-commerce does not require involvement of any middlemen, as there is direct contact between buyer and seller. 

8. World Level Expansion : Business has expanded many times through global reach of internet. 

9. Multiple Models of Business : E-commerce serves as a medium of interaction between customer to customer (C2C), between business to consumer (B2C), business to business (B2B) etc.

While using ATM, the following precautions should be taken : 

1. Do transaction yourself. 

2. Insert the card in card slot properly. 

3. While typing the password, take care that no one is looking at your fingers. 

4. When the transaction is completed, press Cancel button.

National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) is a nation-wide payment system. Under this Scheme, individuals can electronically transfer funds from any bank branch to any individual having an account with any other bank branch in the country participating in the Scheme. NEFT transactions are settled in batches. There is no lower or upper limit of funds for NEFT transactions. (However, in case of RTGS funds transfer, the minimum lower limit is fixed at Rs. 2 lakh and no upper limit).

Iron and zinc are quite reactive and hence they do not occur in the free state. The compounds of metals found in nature are their oxides, carbonate and sulphides.

Only Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ are precipitated as CuS and PbS respectively. These are the metal sulphides of group II. The K_s of these metal sulphides is small. Due to common ion (H⁺) effect, the dissociation of wealth acid H₂S is suppressed.

(D) Addition

(D) Beading dilute sulphuric acid with a solution of chlorine.

(C) Lead nitrate

(C) Magnesium nitrade