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import java.io.*; 

import java.util. Scanner; class Pronic] 

public static void main(String argsQ) throws IOException { 

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print(“Enter the number: “); 

int n = sc.nextlnt(); 

int i = 0; 

while(i * (i + 1) < n){ 

i++; 

} 

if(i *(i + 1) = = n){ 

System.out.println(n + ” is a Pronic Number.”); 

} 

else { 

System.out.prindn(n + ” is not a Pronic Number.”); 

} 

} 

}

import java.io.*;

class PronicNum

{

public static void main(string args[])

{

Buffered Reader br= new Buffered Reader(new Input Stream Reader(System.in)); System. out.println("Enter one number ");

int n= Integer. parseInt (br.readLine());

int i;

for(i=1; i*(i+1)<=n ; i++)

{

if(n==i*(i+1))

{

System.out.println(n+" is Pronic Number");

break;

}

}

System.out.println(n+ " is not Pronic Number");

}

Gross interest rate: This is the total interest payable before any deductions such as tax and charges.

Components of Gross Interest: 

1. Net interest: Net interest is that, which is paid for the use of the services of money alone.

2. Reward for Risk: Creditor has to take the risk in lending his money. He feels skeptical about the return of money to him. 

This risk can be of two types:

• Business Risk: This risk arises because of the uncertainties of the business. When the business of the debtor is met with failure, then despite his good intentions, he is unable to repay the debt. Thus, the creditor runs a risk in giving loans. 

• Personal Risk: It refers to the economic condition, character and integrity of the debtor. When a debtor is in a position to repay his debt but he willfully refuses to do so or he becomes bankrupt, the moneylender runs a personal risk.

3. Reward for Management: Creditor has to maintain proper account books showing different transactions regarding paying of loans, receipts of interest, balance due or repayment of the principal amount, etc. He may have to engage an account clerk for this purpose. He may have to make repeated requests to the debtor for the recovery of his dues. The expenses incurred on all these items must be adequately compensated. Thus the creditor includes his reward for management of accounts in the gross interest

4. Reward for Inconvenience: Parting with money involves several inconveniences on the part of the creditor. He may not get back money when needed and he himself may have to borrow from someone else. Or he may get his money back in small installments. The reward for inconvenience thus figures in gross interest.

Fiat Money defers to that money which is issued by order/authority of the government. It includes all notes and coins which the people in a country are legally bound to accept.

Bank Money consists of optional money which may or may not be accepted in the discharge of debts. Bank money represents claims on deposits left with banks. People keep part of their cash as deposits with banks which they can withdraw anytime they like or transfer to some one else.

Examples—cheques, bank drafts, credit cards etc.

Two primary functions of money:

1. The Supply of land resources in a country determines the level of agricultural production of that country. 

2. Supply of land also determines supply of mineral resources in a country.

Giffen goods may be defined as those whose price effect is positive and income effect is negative. All Giffen goods are inferior goods, but all inferior goods are not Giffen goods.

Inferior goods are those whose income effect is negative. In case of Giffen negative income effect is always stronger than substitution while in case of inferior, it may or may not be.

1. If the price of substitute good falls, consumers will be attracted to this substitute good, this implies shift to the left. 

2. When the consumer develop a taste for a commodity.

(i) Rent is earned by the free gifts of nature such as land. But Quasi-rent is the excess income earned by the man-made factors.

(ii) Rent is earned both in short-run and long run. While Quasi-rent occurs only in short-run because, in the long run, man-made factors have their perfectly elastic supply. 

(iii) Rent is permanent earning while Quasi-rent is transitory. In other words. Quasirent is not a cost in a short period. 

(iv) Rent is never zero. But Quasi-rent becomes zero when the price is equal to average variable costs. 

(v) Rent is the difference between total earnings and total costs. But Quasi-rent is the difference between total earnings and variable costs.

The central bank is called lender of last resort because just as the public can borrow from commercial bank, it can borrow from Central bank, in case of need. The central bank is under the obligation to provide funds to commercial bank by rediscounting bills of exchange as and when they need financial help.

Exceptions to the Law of Supply 

The law of supply does not apply in the following cases:

1. In the case of agricultural products whose supply is affected by natural factors. 

2. In the case of perishable goods like food. In the case of these goods, the seller is willing to sell more units at decaying prices. 

3. In the case of goods having a social distinction. The supply of goods will remain limited even if their prices are high.

The law of demand is stated as “other things being equal, the quantity demanded increases with a fall in price and diminishes with a rise in price”. According to this law other things being equal, demand varies inversely with the price that is, at a higher price less will be demanded and at a lower price more will be demanded. 

Assumptions to the Law of Demand:

(i) Tastes and preferences of the consumer are the same regardless of the income group. 

(ii) All consumers have a fixed income and there is no change in income over a period of time.

(iii) Thirdly, the prices of the related goods do not change and they are fixed.

The law of demand states that, if all other factors remain equal, the higher the price of a good, the fewer people will demand that good. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. The amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. As a result, people will naturally avoid buying a product that will force them to forgo the consumption of something else they value more.

Exceptions to the Law of Demand: 

Giffen goods: These are those inferior goods on which the consumer spends a large part of his income and the demand for which falls with a fall in their price.

Articles of snob appeal: Goods which serve status symbol do not follow the law of demand. These are goods of conspicuous consumption. These goods give their possessor utility in the sense of their ownership. Articles like diamond are purchased by the rich irrespective of their price hike as their possession is prestigious. When their price rises the prestige value goes up.

Two exceptions of the law of demand are as follows: 

(i) Giffen goods: Giffen goods refer to the goods for which the demand increases as the price of the good increases. 

For example: if the price of an essential good such as wheat increases, consumers with lower incomes are left with less money to buy other expensive goods. So, they are forced to consume more wheat.

(ii) Veblen goods: Veblen goods are the goods for which the demand tends to increase as the price increases. This is because some people believe to attain higher utility from goods that are priced more. 

For example: diamonds are considered to be Veblen goods. Veblen goods tend to have higher prestige value and mostly the luxury goods are considered as Veblen goods. Such goods are mainly considered as representative of wealth by the people.

Expectations regarding future prices: If the price of a commodity is rising today and it is likely to rise more in the future, people will buy more even at the existing price and store it up. They will do this in order to avoid the pinch of higher prices in the future. Similarly, when large fall in the price of a commodity is anticipated, consumers will postpone their purchase even if the prices fall today so as to purchase this commodity at a still lower price in future.

Conspicuous consumption: The law of demand does not apply to status symbol commodities termed as Veblen. These goods are demanded more at higher prices by (rich) consumers to increase their social prestige or as a source of display of wealth or richness. For example, diamond.

The fixed exchange rate is a rate that is fixed and determined by the government of a country and only the government can change it. It is independent of free-market forces of demand and supply. Whereas the flexible exchange rate is that rate which is determined by the demand and supply of different currencies in the foreign exchange market. The government does not intervene in the fixation of the exchange rate.

Freedom of entry and exit under perfect competition means that new firms are free to enter the industry and existing firms are free to leave the industry if they desire so. This condition ensures that all firms under Perfect competition end up earning only normal profits in the long run. The entry of new firms will increase the total supply by the industry, thus reducing the market price and wiping out supernormal profits. On the other hand, if existing firms are incurring losses, some of them would start leaving the industry, leading to a decrease in supply and a rise in price until the losses are wiped out.

The supply of money consists of various components. M₁ and M₄ are also components of the money supply.

M₁ = Currency notes and coins with the public (C) + Demand deposits with the banks (DD) + Other deposits with the RBI (OD)

Thus. M₁ = C + DD + OD

and M₄ = M₁ + Saving deposit with post office saving bank (SD) + Total deposits with post office savings organisation (TDP)

Thus, M₄ = M₂ + TDP 

where M₂ = M₁ + SD.

Fiscal Policy is defined as the policy under which the government uses the instruments of taxation, public spending and public borrowing to achieve various objectives of economic development, like economic stability, high employment and accelerating economic growth. 

Two instruments of fiscal policy are:

• Taxation policy 

• Public expenditure policy 

• Public debt policy.

(i)

Keywords are reserved words, which have special meaning to Java compiler. 

They form the vocabulary of the language Keywords can not be used as identifier. 

e.g., class, if, char, new, int etc.

Urbanization is adversely affecting the ecosystem. Due to this the loss of native plant, animal species, the disruption of the natural drainage system, and the decline of visual quality takes place. As the growth of mankind, increase in the pollution and cutting of the trees will disbalance the entire ecosystem as well as the environment.

One way by which Fiscal Policy can be used to control economic recession is by increasing Government expenditure for productive purposes. This will give a boost to the economy and help it to come out of recession. If the national output will increase, it will raise the level of employment and income for the people.

(a) The Law of Supply states that other things being equal, quantity’ supplied increases with increase in price and decreases with decrease in price of commodity. 

The factors determining supply in the market are : 

(i) Goal of the Firm : If goal of the firm is to maximise profits, more quantity of the commodity will be offered at a higher price. On the other hand, if goal of the firm is to maximise sales (or maximise output or employment) more will be supplied even at the same price. 

(ii) Expected Future Price : If the producer expects price of the commodity to rise in the near future, current supply of the commodity will reduce. If, on the other hand, fall in the price is expected, current supply will increase. 

(iii) Change in Techonolgy : Change in technology also affects supply of the commodity. Improvement in the techniques of production reduces cost of production. Consequently, more of the commodity is supplied at its existing price. 

(b)

 (i) Impact : The term impact is used to express the immediate result of or original imposition of the tax. The impact of a tax is on the person on whom it is imposed first. Thus, the person who is liable to pay the tax to the government bears its impact. 

(ii) Shifting: The burden of the tax can be transferred to others through a process of shifting. It may be noted that the whole burden of the tax may not be shifted to others. It may be that a part of the tax may be shifted to others and a part be borne by the one who initially pays the tax. 

(iii) Incidence : The incidence of a tax refers to the money burden of a tax on the person who ultimately pays it. The impact and the incidence of tax is on the same person. He cannot shift or transfer the burden on some other person, he has to pay it himself. These terms are relevant to direct tax. 

Merit of direct tax : 

Equitable : A direct tax is an equitable tax. It is equitable in the sense that, it is levied according to the taxable capacity of the people. The rates of direct taxes, like the income tax, can be fixed in such a way that the higher the income of a man, the greater is the rate at which he has to pay the tax. Such a system is known as progressive taxation. 

Demerits of direct tax: 

1. Inconvenient: The greatest drawback of direct taxes is that they put the tax-payer to a lot of botheration and inconvenience. Sometimes, the tax-payer is called to pay the entire tax in one installment. Besides, the tax-payers have to maintain elaborate accounts for the satisfaction of the tax officials. 

2. Evadable : By submitting false returns of income, some people evade the tax. That is why a direct tax is “A Tax on Honesty”.

1. Indirect taxes are regressive. Every consumer of a taxed commodity rich or poor pays the tax at the same rate. The real burden of the tax on the poor is greater than on the rich. 

2. Large administrative staff is required to administer such taxes. It tumsout to be a costly affair.

Two ways in which the Reserve Bank of India assists the commercial banks are: 

1. Central bank advances loans to commercial banks by rediscounting their bills of exchange and for this facility, central bank charges interest from them. 

2. Central bank acts as a lender of last resort’. If the commercial bank is facing with a financial crisis, the only institution that can finally come to rescue it, is the central bank.

Selling costs are not required in a perfectly competitive market because every producer is selling a totally identical product, and competition is so intense that every producer has to make all possible efforts to keep his cost of production in check. Selling costs will only add to the cost of production without bringing in any gain to the producer.

The two characteristics of capital as a factor of production are: 

1. Capital is not a gift of nature. It is manmade, secondary, as well as an artificial factor of production. 

2. Capital has a social cost. Capital as a resource has alternative uses. It can be put to either of the uses. The society in order to have one of them sacrifices another; accounting it as social cost another; accounting it as social cost.

The two measures to improve the efficiency of labour in India are: 

1. The labour market should he flexible, and its complex regulations should not hinder dynamic job growth. 

2. New and improved programs should be monitored to enhance the performance and skills of each labour in the market.

The given diagram illustrates the concept of Increase in Demand which may be defined as a situation when “more is demanded at the same price or same qty. is demanded at a higher price.” In the given diagram, the price OP remaining the same, the qty. demanded has increased from OQ to OQ₁ The demand curve has shifted to the right. It also shows that when price rises from OP to OP₁ Quantity demanded remains the same at the level of OQ. This is also a case of increase in demand.

At STP, 22.4 l of a gas = 1 mole

6.72 l = (1 x 6.72)/22.4 = 0.3 moles

One mole contains = 6 x 10²³ molecules

0.3 mole contains = 6 x 10²³ x 0.3 

= 1.8 x 10²³ molecules

6.72 l of oxygen contains 0.3 moles and hence 1.8 x 10²³ molecules.

The catalyst used in the Contact Process is Vanadium pentoxide.

It is due to F-centre. The electrons are trapped in anionic vacancies. It happens in presence of excess of metal.

(i) NH₄Cl is a strong electrolyte hence, dissociates completely. NH₄OH is a weak electrolyte and dissociates to a small extent. Its dissociation is further suppressed by common ion provided by NH₄Cl in the solution. This solution acts as a basic buffer and maintains its pH around 9.25. It resists the change in pH on the addition of a small amount of acid or alkali. This can be explained as below: Upon adding a small amount of HCl to this solution, H⁺ ions of HCl gets neutralised by OH^– ions already present and more of NH₄OH molecules get ionised to compensate for the loss of OH^– ions. Thus, pH practically remains unchanged. Upon adding a small amount of NaOH to this solution, OH ions of NaOH combine with ions already present to form weakly ionised NH4OH. Thus, pH of the solution remains practically unchanged.

(ii) This is because the K_sp of CuS is very low as compared to that of ZnS. Therefore, a low concentration of S^2- ions can precipitate Cu²⁺ ions as CuS, whereas a high concentration of S₂ ions is required to precipitate Zn²⁺ ions as ZnS. Now, in the presence of HCl, dissociation of H₂S is suppressed due to the common ion effect. HCl → H⁺ + Cl^– (strong electrolyte) H₂S → 2H⁺ + S^2- (weak electrolyte)

With decreased S^2- ion concentration only Cu²⁺ is precipitated as CuS.

(i) Cubic close-packing (ccp) or face-centred cubic (fee) arrangement.

(ii) The coordination of each Na⁺ ion as well as of each Cl^– ion is 6 and the structure possesses 6 : 6 coordination.

(iii) The unit cell of sodium chloride, eight Cl^– ions are present at the comers and six Cl^– ions at the face-centres.

Number of Cl^– ions = \(8\times\frac{1}{8}+6\times\frac{1}{2}\) = 4

Number of Na⁺ ions = \(12\times\frac{1}{4}+1\times1\) = 4

(iv) Rock salt structure.

A Lewis acid is defined as a substance (atom, ion or molecule) which is capable of accepting a pair of electrons.

Examples: Ag+ , H⁺ , AlCl₃. A Lewis base is defined as a substance (atom, ion or molecule) which is capable of donating a pair of electron. Examples: NH₃, Cl^–

Molar conductance:

It is defined as the conductance of all ions produced from one mole of an electrolyte dissolved in a definite volume of the solution. Its unit is ohm^-1 cm² mol^-1 . Molar conductance ∧_m is related to specific conductance k by the following equation:

∧_m = \(\frac{k\times1000}{M}\)

where k is specific conductance and M is a molar concentration of the solution.

ΔT_b = i x K_b x molality, where i is  Van't Hoff factor

Given,  ΔT_b = 1.88 K

K_b = 0.52 K kg mol^-1

Molality = 2

i = \(\frac{1.88}{0.52\times2}\)

i = 1.8076

This value of ‘i’ signifies that when 1 mole of NaCl is dissolved in water it dissociates to give 1.8076 moles of particles in the solution.

The solubility product under the same condition will be 4S³

(i) Kerala: Mango showers helps in ripening mangoes and blooming of coffee cherries. 

(ii) West Bengal: Kal Baisakhi helps the crop of rice and jute.

(i) Annual range of temperature = 36.2 – 24.6 = 11.6°C. 

(ii) Total annual rainfall = 140.9 cm 

(iii) The station lies on the west coast of India because the amount of rainfall is high in the month of June and July.

(i) Single fixed pulley.

(ii) Single fixed pulley is used only to change the direction of the force applied.

Gravitational potential energy at 1st floor = mgh1 = 35 × 10 × 4 = 1400 J 

Potential energy at third floor = mgh₂ 

= 35 × 10 × 12 = 4200 J 

Increase in potential energy = 4200 – 1400 = 2800 Joule.

(i) Single fixed pulley 

(ii) Single fixed pulley is used to change the direction of effort applied.

(i) The efficiency of an ideal machine (free from friction etc) is equal to 1. But in actual practical, the efficiency is less than 1 due to the energy loss in friction. 

(ii) No.

Ideal machine has 100% efficiency i.e, work done on the machine is equal to the work done by the machine while a practical machine is not 100% efficient due to the energy loss in friction etc.

When a ray of light passes from one medium to another medium, its direction (or path) changes because of change in speed of light while travelling from one medium to another.

No, it will either be acting as a speed multiplier or a force multiplier.

The ray of light which is incident normally oil the surface separating the two media, passes undeviated (does not bend).Thus, if angle of incidence ∠i = 0°, then angle of refraction  ∠r = 0°. The deviation of the ray is zero.

(i) Class III lever.

(ii) Class II lever.