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Conditions for an echo to take place are :

(1) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflector in air must be 17 m. It is different in different medium depending upon the speed of sound in that medium.

(2) The size of the reflector must be large enough as compared to the wavelength of sound wave.

Name the phenomenon involved in tuning a radio set to a particular station Resonance.

When the frequency of an externally applied periodic force on a body is equal to its natural frequency, the body readily begins to vibrate with an increased amplitude. This phenomenon is known as resonance.

Alternating current.

Loudness is the property by virtue of which a loud sound can be distinguished from faint one, both having the same pitch and quality. 

The Live wire.

Non-ohmic Resistor: This is a resistor which does not obey ohm's law, V-I graph for non-ohmic resistor is not a straight line.

(i) Earth wire

(ii) Live wire

The unit of loudness is decibel (dB).

The Earth wire.

Step up transform.

These are used in determining the depth of a sea.

Particles are responsible for current in conductors Electrons.

Free electrons.

(i) Step up transformer is used to step-up the generating power in power plant. 

(ii) Alternating Current. 

(iii) 220 Volts.

(i) (a) Switch (b) Fuse

(ii) Functions:

(1) Switch : It is an on-off device which is used to either connect or

disconnect an electric appliance in a circuit It is connected in the live wire.

(2) Fuse : lt is used to limit the current in the electric circuit.

(i) Electrons are responsible for current in conductors. 

(ii) Earth wire (Green). 

(iii) Live wire (Red).

Light scattering is a form of scattering in which light in the form of propagating energy is scattered. It is a process of absorption and then re-emission of light energy. Scattering of light depends on the wavelength or frequency of the light being scattered. In this process, the deflection of a ray from a straight path, for example by irregularities in the propagation medium, particles or between the interface of two media takes place. 

Red light scattered the least and violet light the most because wavelength of red light is highest and the wavelength of violet light is least.

(1) Switch

(2) Fuse.

When glucose solution is heated with Tollen’s reagent in a test tube, metallic silver gets deposited along the walls of a test tube and it shines like a silver mirror. It is called the silver mirror test or Tollen’s reagent test.

(1)  [Cr(H₂O)₅Br]SO₄

Staffing process includes the following steps : 

Estimating the Manpower Requirements: At first step of staffing the need for required number of employees is estimated. Under this, it is ensured that capable employees are available in the adequate number. At the time of determining the number of persons required. The possibilities regarding promotions, retirements, resignation, etc. should be taken into consideration.

Recruitment: Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation. The main objective of recruitment is to create a pool of the prospective job candidates. Higher the number of people w ho apply for a job, higher will be the possibility of getting a suitable employee.

Selection : Under the process of selection, competent applicants are selected out of a large number of them. It is important to keep in mind that the ability of the applicant and the nature of work must match. The closest matching w ill bring the best results. To complete the selection process mam tests are conducted. Finally, an applicant is selected if he/she is declared pass in the interview.

Placement and Orientation : Placement means putting the selected candidate at the right job after considering his ability and capability . Orientation means introduction of new employees with the existing employees and rules and regulations of the organisation.

Training and Development : Training is to impart training and development to employees to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Training reduces the cost of production and helps in the maintenance of machines and tools and reduces the number of accidents.

Two varieties of peppered moth were seen. Biston betularia grey coloured and Biston carbonaria black coloured. Before industrialization number of grey variety was more. After industrialization number of black variety increased. Due to pollution lichens disappeared and the tree became dark. The black variety got advantage through camouflage and were saved by the attack of predator birds. This showed natural selection of the black coloured moths.

(a) Spermiogenesis: Changing of spermatids into sperms. 

(b) Reproductive health: Ability of a person to produce healthy offsprings. 

(c) Amenorrhea: Stoppage or absence of menstrual cycle.

Two differences between Stale Cheque and Post-dated Cheque: 

1. A cheque that bears a date earlier than six months is a Stale cheque while a cheque bearing a later date is known as Post dated cheque. 

2. A state cheque can not be honoured while a post dated cheque can be honoured.

Two differences between Fixed Cost and Variable Cost: 

1. Fixed costs are those costs which remain fixed in amount irrespective of changes in the volume of output during a given period of time while variable costs are those costs which vary in amount with changes in the level of output or activity. 

2. Fixed costs do not change with changes (increase or decrease) in the level of activity upto a certain limit while variable costs increase and decrease in the same proportion in which the level of output increases or decreases. Variable costs vary in total amount but remain constant per unit of production.

Horizontal communication is that communication which flows in the same level of management 

For example – communication between the manager of the sales department and manager of purchases department.

(i) Public deposits are an uncertain and unreliable source of finance. 

(ii) Public deposits distort the interest rate pattern. 

(iii) Public deposits are generally not available to new companies and those with uncertain earnings.

(a) Exchange helps in the process of marketing. 

(b) Exchange creates utility.

The Objects clause is the most important clause of the company. It specifies the activities which a company can cany on and which activities it cannot carry on. The company cannot carry on any activity which is not authorised by its Memorandum of Association. 

This clause must be specified.

• Main objects of the company to be pursued by the company on its incorporation 

• Objects incidental or ancillary to the attainment of the main objects 

• Other objects of the company not included in (i) and (ii) above.

In case of the companies other than trading corporations whose objects are not confined to one state, the states to whose territories the objects of the company extend must be specified.

(i) During the sunrise the light from the sun has to travel the longest distance of atmosphere to reach the observer. The light travelling from sun loses blue light of short wavelength due to scattering, while the red light of long wave length is scattered a little. So it is not lost much. Thus blue light is almost absent in sunlight reaching the observer and red light only reaches us. So the sun is seen red. 

(ii) Colour is the subjective property of light related to its wavelength.

(i) At sunrise,light from the sun has to travel a very long distance to reach the observer on earth. The light while travelling from sum loses blue light due to scattering while tire red light is scattered very little because of its long wavelength. So the sun looks red during sunrise.

(ii) Colour  of light

No, the absolute refractive index of a medium can not be less than one because speed of light in any medium is always less than that of in vacuum.

(i) Infrared radiations. 

(ii) X-rays. 

(ii) D UV radiations

Here, the fielder use a force to oppose the motion of the ball.

Thus, θ = 180°

Thus 

Work done = force (F) x displacement (d) x cos 180°

= -F x d 

(∵ cos 180° = -1)

Thus, work done is negative.

The object must be placed on the principal axis of a convex lens at a distance twice the focal length of the lens i.e., at 2F₁.

Principle of conservation of energy : It states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another form. The total sum of energy in the universe always remains the same.

Two important precautions while handling radioactive materials are : 

(i) One should wear lead lined aprons and lead gloves. 

(ii) One should handle the radioactive materials with long lead tongs.

Two Advantages: 

1. It is a safe approach to pricing. It ensures full coinage of cost and helps in achieving a reasonable return on capital employed. 

2. The method is logical and can be defended on moral grounds. It discourages cut-throat competition in the market. 

Two Disadvantages: 

1. It is very often difficult to determine accurately the cost per unit due to common overheads and joint products. 

2. It fails to reflect competition in the market.

Compensation management is more than just the means to attract and retain talented employees. In todays competitive labour market, organizations need to fully leverage their human capital to sustain a competitive position. This requires integrating employee processes, information and programs with organizational processes and strategies to achieve optimal organizational results. 

It consists of the following activities: 

1. Job Evaluation: It is the process of determining the relative worth of a job. 

2. Wage and Salary Administration: It implies developing and operating a suitable wage and salary programme. Surveys are conducted to determine wage and salary structure for various jobs in the organization. 

3. Bonus: It involves payment of bonus under the payment of Bonus Act 1965, as well as non-statutory bonus and other incentives.

Receipts and Payment Account as the name suggests contains details of cash received (CAPITAL OR REVENUE) and cash payments made (CAPITAL OR REVENUE) during an accounting period. 

It is similar to a CashBook of a Non Profit making Organization. It basically records the inflows and outflows of cash and bank balances which infact are themselves REAL in nature.

Just take the example of Profit and Loss Account. It closes all the Nominal Accounts at the end of the year and thereby acquires the nature of a NOMINAL ACCOUNT.

The same logic applies to receipts and payments account as well.

The human resources are the most important assets of an organization. The success or failure of an organization is largely dependent on the caliber of the people working therein. Without positive and creative contributions from people, organizations cannot progress and prosper. In order to achieve the goals or the activities of an organization, therefore, they need to recruit people with requisite skills, qualifications and experience. While doing so, they have to keep the present as well as the future requirements of the organization in mind.

Yes, some cost are semi variable in nature. A semi-variable cost is a cost that contains both fixed and variable cost elements. The fixed element of the cost will be incurred repeatedly over time, while the variable element will only be incurred as a function of activity volume. Thus, a base-level cost will always be incurred, irrespective of volume, as well as an additional cost that is based only on volume. This concept is used to project financial performance at different activity levels.

SONAR is based on the principle of reflection of sound i .e., echo.

(a) 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

(b) Mg + H₂O →MgO + H₂

(c) 3Fe +4H₂O ⇌ Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂

(d) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl₂ + H₂

(a) Occurrence of metals: The metals placed at the top of activity series are most reactive, so they always exist in the combined state whereas the metals placed below the activity series are least reactive, so they can be found in the isolated state also. 

(b) Tendency to corrosion: The metals lying above the hydrogen in activity series can easily react with moisture and air and corrode easily whereas the metals such as gold and platinum do not corrode easily. 

(c) Reaction with water: The ability of the metals to reduce water to hydrogen decreases on moving down the series. Potassium and sodium reacts with cold water whereas magnesium reacts with warm water and aluminium, zinc and iron reacts with steam. 

(d) Reaction with acids: All the metals above hydrogen, in the activity series, reduce hydrogen ions from dil. hydrochloric or sulphuric acid and give out hydrogen gas. The rate of reaction decreases on moving down the series.

(a) Mercury

(b) Roasting

(c) CaSiO₃

(d) Cryolite

(e) Graphite

(a) Mercury and gallium

(b) Sodium and potassium

(c) Mercury

(d) Iodine

(e) Graphite

(f) Zinc

(g) Neon , Argon

(h) CrO₃ , Mn₂O₇

(i) Al₂O₃,PbO

(j) Potassium , sodium

(k) Basic copper(II) sulphate

(l) Aluminium , Oxygen

(m) Hydrogen

(n) Carbon

(o) Iron

Gold is the most unreactive metal so it does not react with air or water and other gases in atmosphere. So gold does not corrode. That is why gold look new after several years of use.