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Corrosion of metals is an advantage as it prevents the metal underneath from further damage. For example: On exposure to air, the surface of metal like aluminium and Zinc forms layers of their oxides which are very sticky and impervious in nature and hence act as protective layer. This layer protects the metal from further damage.

(a)

(b) Valence electrons present in:

(i) Metals have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons.

(ii) Non-metals have 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons

(a)

(b) Components of money supply are: M₁ M₂, M₃ and M₄ 

M₁ = C + DD + OD. Here is currency held by public, DD is demand deposits in banks and OD is other deposits in RBI. 

M₂ = M₁ + Post office Deposits 

M₃ = M₁ + Net Time Deposits 

M₄ = M₁ + Total Deposits with Post offices. 

Three causes of inflation are: 

1. Increase in Public Expenditure: With a rise in national income and also rapid growth of population an increase in public expenditure is unavoidable. Government spends on maintenance of law and order and defence due to expenditure on these activities, it results in price rise.

2. Erratic Agricultural Growth: The Indian agriculture largely depends on mansoons and thus crop failures due to drought have been regular feature of agriculture in this country. In the years of scarcity of food grains nbt only price of food articles increases but the general price level also rises. 

3. Upward revision of Administered Prices: There are a number of important commodities for which price level is administered by the government. The government keeps on raising prices from time to time in order to cover the losses in the public sector which often arise due to inefficiency. 

One fiscal measure to control inflation is: 

(i) Increasing taxes: To reduce purchasing power with the public, rates of old taxes should be raised and new taxes should be imposed on public.

Two qualitative methods of credit control used by the central bank are as follows: 

(i) Margin requirement: Margin requirement refers to the gap between the actual value of the security offered for a loan and the value of loan provided. Suppose an individual provides collateral worth Rs 100 to the bank, and the bank grants a loan of Rs 80 to the person. Here, the margin requirement is 20 per cent. If the central bank wants to lower the credit flow in the economy, the central bank increases the margin requirement. To increase the credit flow in the economy, the margin requirement is lowered.

(ii) Credit rationing: Credit rationing refers to imposing a quota on loans for certain activities. This measure is used when the central bank wants to check the flow of credit in some particular business activities such as speculative activities. The commercial banks cannot exceed the quota limit while providing loans.

Two quantitative measures of credit control used by the central bank are as follows: 

(i) Open market operations: Open market operations refer to the sale and purchase of securities in the open market by the central bank. To lower the credit flow in the economy, the central bank sells securities in the economy. To increase the flow of credit, the central bank buys government securities from the open market.

(ii) Cash reserve ratio (CRR): Cash Reserve Ratio is the minimum percentage of a commercial bank’s total deposits that the bank has to keep with the central bank in the form of cash. Whenever the central bank has to decrease the credit flow in an economy, the central bank increases CRR. Whenever the central bank has to increase the credit flow in an economy, the central bank decreases CRR.

Quantitative Method

(i)  Bank Rate Policy: The bank rate is the rate of interest at which the Central Bank lends money to the commercial banks in emergency. The effect of a change in the bank rate is to change the cost borrowings from the Central bank.

- An increase in the bank rate increase the cost of borrowings from the Central Bank. Therefore, if the Central Bank increases the bank rate, the commercial banks also increase the rates at which they lend to the public and business firms. It makes borrowings by the people costly. This will discourage them to take loans. People borrow less. Thus, volume of credit and money supply will decrease in the economy.

- A decrease in the bank rate will have the opposite effect, i.e., money supply will increase

(ii) Open Market Operations (OMO) : It is the buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the Central Bank.

- When the Central bank buys securities, it makes payments to the sellers who deposit the same in commercial banks. It increases the cash reserves of the banks and thus directly increase banks ability to give credit. So, money supply increases.

- When to Central Bank sells securities, the buyers make payment with the commercial banks decrease since money flows out of the commercial banks and into the Central Bank. This reduced bank’s ability to give credit. So, money supply in the economy decrease.

(2)  Quantitative Method

(i)  Margin Requirement : The difference between the value of security and the amount of loan sanctioned is known as margin requirement. By changing the margin requirement Central bank can increase or decrease the credit creation in desired directions. If Central bank wants to increase the credit in a particular use then it will decrease the margin requirement for that use.

(ii)  Consumer Credit : Loans given by commercial banks to the consumers to purchase the durable consumer goods, are known-as consumer’s credit. Central bank can make the loans attractive or unattractive by following way :-

(a)  By changing the minimum down payments, 

(b) By changing the maximum period of repayment. (installment)

Hints: 

• spirit of sacrifice, appreciable as a way of life 

• parents, elders, make sacrifices for the youngers 

• students, sacrifice their games/enjoyments for studies 

• sacrifice minor gains for major projects 

• sacrifice minor goal for major ones, success will be yours Hints:

Hints: 

• an old dictum, as relevant today as it was in the past 

• Saint Tulsidas, preachers, endless, few practitioners 

• very easy to advise, difficult to put it in practice 

• even saints and hermits, failed in the test 

• easy to tell tactics to defeat the rival, difficult to wrestle

• should try to put in practice what we preach/advise to others Hints :

Hints 

• an important lesson I have learnt is : ‘honesty pays in the long run’

• refused to copy in the exam, got less marks but inner satisfaction 

• have learnt to be helpful to others 

• observed some social workers saving the lives of people stranded in floods 

• have learnt to respect time • once failed because wasted a lot of time

Hints 

• good literature a great source of learning and refinement 

• has provided deep understanding of human nature 

• has made me observ ant and introspective 

• has learnt to be polite and respectful 

• has enabled me to cope with all kinds of disharmony in life

Make use of the following hints and develop them into a complete essay. 

• man may be rich 

• but dishonest and greedy 

• a man may be poor and humble 

• very helpful and useful 

• a great use to society

• enjoys material comforts 

• of no use to society 

• attaches importance to values in life 

• a selfless man

The statment appears to be meaningful and correct to some extent. It is true that we are happier than our forefathers in many ways. Life in the past was very simple. It moved at a slow pace. There was no circulation of money and therefore people lived from hand to mouth. They did not enjoy the modem comforts. But things have changed in the modem age. Life is very quick and fast. Time is very precious for everyone. There is a mad race for money. Most people lead a mechanical life. It is an admitted fact that we have made a rapid progress in different walks of life. Take, for example, the progress and the development made in the field of science and technology. We certainly take pride in scientific inventions and discoveries. Today we have computers, televisions, refrigerators, cellphones, air conditioners and washing machines at out disposal. These things have made our life very comfortable. The fastest means of transport are available to cover long distances in a few hours. Anything can be had for the asking.

There was time when there were very few schools and colleges. Most people were uneducated. They were confined to a very small area. They had no plans or ambitions to rise high in life. Financial assitance was the biggest hurdle. Educational institutions were available only to the selected few. But these days schools and colleges are available at our doorstep. These days most children go to school to get education. Even the villages situated in remote areas have the facility of providing education to the children. The state governments have made education free and compulsory for the children. In this context, the state of Kerala is in the forefront to have 100% literacy rate. Thus education has played a significant role not only in providing jobs to boys and girls but also in contributing to the development of the country. In the field of medical science we have achieved wonderful success. Death rate has fallen. The scientists have done researches in different fields of study. Now doctors can treat and cure the deadliest diseases. It is a great hoon to humanity.

In the light of the achievements made in different fields we can certainly take pride in saying that we are definitely happier than our forefathers. It is also true that we have paid a price for all these comforts of life. 

For example old values like, love, care, simplicity, affection and sympathy have disappeared from our lives. We have grown selfish and greedy. We lead a life of stress and strain. To sum up it can be rightly said :

What is this life if full of care We have no time to stand and stare.

Hints

• means that there is always a ray of hope 

• problems and hurdles bound to come 

• no need of thinking that circumstances will not change 

• men of strong will and determination remain hopeful 

• an optimistic attitude – a must to tide over all storms in life

Hints: 

• was quite frail in childhood 

• timid and shy 

• easily scared of the bullies 

• decided to turn frailties into strength 

• started yoga to be fit 

• developed strong willpower and the faculty to speak 

• now full of confidence and successful 

• Learnt how’ to fix the problem and didn’t blame anyone.

Make use of the following hints and develop them into a complete essay. 

• classroom teaching and educational value of travelling 

• theoretical knowlege and practical knowledge 

• the importance of educational tours 

• a close study of natural surrounding and things like meadows, mountains, rivers, gardens and valleys. 

• architectural beauty of historical monuments 

• a close study of history 

• travelling – a medium of education 

• addition to knowledge

Proposal Heading Objectives:

• Proposal to start an old clothes collection drive 

• the orphanage near our school needs clothing badly 

• woollen clothes and blankets to be provided urgent 

• a system to be developed to cater to all kinds of needs of the inmates of the orphanage 

• the old clothes collection drive to be focused on the students of our school.

List of Measures : students of senior classes o be requested to donae clothes liberally.

• a parents’ meeting to be arranged to apprise then of the drive and to make a request for help. 

• the morning assembly to be used for exhorting the students to donate and collect as many clothes sweaters, jackets. blankets. etc — as possible

• the Principal and the staff to be involved in the drive actively.

Conclusion : 

• The humanitarian task to be undertaken by the student Council. will have a sobering influence and a novel experience for the students.

Make use of the following hints and write your own answer. 

Hints: 

• quite a new experience with the new neighborhood 

• more social and accommodating 

• less quarrelsome and more well mannered

• more sacrificing, the previous being too self-centered 

• more open-hearted than the previous neighbors who were too narrowminded 

• mixed lot, rich and poor, highly educated and less educated living in harmony 

• quite happy in the new neighborhood.

Make use of the following hints and develop them into a complete story. 

• a man hired a room in a street in the city 

• patches of discolouration on the walls; one of these looked exactly like a human face 

• the man came to think of it as real 

• the patch resembling the face of a person took hold of the man 

• it grew more and more real and remarkable 

• the man decided to find this man in the city street and public places 

• the search became a mania with him 

• finally he could locate the man in a busy place 

• a surprising discovery 

• “it was exactly as he had said it would be.”

Name of the book: The Canterville Ghost

Author: Oscar Wilde 

Publisher: Maple Press Classics

Readership: a great number of readers

Cover and illustrations: Suggestive and meaningful

Plot: The ghost in the story is real. Weary of his long, unhappy life, the ghost seeks salvation through peaceful death which is denied to him because of his diabolic act of murdering his wife. Virginia, the American girl, prays for him and weeps for him— as desired by the ghost—and Death shows mercy on him at last. The ‘golden girl’ toms out to be a saviour for him. Through her caring and concern, she proves that love is stronger than life and even death.

Characters: 

1. The Ghost: The ghost of Sir Simon de Canterville is the central figure in the novel. Unlike conventional ghosts, he is a moody, weary, helpless ghost. Though he has done enough mischief, he fails to do any harm to the stubbornly materialistic American family. He becomes a pathetic figure with repeated failures to frighten the new inhabitants. In spite of his supernatural powers, he is unhappy and yearns for the release of his soul. When Virginia helps him get peaceful death, he gives her precious jewels out of gratitude.

2. Mr Otis : Mr Otis, the American minister, is totally materialistic and ruthless in his attitude. He believes that money can buy anything, even a ghost. He does not have faith in the world of ghosts. So he confronts the ghost boldly and defeats him in his bad intentions. He is a fond father. When Virginia disappears, he does his best to find her out. He does not like British conventions and traditions. He is a thorough Republican.

3. Virginia : Virginia is a young daughter of the American minister. She is an expert rider. She loves the young Duke of Cheshire whom she marries later. She is unlike other members of her family. She remains aloof from her family’s anti- ghost campaign and does not scoff at the ghost. The ghost, too, is soft towards her. She is caring and affectionate. She takes pity on the ghost in his extreme depression. She takes a calculated risk in helping the ghost get peaceful death. By her attitude she proves that love is really stronger than life and even death.

Insight into some interesting incidents: The ghost of Sir Simon appears before Mr Otis who is awakened by a curious noise at 1 o’clock in the night. The ghost, and old man of terrifying appearance, fails to frighten Mr Otis.

When (he ghost again tries to terrify the family, hc meets the same fate as before. The twins shoot two pellets on him which their peashooters. and Mr Otis covers him with his revolver and asks him to hold up his hands. The ghost shrieks and gives his most horrible laugh, but to no avail.

The ghost gives up the hope of ever frightening the American family. Virginia happens to see the ghost in extreme depression.

The disappearance of Virginia causes a flutter in the house. It is thought that she has been abducted. When she appears finally, she tells her flimily that the ghost is finally dead. 

The ghost is ceremonially buried.

Message : Oscar Wild conveys the message that love is a potent force. It can achieve anything by overcoming all obstacles. It can conquer even life and death.

Appeal the book holds : The Canterville Ghost is a ghost story in an uncoventional for you way. The ghost has some supernatural powers but he is a weary ghost. He is unable to inflict any real harm. Throughout the novel there is nothing violent and ghoulish. The novel has a popular appeal.

Functions of the commercial banks: 

1. Receiving deposits: Receiving deposits is the primary function of a commercial bank. A commercial bank accepts deposits from the people for the purpose of making investments and loans. People deposit money for the sake of safety and also for the sake of interest, which is paid by the bank. The bank by accepting deposits, become indebted to the deposit holders to the extent of credit balance indicated by their account. Deposits are accepted by those banks in the form of following deposit accounts: 

• Fixed deposit account. 

• Current account. 

• Savings bank account. 

• Recurring deposit account. 

2. Lending of money: It is the most important function of a commercial bank. They lends out the money which they get in deposits from the public. A bank lends money to traders, businessmen, agriculturists, artists etc. usually for short periods. 

Commercial hanks usually lend money in the following ways: 

• Cash credit. 

• Loans and advances. 

• Credit draft and overdraft. 

• Discounting of bills. 

3. Agency functions: Commercial banks render services as the agent of their customer. These services are known as their agency functions. Some of the most important agency functions are as follows: 

• They collect the payment of the bills of exchange, promissory notes etc. on behalf of their customers. 

• They collect dividends, interest on shares, debentures, rent etc., on behalf of their customers. 

• They buy and sell shares and securities on behalf of the customers as per their instructions. 

• They transfer their funds from one branch of the bank to another and from one place to another as per instructions of their customers. 

• They make payments of loan installments, interest, insurance premium etc. on behalf of their customers. 

4. Miscellaneous functions: Commercial banks also perform several general utility and miscellaneous services not only to their customers but to the public in general. 

These are described below: 

• They provide safety vaults or lockers for the safe custody of jewellary, valuable documents and other precious possessions of their customers. 

• They issue letters of credit, like circular notes, drafts and traveller’s cheques which facilitate the customers in affecting the purchase of goods in distant places. 

• They give correct information to the customers about the credit of other customers. 

• They give reference about the financial position of their customers, when it is so required. 

• They supply various kinds of trade information which is useful to their customers.

Various stages of the Selection Process of Employees in an organisation are: 

1. Preliminary Interview: This is the first step in the process of selection which is conducted to know the minimum qualification, experience and age of the candidates. 

2. Application Form: After qualifying Preliminary interview the candidates are asked to fill in the prescribed application form to get the written details of the candidates. 

3. Employment Test: This is conducted to check the required skills in the candidates. 

4. Selection Interview: It is a method of checking the information obtained through application and employment test, through face to face communication with the candidates. It also helps the candidate to acquire knowledge about the job details and the company. 

5. Checking References: It is the process of verifying the names given by the candidate, of the people who knows about him, his previous job and his character. 

6. Medical Determination and Final Approval: A medical test is conducted to ensure the physical fitness of the candidate which leads to the final approval. The finally approved candidate are issued appointment letters. (any five) 

(b) Importance of training: Training is necessary and useful for both employers and employees. A trained work force is a very valuable asset to an organization. 

Main advantages of training are as under: 

1. Increased productivity: Training helps to improve the quantity and quality of work performance. Well trained employees produce more and better goods. 

2. Better utilization of resources: By training employees they learn new and better methods of doing jobs. They make better use of materials and machinery. As a result wastage of resources and cost of production are reduced. 

3. Better safety: Training helps to improve the job knowledge and skills of employees. Trained employeed operate machines and equipment more carefully and cause fewer accidents. 

4. Less supervision: Well trained employees are less dependent on supervision. They are more disciplined, self dependent and responsible. Therefore, need and cost of supervision are reduced. 

5. Higher Morale: Effective training improves the self confidence and job satisfaction of employees. They take greater interest in their work and feel and sense of security. Their chances of promotion also increase and they can make faster progress in the career.

(a) Recruitment involves searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply while selection involves comparing and choosing suitable candidates. 

(b) 

1. On television, products can be demonstrated and their use can be explained. 

2. Advertisement on television has to be repeated frequently. 

(c) Insurance is a means of spreading risks. It involves pooling of risks. A group of people who are subject to an insurable risk contribute regularly and the fund so created is utilised to compensate those unfortunate few members of the group who actually suffer a loss due to some unexpected calamity. In this way, the loss of a few is shared by all members on an equitable basis. Insurance is a social device for pooling and dividing risks among a large number of persons. 

(d) 

1. Marketing research helps to measure market potential, characteristics of the market and share of the market for a particular firm or brand. It tells management where the company stands in industry. 

2. Business firms can use marketing research to study changes in consumers’ tastes and preferences. This information is helpful in making necessary improvements in existing products and in designing and developing new products. 

(e) Environmental Ethics: Ethics is concerned with the principal of right conduct. It is the entire body of moral values and values are the language of ethics. Environmental values refer to the moral standards which people are expected to follow while interacting with nature and its resources. Environmental values make people environmentally conscious.

The Consumer Protection Act provides for the following rights of consumer: 

1. The right of safety: This is the right to be protected against the marketing of goods which are hazardous to life and property. There are various risks involved in the consumption and use of products, such as food, drugs, toys, electrical appliances, etc. For example, gas cylinder, if not sealed properly may cause injury or even death. The consumers have the right to get protection against such risks.

2. The right to choose: The consumer should be assured access to a variety of goods at competitive prices. This means the seller should not use aggressive selling techniques to sell the product to the consumer. There should he freedom to choose from alternative products. This requires free competition in the market. If enough varieties of products at competitive prices are available in the market, consumers have the opportunity to make a free choice. 

3. The right to be informed: The consumer has the right to be informed about the quality potency, purity, standard and price of the goods he intends to purchase. 

4. The right to be heard: The consumer has a right to register his dissatisfaction and get his complaint heard at appropriate forums. This right includes the right to make protest. The above three rights are meaningless without the right to be heard. Therefore, grievances and claims of consumers must be heard and considered. 

5. The right to seek redressal: It means the right to get claims and complaints settled against manufacturers or sellers due to unfair trade practices and exploitation by them. The consumer has been granted the right of redress if the performance, quality, etc., of a product is unsatisfactory. The product must be repaired, replaced or taken back by the seller. The right to seek redressal will reduce post-purchase doubts and grievances of consumers.

(a) Various expectations of suppliers are : 

1. Reasonable terms of delivery and payment. 

2. Healthy and co-operative inter-business relationship. 

3. Regular and timely payment according to credit terms. 

4. Correct information about the company’s financial position. 

5. Fair prices for the supplies. 

(b) The five merits of written communication to a business organisation are : 

1. Authoritative : Written communication appears to be more authoritative and formal. It is more credible in the eyes of the receiver. There is fixed responsibility for mistake in communication. 

2. Permanent Record : It provides a permanent record for future reference and as legal evidence. Contents can be easily verified. 

3. Uniformity : Written communication ensures transmission of information in uniform manner. The receiver can read and re-read the message until he understands it. .

4. Accuracy : It tends to more accurate and precise because written messages are prepared ‘ more carefully. 

5. Lengthy Messages : It is suitable for conveying lengthy messages and when a well considered response is desired.

Various types of budgets are as follows: 

(i) Sales Budget : It is laid down the revenue goals of the enterprise. It is a forecast of sales to be achieved, during a specified period in future. It also shows the breakup of total sales product wise, territory wise and month wise. 

Some factors should be taken into consideration while preparing the sales budget:

• Salesman’s estimates 

• General trade prospects . 

• Availability of materials 

• Potential market 

(ii) Materials Budget : Cost of production includes materials, labour and overheads. The material budget is generally prepared only for direct materials. 

The following are the steps for preparing material budget: 

• Estimate the raw-material requirement. 

• Schedule the purchases of raw materials in required quantities. 

• Controlling the inventory of raw materials. 

(iii) Cash Budget : It is the summary statement of the firms expected inflows and outflows of cash over a future time period. It is helpful in determining the future cash requirements as well as exercising control over cost and liquidity of the firm. 

(iv) Production Budget : It contains the estimate of the total volume of production productwise and week or monthwise. It is prepared to plan and organise the production programme for achieving the sales target. A well planned production programme is required to ensure sufficient stock for sales, to keep inventory within reasonable limits. 

(v) Master Budget : It is the summary of all budgets. It is incorporating its component functional budgets, which is finally approved, adopted and employed. This budget requires the approval of the Budget Committee before it is put into operation.

import java.io.*; 

class ElectricBill { 

String n; 

int units; 

double bill ; 

void accept() throws IOException { 

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 

System.out.print(“Name of the customer = “); 

n = reader.readLine( ); 

System.out.print( “Number of units consumed = “); 

String un = reader. readLine( ); 

units=Integer .parselnt(un); 

} 

void calculate!) { 

if(units < = 100) 

bill = 2.00*units; 

if(units< =300) bill = 3.00*units;

if (units > 300) bill = 5.00*units; 

} 

void print( ) { 

System.out.println(“Naine of the customer:” +n); 

System.out.println(“Number of units consumed:” +units); 

System.out.println(“Bill amount:” + bill); 

} 

public static void main(String argsQ) throws IO 

Exception { ElectricBill eb = new ElectricBill( ); 

eb. accept!); 

eb.calculate(); 

} 

}

import java.io.*; 

class ConsChange { 

String word; 

int len; 

public ConsChange() { 

word = new String (); 

len = word, length (); 

} 

public void readword () throws IOException { 

InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader (System.in); 

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader (isr); 

System.out.println ("Enter the word"): 

word = br.readLine(); 

word = word, trim().toLowerCase(); 

if (word.indexOf (") > 0) 

word = word.substring (0, word.indexOf (")); 

len = word, length(); 

} 

public void shiftcons() 

{ 

String cons = new String(); 

String vowel = new String(); 

for (int i= 0; i < len; i++) 

{ 

char ch = word.charAt (i); 

switch (ch) 

{ 

case 'a'; 

case 'e'; 

case 'i'; 

case 'o'; 

case 'u'; 

vowel+ = ch; 

break; 

default: cons + = ch ; 

} 

} 

word = cons + vowel; 

System.out.println (''Shifted Word+word): 

changeword(); 

System.outprintln("Changed Word: "+ word); 

} 

public void changeword() 

{ 

int pos = -1; 

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) 

char ch = word.charAt (i); 

switch (ch) 

{ 

case 'a'; 

case 'e'; 

case 'o'; 

case 'u'; 

break; 

default: pos = i; 

}

word = word.substring (0, pos + 1). 

toUpperCase 

()+word.substring (pos + 1); 

} 

}

class Spy { 

public static void main(int n) { 

int sum = 0; int multiple = 1; 

int a;

int p = n; 

// a stores each digit extracted and p creates a backup of input. 

while(n ! = 0) { a = n % 10; , 

sum = sum + a; 

multiple = multiple * a; n = n/10; 

} 

System.out.println(“The sum of ” +p +” is ”+sum); 

System.out.println(“The product of “+p +” is ” + multiple); if(sum = = multiple) { 

System.out.println(“Aha, ” + “It is a Spy Number Where Sum = Product”); 

} 

else { 

System.out.println(” It is NOT a Spy Number Where Sum ft Product”); 

} 

} 

}

import java.util.Date 

public class Account 

{ 

private int id=0 

private double balance = 0 

private static double annualRate = 0 

private Date dateCreated = new date(); 

Account () 

{ 

id = 0; 

balance = 0.0; 

AnnuallnterestRate = 0.0; 

} 

public Account (int newId, double newBalance) 

{ 

id = newld; 

balance = newBalance; 

} 

Account (int newId, double newBalance, double new AnnuallnterestRate) 

{ 

id = newId; 

Balance = newBalance; 

AnnualInterestRate = new AnnualInterestRate; 

} public int get Id() { return id; 

} 

public double get Balance() 

{ 

return balance; 

} 

public double get AnnuallnterestRate() 

{ 

return AnnuallnterestRate; 

} 

double get Monthlylnterest Rate() 

{ return AnnualInterestRate/12/100 + bal; 

} 

double withdraw (double amount) 

{ 

return balance - = amount; 

} 

public double withdraw (double amt, date current date, date preset) 

{ 

if (getBalance() < amount) 

{ 

System.out.println("Amount is larger than current balance"); 

if (current date.after (preset) 

{ 

System.out.printing("Amount exceed balance"); 

return super; 

withdraw (amount); }

import java.io.*; 

class SwitchStatement { 

public static void main(String argsQ) throws IOException { 

InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in); 

BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(reader); 

System.out.println(“l-Sum of Series:”); 

System.out.println(“2-Display Special Series:”); 

System.out.println(“Enter your choice:”); 

String n1 = input.readLine( ); 

int ch = Integer.parselnt(nl); 

System.out.println(“Enter Number of Terms String t = input.readLine(); 

int n = Integer.parselnt(t); 

switch (ch) { case 1: 

int sign = -1; 

double term = 0; 

double sum = 0; 

int x = 2; 

System.out.println(“Value of x: ” +x); 

System.out.println(“Number of terms: ” +n); 

sum + = x; // First term added here,

for (int i = 2; i < = n; i+ +){ 

term = sign * Math.pow(x,i); 

sum + = term; 

sign *= -1; 

} 

System.out.println(“Sum of Series +sum); 

break; 

case 2 : 

int num; 

System.out.println(“Enter the number of terms: ”); 

String tm = input.readLine(); . 

num = Integer.parselnt(tm); 

int s = 0, c; for (c = 1; c < = num; c+ +){ 

s = s * 10 + 1; 

System.out.print(s + ” “); 

} break; 

}

} 

}

class Plane 

{ 

int x1; 

int y1; 

public Plane(int nx, int ny) 

{ 

x1=nx; 

y1=ny; 

} 

public void show() 

{ 

System.out.println("P1: "+x1 +", "+y1); 

} 

} 

class Circle extends Plane { 

int x2; 

int y2; 

double radius; 

double area; 

public Circle(int nx1, int ny1, int nx2, int ny2) 

{ 

super(nx1, nx2); 

x2=nx2; 

y2=ny2; 

} 

public void fmdRadius()

{ 

radius=Math.sqrt(Math.pow((x2-x1), 2)+Math.pow((y2-y1), 2))/2.0; 

} 

public void findArea() { area=Math.Pi*radius*radius; 

} 

public void show(){ super. show(); 

System.out.println("P2: "+x2+", "+y2); 

System.out.println("Radius:"+radius); 

System.out.println("Area: "+area); 

} 

} 

class Coordinate 

{ 

//main method created so that the program can be executed 

public static void main(String args[]) 

{ 

Circle obj=new Circle(2, 3, 4, 5); 

obj.findRadius(); 

obj.findArea(); obj.show(); 

} 

}

 int countOddNodes(Node myNode){ 

int count = 0 

while(myNode.next != null) { 

if(myNode.num%2 = = 0) { 

count ++; 

} 

myNode= myNode.next; 

} 

return count; 

}

void addele(int v) { 

iffrear == Que.length-1) { 

System.out.println("Overflow"); 

} 

else { 

Que[rear ++] = v; 

}

} 

int delele() { 

if(front == 0) { 

System.out.println("Underflow"); 

return-9999; 

else { 

return Que[front--]; 

} 

}

void addele(int v) { 

iffrear == Que.length-1) { 

System.out.println("Overflow"); 

} else { 

Que[rear ++] = v; 

} } 

int delele() { 

if(front == 0) { 

System.out.println("Underflow"); 

return-9999; 

else { 

return Que[front--]; 

} 

}

(a) 

import java. util. Scanner; 

class WordPile {

char ch[]; 

int capacity; 

int top; 

public WordPile(int cap) 

{ 

capacity=cap; 

top=-1; 

ch=new char[capacityj; 

} 

public void pushChar(char v) 

{ 

if(top+1==capacity) 

System.out.println("WordPile is full"); 

else 

ch[++top]=v; } 

public char popChar() { 

if(top==-1) return '\\'; else return ch[top--]; 

} //main written so that the program can be executed public static void main(String args[]) { Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("How many characters?”); int n=sc.nextInt(); 

if(n>20) 

n=20; 

WordPile obj=new WordPile(n); 

outer: 

while(true) 

{ 

System.out.println("1. PushCharacter"); 

System.out.println("2. Pop Character"); 

System.out.print("Enter your choice:"); 

int choice=sc.nextInt(); 

switch(choice) 

{ 

case 1: System.out.print("Enter thecharacter:"); 

char c=sc.next()charAt(0); 

obj.pushChar(c); 

break; 

case 2: c=obj.popChar(); 

if(c=='\\') System.out.println("Empty stack."); 

else 

System.out.println(c+" popped."); 

break; 

default: 

break outer; 

} 

} 

} 

}

(b) The name of the entity described above is ‘Stack’. One of its applications is to reverse a string.

(a) import java.io.*; 

import java.util.Scanner; 

class Register{ 

private String stud[]; 

private int cap; 

private int top; 

public Register(int max) { 

top = -1; 

cap = max; 

if(cap > 100) 

cap = 100; 

stud = new String[cap]; 

} 

public void push(String n) { 

if(top + 1 < cap) 

stud[++top] = n; 

else 

System.out.println(“OVERFLOW”); 

} 

public String pop() { 

if(top == -1) return “$$”; 

else 

return stud[top--]; 

} 

public void display() { 

if(top== -1) 

System.out.println(“Register empty.”); 

else 

{ 

System.out.println(“StudentList:”); 

for(int i = 0; i <= top; i++) 

System.out.println(stud[i]); 

} 

} 

public static void main(String args[ ]) throws IOException { 

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); 

System. out.print(“Maximum size: ”); 

int max = sc.nextlnt(); 

Register obj = new Register(max); 

while(true) { 

System.out.println(“1. Push”); 

System.out. println(“2. Pop”); 

System.out.println(“3. Display”); 

System.out.print(“Enter your choice: ”); 

int choice = sc.nextlnt(); 

switch(choice) { 

case 1: 

System.out.print(“Student Name: ”); 

String n = sc.next(); 

obj.push(n); 

break; 

case 2: 

n = obj.pop(); 

if(n.equals(“$$”)) 

System.out.println(“UNDERFLOW!”); 

else 

System.out.println(n + “popped.”); 

break; 

case 3: 

obj.display(); 

break; 

default: 

System.out.println(“Exiting...”); return; 

} 

} 

} 

} 

(b) The entity used in the above data structure is stack. Stack works upon the principle of LIFO i. e., Last In First Out.

import java.util.Scanner; 

class LargeSmallSum { 

public static void main(String args[ ]) { 

int n; 

int max, min, sum = 0;

int i, j; 

Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in); 

System.out.print(“Enter no. of elements you want in array:”); 

n = s.nextlnt(); 

int a[ ] = new int[n]; 

System.out.println(“Enter all the elements:”); 

for (i = 0; i < n; i+ +) { 

a[i] = s.nextlntO; 

} 

max = a[0];

min = a[0]; 

for(i = 0; i < n ; i + +) { if(a[i] > max) { 

max = a[i]; 

} 

if (a[i] < min) { 

min = a[i]; 

} 

} 

System.out.println(“Maximum Number is:”+max); 

System.out.println(“Smallest Number is:” +min); 

for(i = 0; i < n; i+ +) { 

sum = sum + a[i]; 

} 

System.out.println(“Sum of the Numbers is:” +sum); 

} 

}

import java.util.*; 

class Perimeter 

{ 

protected double a,b; 

Perimeter(double aa, double bb) 

{ 

a=aa; 

b=bb; 

} 

double Calculate() 

{ 

return (2*(a+b)); } 

void show()

{ 

System.out.print("\n Length = " + a); 

System.out.print("\n Breadth = " + b); 

System.out.print("\n Perimeter =" + Calculate()); 

} 

} 

importjava.util.*; 

class Area extends Perimeter 

{

double h; 

double area; 

Area(double aa, double bb, double cc) 

{ super(aa, bb); 

h=cc; } 

void doarea() 

{ 

area=super.b*h; 

} void show() 

{ super, show(); 

System, out.print("\n Height = " + h);

System.out.print("\n Area = " + area); 

} 

}

F =(x’ + z) + [(y’ + z).(x’ + y)]’ 

= x’ + z + (y’ + z)’ + (x’ + y)’ 

= x’ + z + (y’)’ z’ + (x’)’ y’ [De Morgan’s Law] 

= x’ + z + yz’ + xy’ [Double Negation] 

= x’ + xy’ + z + yz’ [a + a’b = a + b] 

= x’ + y’ + z + y = x’ + z + y’ + y [Complement Law: a + a’ = 1] 

= x’ + z + 1 

= 1

Commutative law states that the interchanging of the order of operands in a Boolean equation does not change its result. 

Using OR operator → A + B = B + A 

Using AND operator → A * B = B * A 

Truth Table for Commutative Law

A + B = B + A

In Principle of Duality; 

replace (+) by (.) 

replace (.) by (+) 

replace 1 b 0 

Taking L.H.S. = (A’ + B).(1 + B’) 

= (A’.B) + (0.B’) 

=A’.B 

Again applying the principle of duality, we have = A + B’

F(X, Y, Z) = (X + Y’).(Y’ + Z) 

By De-Morgan’s theorem, we have 

((X + Y’).(Y’ + Z))’ 

= (X + Y’)’ + (Y’+ Z)’ 

=X’.Y” + Y”.Z’ = X’.Y + Y.Z’ 

= Y.(X’ + Z’) 

Again applying De-Morgan’s theorem, we have 

(Y.(X’ + Z’))’ = (X’ + Z’)’

X + YZ = (X + Y)(X + Z) 

Now A.A’ = 0, Similarly, C.C’ = 0 

Therefore, (B + C’) = (B + C’ + A.A’) = (B + C + A) (B + C + A’) 

[Treating B + C’ as a single variable] 

and(A’ + B) = (A’+B + C.C’) = (A’ + B + C)(A’ + B + C’) 

[Treating A’ + B as a single variable] 

F(A, B, C) = (B + C’).(A’ + B) 

= (B + C’ + A)(B + C’ + A’)(A’ + B + C)(A’ + B + C’)

Avogadro's Law : "Under same temperature and pressure conditions, equal volumes of different gases contain equal number of molecules."

Because on moving from left to right along a period in the periodic table, the electron affinity of elements increases.

Molecular weight of NH₃ = (14 + 3 x 1) = 17

(1) At S.T.P., 17 g of ammonia occupies 22.4 l 

.'. Volume occupied by 68 g of ammonia 

= 22.4 x 68/17 = 89.6 l

(2) At S.T.P., 17 g of ammonia contains 1 mole 

78 g of ammonia contains = 1 x 68/17 = 4 moles

(3) Number of molecules = No. of moles x N_A 

= 4 x 6.023 x 10²³ 

= 24.092 x 10²³

Because there is large difference between electro negativities of H and Cl.

Because the particles/atoms are held by weak Wander Vaal’s forces.

Covalent compounds exists as gases, liquids or soft solids because they have weak Vander Waal's forces of attraction between their molecules.

(a) Nitrogen: It is used to preserve food.

(b) Hydrogen: It is used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils to make ghee.

(c) Carbon: It is essential for the growth and development of living beings.

The metal which is present in abundance in earths crust is aluminium.

The non-metal which is present in abundance in the earth crust is oxygen.