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The term Central Trait by All port refers to general characteristics that form the foundation, or most descriptive trait of an individuals personality. These are the characteristics by which you might describe a person such as honest, hard-working, intelligent, out-going etc.

(i) Geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of ground nuts : 

1. It requires a tropical or sub-tropical climate. 

2. Rainfall should be between 50 to 75 cm and temperature should be 20°C to 25°C. 3. Dry, light and sandy soils ideal. 

(ii) This crop is highly susceptible to prolonged drought, continuous rains, stagnant water and frost. 

(iii) Two non edible oil seeds grown—castor and linseed.

Potassium meta-bisulphite is a chemical preservative used for colorless fruits while Sodium Benzoate is a safe chemical preservative for colored fruits.

(a) 1. First World War: The war had caused a great economic strain on Italy’s economy 

1. Thousands of soldiers, discharged from army, were unemployed after the war. 

2. There was a steep price rise and inflation in the country. 

3. There were frequent strikes as the workers were dissatisfied which led to reduction in production. 

2. Political instability : In 1919, a Parliamentary Government, based on male adult franchise, was introduced in Italy for the first time. But the electorates failed to give a clear majority to any political party. There came series of short-lived coalition governments in Italy, with neither consistency nor continuity in the policies. These governments were unable to deal effectively with the frequent strikes and riots in the country. 

3. Mistreatment after the War : Italy had joined the First World War on the side of Britain and France in 1915. She hoped to get large territories such as Trentino, Trieste, Istria, Fiume, Coastal regions of Dalmatia, Albania and some parts of Germany and Turkey after their victory. But the Paris Peace Treaties gave her nothing from the defeated German and Turkish empires. So among the Italians a feeling developed that they “had won the war, but lost the peace”. Italians felt badly cheated by their War-time Allies. 

(b) (i) Though England and France were victors, their status and economic position was lowered. The large scale production, minimum loss during the war and possession of atom bomb made the USA as one of the Super Powers of the world. Another Super Power was the Soviet Union. 

(ii) The USA : By using the atom bomb to crush Japan, she emerged as a super military and economic power. 

(iii) The Soviet Union : The Russian empire was greatly expanded. It included half of Poland, Ethunia, Latavia, Lithuania, Finland and many parts of Germany. It also emerged as a dominant power in world politics and occupied position of a leader of the Communist Bloc. Two Power Blocs emerged after the Second World War. 

They were: 

• The American Bloc

• The Soviet Bloc 

(iv) The horrors of the two World Wars and failure of the League of Nations forced the Allied powers to create another body by the name of the United Nations Organisation. The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945 with its headquarters at the New York, the USA to save the coming generation from the scourge of another War. 

(c) American bloc and Soviet bloc Countries : 

1. American Bloc: USA, British, France 

2. Soviet Bloc: Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania

(a) (i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. 

(ii) The Civil Disobedience Movement caused a tide of patriotic fervor in the country. People became fully aware of their responsibilities and the Movement succeeded in creating political awakening among the masses. 

(iii) The Movement had a healthy impact upon the social conditions. The ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ was established which helped the untouchables to obtain the basic rights. The depressed classes were given entry into churches, temples. 

(b) The Second Round Table Conference was held in London in September, 1931. Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress. All sections of the Indian society were represented at the Conference. Gandhiji demanded a responsible Government and Independence for India and immediate Dominion Status for India. 

Cause of the Failure : The representatives of other groups like Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, etc. were more concerned about safeguarding their own rights and their narrow interests. The Conference could not arrive at any agreement regarding communal representation and ended inconclusively. 

(c) (i) Division of the Country : The country would be divided into two Dominions i. e., India and, Pakistan. 

(ii) The Constituent Assembly : The existing Constituent Assembly would continue to work, but the Constitution framed by it would not be applied to Pakistan. A separate Constituent Assembly would be constituted for those parts which decided in favour of partition. 

(iii) The Princely States : The Princely States would be free to choose their own option, and treaties signed with them would soon come to an end. 

(iv) A Boundary Commission: A Boundary Commission would be set up to decide about the boundary disputes.

(a) Satyagraha: The doctrine of Satyagraha was developed by Gandhiji during his stay in South Africa and the racial discrimination suffered by him and other Asians and Blacks. The term Satyagraha means to fight against the social and political injustice through truth, non-violence and love. The principle of Satyagraha is based on self-control, self-suffering and non-violence to win over the hatred and violence of the wrongdoer. The Satyagraha aims at reforming a wrongdoer by appealing to his conscience and reason. It believes in capacity to bear suffering without showing any retaliation to the wrongdoer. In developing the principle of Satyagraha Gandhiji was greatly influenced by Hindu and Christian scriptures and devotional poetry of Gujarati poet Narsimh Mehta and teachings of Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. 

(b) Gandhiji’s whole philosophy was based on non-violence. According to Gandhiji, it is the weapon of strong, mighty and powerful individuals. He was of the opinion that neither an individual nor a country could gain anything by using violent methods. He launched many movements for gaining freedom but none of them was violent. During the non-cooperation movement, he suspended the movement when it was as its zenith just because of Chauri Chaura incident in which 22 policemen were burnt alive. 

(c) Gandhiji realised the importance and power of the organised masses. He was of the opinion that a few leaders or individuals would not be able to win freedom. It is the power of the masses which will force the Britishers to leave the country. In 1920, he launched Non-Co-operation Movement, in which workers, women, students, farmers all participated. Non-Cooperation Movement has two kinds of programme i.e. negative and positive.

Negative aspects includes : 

1. The boycott of legislative Councils. 

2. The boycott of the law-courts by the lawyers. 

3. The boycott of government schools & colleges. 

4. The boycott of British goods. Positive aspects includes : 

1. Hindu Muslim Unity. 

2. Removal of Untouchability. 

3. Promotion of Swadeshi products. 

4. Prohibition of Intoxicating drinks.

(a) (i) Jallianwalabagh. 

(ii) Amritsar. 

(iii) Non-cooperation movement. 

(b) 

(1) Violent Incident : The Movement was suspended by Gandhiji due to the ugly incident which took place in Chauri Chaura village of Uttar Pradesh in which 22 policemen were burnt alive by a mob. Gandhiji took a serious view of this incident. He felt that the nationalist workers had not yet properly understood the philosophy of non-violence. Non-violence was creed to Gandhiji who could hardly tolerate that his followers should indulge in violence. So he took the step of suspending the movement. (2) In 1922, there was a revolution in Turkey. Turkey became a republic, so after the revolution the movement lost its importance. 

(c) (i) Establishment of New Educational Institutions : The Non-Cooperation Movement gave a boost to the Indian Education System. A new programme of national education was started. Institutions such as the Jama Millia and the Kashi Vidyapeeth were established. 

(ii) Mass Movement : The Movement gave rise to the sentiments of nationalism on a wider scale. When thousands and thousands of people walked together shoulder to shoulder and resisted the British for months, the National Movement naturally became quite wider in its scope. It was no longer limited to only few educated urban people. 

(iii) Unity : This was the first major Movement in which the Hindus and the Muslims participated as one, and scenes of ffatemality (friendly relations) were witnessed all over the country. 

(iv) Change in the Character of the Congress : The Movement had a great impact on the working of the Congress. The Congress decided to use the weapons of Satyagraha and Non-Cooperation on wider scale.

(a) It is a feeling of oneness which the people feel about a nation. Nationalism is a phenomenon which appeared in the world history after the close of the middle age. Nationalism was a result of new social and economic forces which had put an end to feudalism. 

(b) 1. Introduction of western education. 

2. Development of transport and communication. 

(c) The objectives of the Indian National Congress were as follows: 

1. To promote close relations among the Nationalist workers of the country. 

2. To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity among the people without any consideration of caste, religion or region. 

(d) Liberty, Equality and Freternity. 

(e) (i) They popularised the ideas pf democracy and civil liberty among the people,

(ii) They exposed the true nature of the British rule in India. 

(f) Lord Curzon announced the Partition of Bengal on July 20, 1905 and divided Bengal into two parts : Eastern Bengal and Assam and the rest of Bengal. 

(g) Contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose: Subhash Chandra Bose was a diehard Freedom fighter and a Nationalist. 

1. He started a new party called Forward Bloc by bringing all the left wing parties under one roof. 

2. He gave the call to his countrymen “You give me blood and I will give you Freedom”. He gave the clarion call to INA soldiers ‘Delhi Chalo’ as their ultimate destination. 

(h) (1) The interests of the State were superior to the rights of the citizen. 

(2) Aggressive Nationalism (State worship, leader worship, war worship.) 

(i) If one of the five permanent members of the security council cast a negative vote on any proposal then the proposal is dropped or nullified. This power is called as Veto or rejecting power. 

(j) The principles of Panchsheel are: 

1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. 

2. Mutual non-aggression. 

3. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. 

4. Equality for mutual benefit and 5. Peaceful co-existence.

(a) (i) After the revolt of 1857 and the partition of Bengal, the Britishers saw the unity between the Hindus and Muslims. To check the growth of nationalism, they encouraged the formation of Muslim League. 

(ii) The working of Indian National Congress also gave a setback to the British government. They wanted to create an organisation which could check the popularity of the Congress. 

(iii) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great social reformer and an educationist. He worked as a guiding force for the Muslims to form a separate organisation.

(b) The aims of the Muslim league were: 

1. To promote feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British Government. 

2. To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and present them before the Government in mild language. 

3. To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other communities of India without any harm to the objectives of the League. 

4. One of the main objectives of the Muslim League was to keep the Muslim intelligensia away from the mainstream of National Movement. 

(c) Two Terms of the Lucknow Pact: 

1. The Indian council of the secretary of the state operating from England should be abolished. 

2. The minorities should have adequate separate representative in electric bodies. 

Two Factors emphasizing the significance of the Home Rule Movement: 

1. The movement infused new life in the national movement and made Indians conscious of their rights. 

2. Participation of women in large numbers and the revival of the Swadeshi spirit.

(a) (i) In 1877, the government lowered the maximum age limit for the I C S, examination from 21 to 19 years, thus making it impossible for the Indians to compete for it. 

(ii) The colonial government introduced Vernacular Press Act and Indian Arms Act. Both these were passed to pursue the policy of racial discrimination. 

(b) As we know, the press is an important integrating force in society. During the 19th century, the Indian society was plagued with many social and religious evils. The spirit of nationalism was missing. 

The Press did play a very vital role in reforming the society : 

1. It played an important role in the campaigns for social reforms and to influence activities of the state. 

2. It played an important role in the growth of National Movement. 

3. ‘The Kesari’ and several other newspapers created a great stir in the political life of the country. 

(c) Moderates (Early Nationalists) 

(i) The Early Nationalists believed in petitions, constitutionalism, prayers, passive resistance, resolutions and meetings. All these were peaceful methods. 

(ii) The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British Government and wanted to follow the policy of cooperation. Though in the later years, (during the agitation against the Partition of Bengal), they supported the ‘Swadeshi and Boycott’ movements. But they wanted to confine this movement only for special circumstances. 

(iii) The Early Nationalists agitated only for certain administrative and economic reforms. They wanted that the Indians should have some say in the government and administration of the country. It was only in 1906 that under pressure from the Aggressives they talked about “Swaraj’ as their goal. The ‘Swaraj’ as defined by them meant, a system of government as found in the self-governing British colonies. 

Radical (Assertive Nationalists) 

1. The Assertive Nationalists, on the other hand, supported and followed revolutionary methods by launching vigorous political agitations, making people self-reliant and bringing national awakening. 

2. The Assertive Nationalists believed in non-cooperation and adopted the programme of boycott against foreign goods, propagation of Swadeshi, a system of national education, etc. The Aggressives believed that it was necessary to extend the scope of boycott. 

3. The Assertive Nationalists, on the other hand, demanded “Puma Sw araj ‘- self¬government as it existed in the United Kingdom.

(a) (i) The British had projected the Indians as immatured and uncivilised. 

(ii) British considered Indians were unfit to rule themselves. It made Indians to lose their sense of self confidence. 

(iii) Just around this time European scholars rendered valuable help in restoring the rich heritage of Sanskrit Literature. 

(iv) William Jones, Charles Wilking and Max Mueller rendered valuable help in restoring the rich heritage of Sanskrit Literature and threw open to the eastern world the magnificence of Indian philosophy and culture. 

(v) The works of these scholars aroused nationalistic passions against foreign rulers. 

(vi) Sir Alexander Cunningham’s excavations at Samath, Sanchi and other places brought to light the glory of the past. A feeling grew among Indians that they must build an Indian yet greater than what she has been.

(b) Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the Extremist trio of Lai, Bal and Pal. 

1. He joined the Congress in 1887 and made a forceful speech in Madras to repeal the Arms Act. 

2. He edited many newspapers including NEW INDIA which he started in 1901. 

3. During the Anti-Partition Movement he toured several parts of the country with the message of Boycott and Swadeshi. 

4. In Bande Mataram Sedition Case, Pal did not give testimony against . Aurobindo Ghose and preferred to serve Jail sentence. 

5. In 1918, Pal along with Tilak went to England as Members of Home Rule League. 

6. Bipin Chandra Pal did not support Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement and wanted some stern measures to be taken against the British rulers. 

7. He laid great stress on cultural unity than political unity. Bipin Chandra Pal was a great thinker and fiery speaker. He gave fiery and inspiring lectures in Bengal So that the British gave him the title of ‘Arch seditionist’. He was popularly known as the “Father of Revolutionary Thought in India.” 

(c) Initially the British welcomed the formation of Indian National Congress. In fact a retired British civil servant Mr. A.O. Hume was its founder. It was felt by the British rulers that the suppressed anger or popular demands of the Indians can be given a safe outlet through a political platform. This will prevent the recurrence of revolt from the Indians. 

The first session of the Indian National Congress was attended by Sir Henry Cotton, the chief secretary to the Government and Sir William Wedderbum of the civil services. The second session of I.N.C. was attended by Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy. But the rising popularity of the Congress and the increasing demands of the Nationalists from the British rulers led to a change in the British policy towards the Congress. Gradually, the British government became indifferent to the meetings and demands of the Congress. Later it became hostile to Congress. All the British government servants were directed to keep distance from the activities of the Congress. 

In 1887, Dufferin affected the Congress as a “Microscopic minority of the people” and called the demands of the Congress as “eminently unconstitutional”. The Indian National Congress was declared as a seditions body and official hurdles were created to obstruct its progress.

(a) Lord Curzon’s Argument: The area of Bengal was too large and it was difficult for the British to administer efficiently. Hence according to Lord Curzon, Partition of Bengal was a administrative necessity. Nationalists Interpretation : The nationalist thought that this was done in order to break or divide the Hindu-Muslim Unity, To stop the tide of Nationalism, to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalies under the administration but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal. 

(b) The people had come to know about the British Government’s move to divide the Bengal province. So they had started protesting against the proposals. As many as 70,000 petitions were submitted to the government for stopping the partition. A large number of protest meetings were held in different towns of Bengal. The formal proclamation of Swadeshi Movement was made on 7 August 1905. People on the day of partition (16 Oct., 1905) marched through the streets of Calcutta shouting slogans of “Bande Mataram”. They tied rakhis to each other’s hands to show their bonds of love and unity. People showed their anger by boycotting foreign goods. They observed fasts and pledged support to the Nationalists for forcing the Government to cancel partition. 

(c) The Swadeshi movement gave a great stimulus to the Indian industries, particularly the weaving industries. Textiles mills, match and soap factories came up quickly all over the country. The leather and tanning industry also made a significant advance. Swadeshi movement led to the establishment of first steel company of India ‘Tata Steel’ in Bihar in 1911.

(a) The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 was passed by Lord Lytton. The Act, which was not applicable to the English newspapers, forbade the Vernacular Papers to publish anything that might excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the government. In 1882, this Act was repealed by Lord Ripon. 

(b) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a loyal supporter of the British Empire and asked the Muslims to keep away from the Indian National Congress. He regarded the Congress as an unnecessary organisation and considered it harmful for the interests of the Muslims. He thought that the Congress was dominated by the Hindus, and Muslims had no place in it. He felt that the Muslims can protect their economic and political interests through exposure to western education and English language. In fact all the influential Government posts and business opportunities were linked with Western Education. Therefore he asked the Muslims to show loyalty to the British who would take care of Muslim interests. He founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh to popularize scientific and western learning among the Muslims. This college became the nucleus of a Movement popularly known as the Aligarh Movement. Thus Sir Syed Ahmed played a key role in the formation of Muslim League to nurture the political, social, economic and other interests of the Muslims. 

(c) The objectives of the Indian National Congress were as follows: 

1. To promote close relations among the Nationalist workers of the country. 

2. To develop and consolidate the feelings of unity among the people without any consideration of caste, religion or region. 

3. To spell out popular demands of the people and present them before the government. 

4. To train and organize public opinion of Indians on various important issues.

(a) Each high court consist of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President of India may appoint from time to time. 

Beside the President has the power to appoint: 

1. Additional Judges for a temporary period not exceeding two years for clearance of arrears of work in a high court. 

2. An acting Judge is appointed when a permanent Judge is temporarily absent or unable to attend his office. 

The qualifications required to become a Judge in the High Court are : 

1. He should be a citizen of India. 

2. Has held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least 10 years. or Has been an advocate of a high court for at least 10 years. 

(b) Because : 

1. Its judgements and orders are preserved as record. 

2. If a person commits a contempt of High Court, the court has the authority to punish him. 

(c) (i) Lok Adalat means The People Court. These courts were set up to provide legal aid and quick justice to those who are not in a position to engage lawyers or bear the expenses of the legal proceeding. This eliminated high costs and delay in imparting Justice. 

(ii) Advantages of Lok Adalat are: 

1. A Lok Adalat delivers speedy and inexpensive Justice. 

2. Different Lok Adalats have relieved the lower courts of much of their heavy load of work. 

3. The decision passed by a Lok Adalat are final and binding on the parties. No appeal before any court against its decision.

(a) Deferred Revenue Expenditure is an expenditure which is revenue in nature and incurred during an accounting period. These expenses are large in amount and the benefits are not consumed within the same accounting period. Suppose that a company is introducing a new product to the market and decides to spend a large amount on its advertising in the current accounting period. This marketing spend is supposed to draw benefits beyond the current accounting period. 

(b) Semi-variable costs are costs or expenses whose behaviour is partially fixed and partially variable. Semi-variable costs remain fixed up to a particular production volume. Beyond this volume, semi-variable costs increase in direct proportion to output. Wages, for instance, are semi-variable costs which multiply by 1.5 beyond 40 hours worked in a given week. 

(c) Warehouses play an important role in the process of price stabilization. They help in the stabilization of prices by adjusting demand and supply. Scarcity in supply of goods may increase their price in the market. Again, excess production and supply may also lead to fall in prices of the product. By maintaining a balance of supply of goods, warehousing leads to price stabilization.

(d) Master budget works as a summary budget for the overview of the business owners and the management. The master budget indicates how much the organization is earning and what the expenses are incurred as a whole. 

(e) Logistics is used more broadly to refer to the process of coordinating and moving resources – people, materials, inventory and equipment – from one location to storage at the desired destination.

(a) Net pay of EMP002 = G3 – H3 – 13 – J3 

(b) Provident Fund amount of EMP004 = 10/100*(B5 + C5) 

(c) Income Tax of EMP003 = G4* 10/100 

(d) Total gross salary of all the employees = SUM (G2 : G6) 

(e) The basic salary of EMP005 = G6 – C6 – D6 – E6 – F6

(a) Text, Numbers, Formulas 

(b) Put + sign before 40 – 10 i.e., = 40 – 10. Without = sign, it understands the data as text. 

(c) Database Management System. 

(d) Chart is a visual representation of data in a worksheet showing the data along xaxis and y-axis. 

(e) Ctrl + F9 keys Ctrl + Y

(a) (i) Wrap text 

(ii) (a) Right click the cell in which text is to be wrapped. 

(b) Click Format Cells option. 

(c) In Format Cells dialog box. click Alignment tab. 

(d) Click Wrap text check box. 

(e) Click OK.

(b) A unique key is a set of one or more than one fields of a table that uniquely identify a record in a database table. It can accept only one null value and it cannot have duplicate values.

(c) Relational database. Network database.

(d) A cell in a spreadsheet is an intersection of a column and row. It is represented by a combination of letter and numeral. 

For example B5 means, that the pointer is in column B and row number five.

(e) (i) Select the cells which are to be merged. 

(ii) Right click on the selected cells. 

(iii) Click Format Cells option. 

(iv) In Format Cells dialog box, click Alignment tab. 

(v) Click Merge cells check box. 

(vi) Click OK.

(i)  The ionising power of γ-radiation as compared with α- and β-particles is about 1/100 times that of the β particles and 1/10000 times that of the α -particles.

(ii)  γ -radiations are highly penetrating. Their penetrating power is about 100 times that of (7i- particles and 10000 times that of α -particles.

(iii)  They are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

(iv)  γ -radiation are electromagnetic radiations of short wavelength shorter even than the wavelength of X-rays. 

Latent heat of fusion

A small amount of bicarbonate ions is transported in the erythrocytes (RBCs), whereas most of them diffuse into the blood plasma to be carried by it.

Exit of bicarbonate ions, from RBCs considerably change ionic balance between the plasma and the erythrocytes. To restore this ionic balance, the chloride ions diffuse from the plasma into the erythrocytes. This movement of chloride ions is called chloride shift ( = Hamburger’s phenomenon). This process maintains an acid-base equilibrium of pH 7.4 for the blood and electrical balance between erythrocytes and plasma.

Heat capacity :  Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of whole body by 1°C.

 extensive

 J / °C
Specific heat capacity: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass ofa pure substance by 1°C

 intensive

 J / kg °C

Hydrocarbons are excellent fuels because they ignite easily at low, temperature and liberate large amount of heat.

Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon, while ethyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bond which provide site for addition, hence, is more reactive than ethane.

1. Ammonia gas (NH₃)₂. 

Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH) 

3. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 

4. Sulphuric Acid (H₂SO₄) 

5. Helium (He)

Because methane is saturated hydrocarbon while ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. 

Addition reactions are characteristic properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

1. Right electrode is known as oxidising electrode because copper ion gain electron to form copper metal i.e., reduction takes place.

2. At Catode: Cu²⁺ + 2e^– → Cu

At Anode: Cu – 2e^– → Cu²⁺ 

3. (a) Reddish brown metal copper is deposited at cathode. 

(b) Blue colour of electrolytic solution i.e., CuSO₄ does not fades during the process.

1. Methane does not undergo addition reaction, because it is bonded with four Hatom while in ethene double bond breaks and provide site for addition. 

2. Due to the presence of triple bond it provide site for addition, hence ethyne is more reactive than ethane. 

3. Hydrocarbon are excellent fuels as they produces lot of heat during combustion.

1. Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆)

It reduces the temperature and enhance conductivity. 

2. At Cathode: Al³⁺ + 3e^– → Al 

3. The anode has got to be replaced periodically, as it gets oxidised by the oxygen evolved at the anode.

Given : a₁ : a₂ = 4 : 9

or  l₁ : I₂= 4² : 9² 

= 16 : 81

The vapour density of carbon dioxide is 22.

(D) Aqueous acetic acid

(i) Ethyl alcohol is dehydrated by concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of about 170^oC. 

(ii) Aqua regia contains a mixture of one part by volume of concentrated nitric acid and three parts by volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 

(iii) Magnesium nitride reacts with warm water to liberate ammonia. 

(iv) Cations migrate to cathode during electrolysis. 

(v) Magnesium reacts with very dilute nitric acid to liberate hydrogen gas.

1. Ethyl alcohol is dehydrated by concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of about 170°C. 

2. Aqua regia contains one part by volume of concentrated nitric acid and three parts by volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 

3. Magnesium nitride reacts with boiling water to liberate ammonia. 

4. Cations migrate to cathode dining electrolysis.

5. Magnesium reacts with very dilute nitric acid to liberate hydrogen gas.

An element in period-3 whose electron affinity is zero is Argon.

(i)  Ethyl alcohol is dehydrated by concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of about 170°C

(ii)  Aqua regia contains a mixture of one part by volume of concentrated nitric acid and three parts of volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid

(iii)  Magnesium nitride reacts with warm water to liberate ammonia.

(iv)  Cations migrate to cathode during electrolysis.

(v)  Magnesium reacts with very dilute nitric acid to liberate hydrogen gas.

An element in period-3 whose electron affinity is zero Argon

An element in period 3  Argon electron affinity is zero.

An alkaline earth metal Calcium

An alkaline earth metal is  Calcium

The vapour density of carbon dioxide 22

The vapor density of carbon dioxide [C = 12, O = 16] 22

(D) Aqueous acetic acid

(d)  Aqueous Acetic Acid

(A) Magnesium oxide

(i)   Magensium oxide

Molecular weight of H₃PO₄ = (1 x 3) + (31) + (4 x 16)

= 3 + 31 + 64 = 98

31 g of phosphorus gives 98 g of phosphoric acid

9.3 g of phosphorus gives = (98 x 9.3)/31 = 29.4 g of phosphoric acid.

Number of moles = Given weight/ Molecular wt. of substance = 9.3/31 = 0.3

0.3 moles of phosphorus are taken.