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The term social change is used to indicate the changes that take place in human interaction and human interrelation. Social change refers to observable difference in any social phenomena observed over a period of time. According to Gillin and Gillin, ‘Social changes are variations from the accepted models of life, whether due to alteration in geographical conditions, in cultural equipment, composition of the population or ideologies or brought about by diffusion or inventions within the group.’

(a) Political Causes: 

1. The British policy of territorial annexations led to the displacement of a large number of rulers and chiefs. The vigorous application of the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse angered the ruling sections of the society. Rani Lakshmi Bai and Nana Sahib became bitter enemies of the British and led to the revolt in their respective territories. 

2. The annexation of Awadh, on grounds of misgovernment, was greatly resented. The Nawabs of Awadh had always been loyal to the British. The annexation was widely seen as a blatant act of back-stabbing by the British. It deeply hurt the sentiments of the Company’s sepoys because most of them came from Awadh. 

3. Moreover, even under the new regime, the people of Awadh got no relief from oppression. Peasants had to pay even higher revenue and additional taxes were imposed. 

4. The British provided no alternative source of employment to the people who lost their jobs due to the dissolution of the Nawab’s administration. 

(b) Military Causes: 

1. Low salary and poor prospects of promotion. 

2. Disproportion between Indian and British troops. 

3. Social distance between officers and Indian soldiers. 

4. Loss of British prestige in Afghan War. 

5. General Service Enlistment Act by which Indians enlisted in British Army could be sent overseas. (any three) 

(c) Economic Causes: 

1. The British Government restrictions on the import of Indian textiles besides imposing heavy import duties on such goods. 

2. India was forced to export raw materials like raw cotton and raw silk at cheaper rates that the British industries needed urgently; plantation products (like indigo, tea); and food grains which were in short supply in Britain. 

3. The British Company confiscated the jagirs of many landlords and taluqars. 

4. The British traders, after the conquest of Bengal, began to purchase raw material for their industries in England from the surplus revenues of Bengal causing drain of wealth from India to England.

(a) Reasons launching to the Non-cooperation Movement are: 

1. In 1918, those peasants who had been facing the effects of famine and drought resorted to Satyagraha to have their demands fulfilled. In 1918-1919 Ahmedabad mill workers strike also received Gandhi’s support. These movements of local character brought Gandhi closer to the life of the people. He would now think of challenging the total authority of the Government. 

2. The Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919 to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country as this act gave enormous power to the police to search a place and arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant. 

3. During a protest meeting in Amritsar against Rowlatt Act, the military commander of Amritsar, General O’Dyer ordered firing on a peaceful and unarmed gathering in which 1200 people got killed and 300 got injured, which shocked Gandhiji and he decided to stop co-operation with the British Government at all levels. 

(b) Quit India movement. Reasons: 

1. Failure of the Cripps Mission: The failure of the Cripps Mission left no meeting ground between the Congress and the government. It was clear from the proposals that the government was not willing to grant independence in the near future. The Indians were also not happy at the proposals of Cripps Mission because proposals contained within them provisions which could divide India into hundreds of independent provinces. 

2. The communal situation was worsening day-by-day. The Muslim League was demanding a separate state i.e., Pakistan, because all the leaders of the League proclaimed that Muslims could not expect any justice at the hands of the congress. This spoiled the communal situation. 

(c) Impact of the Movement:

1. The movement provided a base to the Congress Gandhi mobilised masses in this movement. All sections of society—peasants, workers, lawyers, students, moneyed classes, women and oppressed people participated in their struggle for freedom. 

2. The movement undermined the power and prestige of the British Government. It created an anti British feeling in the country. 

3. Repression failed to crush the spirit of the people. The movement made the people bold and patriotic. 

4. Gandhi was determined to emancipate the poor and the oppressed. Removal of untouchability and promotion of Khadi became essential tool in Gandhi’s struggle against British rule. Message of Swadeshi was spread. 

5. Another positive achievement was that the movement set the scene of Hindu Muslim unity. Never before any movement received the willing support of Hindus and Muslims alike.

(a) Chlorine.

The compound formed which is strongly acidic in water, is HCl.

H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl

(b) A dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid gets gradually concentrated on distillation, till the concentration of the acid reaches 22.2% HCl by weight which boils at 110°C. When this concentration is reached, no further increase in concentration of the acid becomes possible by boiling. This is because vapors evolved before 110°C are vapors of water but at temperature above 110°C vapors consist mostly of molecules of HCl.

Hydroxide of this metal is soluble in sodium hydroxide solution Copper

The brown ring test is used for detection of NO₃ ^–

(D) Concentrated sulphuric acid

Hydrogen chloride gas being highly soluble in water is dried by Concentrated sulphuric acid.

In the Victorian Age, new scientific discoveries had shattered people’s faith in religion and God. Many people lost faith in life beyond death. They began to agree with those who believed that death is the end of life. Such thoughts were highly upsetting to men of faith like Tennyson. For some time Tennyson remained wavering. His faith was rudely shaken, but then he was finally able to overcome all his doubts. He was able to regain his faith in the immortality of the human soul and the existence of God.

‘Crossing the Bar’ is one of Tennyson’s prominent poems. It was written when the poet was eighty-one years old after his serious illness. It may be considered his testament as well as his epitaph.

‘Crossing the Bar’ imbibes his faith in life beyond death. He takes the traditional, religious image and symbol of the journey of the soul from, and to, its real home, that is, heaven, and makes it the central metaphor in this poem. He anticipates his death and believes that his passage from this life to the next will be smooth, like a ship which easily clears the sand-bar and comes into the open sea. He wants to be calm and quiet at the time of death, free from all cares and anxieties. This is what all religions teach. Death is inevitable and inescapable. It should be accepted in a calm and cheerful mood. We should not conceive it as something bad and cruel.

The second stanza of the poem clearly visualizes the journey of the soul. It will be easy and smooth if the mind is at peace. 

The poet is ready for death. He wants to see no sad scenes of parting :

And may there be no sadness of farewell, When I embark.

The last stanza embodies a fundamental Biblical belief in the immortality of the soul and meeting God face to face:

I hope to see my Pilot face to face When I have crost the bar.

We should remember that Jesus is regarded as the Pilot of the Church and guides the Christian’s life. The image of ‘crossing’ has obvious Christian connotations. Crossing refers to ‘crossing over’ into the next world. It also refers to the act of “crossing” oneself as a gesture of religious faith and devotion. Thus, the poem built upon the image of ‘crossing’ is essentially a poem of faith.

Though the philosophical or ethical ideas of the poem are edifying, yet what appeals to us about the poem is its metaphorical structure. The central metaphor is worked out quite effectively. The images are both relevant and effective. The images of the sunset, the evening star, the twilight, the evening bell are highly suggestive. They convey the idea of old age and the end of life effectively and help build the atmosphere and the mood in a proper way. The idea of God as Pilot is quite striking. The faithful among us accept it readily.

(i) Prospero and Miranda are on the island at this moment. Miranda has witnessed the scene of ship-wreck which has moved her emotionally. 

(ii) Prospero had tried to tell her about the events of their lives that brought them to this remote island, i.e., the story of the government by which he was overthrown and expelled from his dukedom.

(iii) Prospero refers to the maturity that Miranda has attained, i.e., she is now matured enough to understand everything that Prospero is going to narrate at this moment. He wants Miranda to pay total attention to what he is going to state and explain. 

(iv) “Bootless inquisition” means an unsuccessful enquiry. Here Miranda wants to say that she has never been satisfied by her father’s answers to her queries about her past. 

(v) Immediately after telling her to be attentive, Prospero asks Miranda to recall the time and incidents when she was just a child.

Has any body seen God? Perhaps nobody but I am very sure that I have been very close to God. Others worshipped to please him to fulfill one’s wish but he was really the God father for me who incarnated on the earth not for himself but for me and many like me. 

God Vishnu has four hands to protect, Brahma has four faces to bless, Shiv has three eyes (sights) to see the miseries of people but what to say of my God father. He is not the supernatural personality but the very real man of this earth the mortal personality like that of us and among us. He has not only showered his grace on just me but also on millions and millions of dejected, disappointed baffled troubled wanderers that has become quite hopeless before. 

When I think about my old life when I was just a toddler unfortunately orphaned but then adopted by my neighbour Mr. Raman Lai Sharma senior advocate civil court Agra. What a contrast, it was that on one hand he was a senior personality, on the other hand I was an innocent toddler. He gave me cordial love and deep affection in my all round personality development. He taught me in plays and games with toys and picture books and infused in me the basic knowledge of reading and writing. He trained me how to play cricket, hit shots, sixers and fours, various standards of bowling, catching and fielding etc. He also trained me in many other games like football, hockey etc. 

I was always encouraged by him to do the best in my class so that I could be a responsible person. 

When I became a little older he inspired me to be an efficient and talented advocate like him. 

On completing graduation my friends inspired me to do preparation for law admission. I cleared and completed my law course under kind guidance of Sri Raman Lal Sharma Ji advocate. 

I became proxy counsel of my honourable senior. He travelled with me and gave me the experience of various High Courts and Supreme Court of India. 

Today it is his grace that I am flourishing in the practice of both civil and criminal cases. 

It is true that God is on the earth the hell and heaven are all on the earth.

According to Hindu myths Lakshmi comes in two ways. To somebody it comes on her ride of the owl while to others it comes without owl. When it comes with owl it makes the recipient’s mind with owl thinking, it already pollutes his way of thinking of the person gaining wealth. When it comes alone, with no riding it first upgrades the way of thinking of the person by making him think to be generous, charitable, kind hearted, beneficial, polite and humble to all. It also modifies his nature sweet, melodic, considering the pain and pity of poors, deserted dejected and old ones. What to say of myths I never agree with the former view. When wealth comes it always does and cause all the good and no harm at all. 

Money begets money and poverty brings poverty. Poverty keeps one tightly entrapped in the claws of vicious circle of poverty. 

One wriggles and wraggles just like a l fish out of water, to come out of poverty circle but in vain. Once, one gets the grace of gift given by Lakshmi one gets a lightning spur to hop out of the hell of poverty. Once getting money one gets oneself in the vast sky of scopes. One is among opportunities and options to multiply money manyfold by following the path of enterprise and entrepreneurs. 

It is the money that creates respect and honour for someone. If you have no money to spend on the family members, you are looked down upon by all no matter how elder or younger he is. If you have a lot of money to spend on them and to gift them with precious and costly items as the bribe you must be their most favourite brother, father, son, uncle, grand father or grand son respectively. It is the money that tames the most shrewed one. But once you have no money then poverty breeds strive and poverty is the root of all strifies. 

It is the money that can raise your status in all the fields. It can make you the most active social worker. It can make you the most struggling leader, the glowing and devoted politician. 

If you have money in today’s era you can get any type of vocational course without no admission test and even any degree may be obtained with money. 

By spending money you can also move ministers. It would take no second to change their policy to make you crores of profit. 

Thus, money may buy everything, of course most of the things.

(b) ‘Open Market Operations’ refers to the purchases or sales of government securities, public securities or trade bills etc: by the central bank in an open market. In limits the power of commercial bank to create credit, so they will have to reduce their advances and loans. On the other hand, purchase of government securities by the central bank results in an increase in cash reserves of the commercial banks. 

(c) Two causes of consumer exploitation are: 

1. Low Literacy: Illiteracy leads to exploitation, lack of consumer awareness is the root cause for exploitation. 

2. Limited Information: Producers provide incomplete and incorrect information about various products. 

(d) (RTI) Right to Information Act, 2005 is a law enacted by the Parliament of India, giving citizens of India access to records of the central and state governments. 

It includes the right to: 

1. Request any information. 

2. Take copies of documents. 

3. Take certified samples of materials of work. 

(e) Fixed capital refers to these producer goods having long life which can be used again and again in productive processes. 

For example: machinery, plants and factory buildings, transport equipments etc. 

Circulating capital includes all those items, which can be used for a specific purpose only once. Cotton and paper are such examples, which are used only once in productive processes of making cloth and printing of books respectively.

(a) When the quantity demanded decreases with the mcrease in price of the commodity, it is known as contraction in demand. There will be an upward movement. 

(b) The division of labour helps the producers to earn more monetary benefits in their productive activities in the following ways: 

1. Increase in production: With the division of labour, the workers become more skilled and efficient. They acquire higher speed in work, which ultimately results in more production. 

2. Improvement in quality: As the worker acquires greater skill in performing the work, it increases quality of production. The good quality product becomes more and more popular and accetable to the consumer. This increases the overall turnover and the net profit of the producer. 

(c) Degree of price elasticity of demand: 

1. Cosmetics: Relatively Elastic Demand. 

2. Medicine: Perfectly Inelastic Demand. 

3. School uniform: Relatively Inelastic Demand. 

4. Air conditioners: Relatively elastic demand. 

(d) Two factors affecting productivity of land: 

1. Fertility of land: The productivity of land is determined by its natural qualities and its fertility. In agriculture, a flat and levelled land is comparatively more productive than an undulating one. 

2. The agricultural productivity can be improved by proper and extensive use of manure and fertilizers along with adoption of mechanized methods. 

(e) Heavy indirect taxes on intoxicants, like wine or opium etc., serves a great social purpose because they limits the consumption of such harmful commodities and saves society.

Division of labour refers to the method of organising production where the work required to produce a product is divided into different specialized tasks with different workers specializing in each task. 

The four ways in which Division of Labour will influence production in an economy are as follows:

1. Quality of Production Improves—Division of Labour leads to an increase in the efficiency of Labour which further leads not only to an increase in the quantity of output but also to an improvement in the quality of the produced goods and services. 

2. Large Scale Production—Division of Labour makes large scale production possible. Indeed, large scale production requires division of labour. If a car manufacturing company, for instance wishes to make 10000 cars in a year but does not introduce division of labour in its factory, it will have to employ so many workers that it will not be an economically viable company. It is by virtue of division of labour that the company can produce 10000 cars per year with a reasonable number of workers 

3. Reduced Average Cost—Since division of labour increases total output, even with an unchanged number of labourers, the average cost of producing a commodity falls. This is a social advantage. Society can produce goods by incurring lower average cost of production. 

4. Lower Prices of Output—The reduced average costs of the products leads to reduced prices of the outputs in the market. As a result, consumers are benefited.

(i)  Increase in price of the other commodities.

(ii)   Increase in price of inputs.

(iii)  Outdated Production Technique 

Food spoilage is the change in the normal state of food. We can detect such changes by smell, taste and sight. Food gets spoiled by a number of factors and reasons. Food spoilage mainly caused by microorganisms, enzymes, climatic variations etc.

Measures to prevent body odour: To avoid the body odour following measure should be done: 

1. Wear clean and cotton undergarments to prevent excessive sweating. 

2. Clean the area around your private parts with anti-bacterial soap. 

3. Regularly take bath twicely. 

4. Drink plenty of water. 

5. You can also use the perfumes or does. But these are the artificial method. It does not clean your body. It only supress the bad ot our. Regular bathing is the best measure to prevent body odour.

Warm colours are mainly associated with rich, bright and energetic look. These colours have an element of sun or fire. These colour make a visual impact of small size and length, hence these are more often used in the rooms: These colours also give warmth and comfort.

1. Secondary colours: When we combine two primary colours we get the secondary colour. 

e.g., Orange (Red + Yellow), Purple (Blue + Red), Green (Yellow + Blue). 

2. Tertiary colours: On combining primary and secondary colours we get tertiary colours. 

e.g., Yellow + Orange = Yellow orange.

1. Take a bath regularly twice in a day. 

2. Clean the area around your private parts, armpits etc. with an anti-bacterial soap.

Causes of family conflict: 

1. Interference from family members. 

2. Want of independence. 

3. Ideas of peer groups which clash with that of parents. 

4. Adolescence moody behavior leads to conflicts. 

5. Hypercritical attitude of the family.

During the stage of adolescence, an adolescent have faced many psychological changes. These changes make him angry, moody and self-retained. 

1. In this stage the adolescent find his identify, want to prove himself. 

2. Want to be independent. Think that whatever he do is right. Self-decision ability arose. These are few psychological changes which occurs at the adolescence period.

Dry cleaning of clothes means cleaning of a garment or textile with the use of Tetrachloroethylene (perc) or petroleum solvents instead of regular washing methods that involve water and detergent.

Basic difference between wet and dry methods of cleaning clothes are wet cleaning involves use of water and detergents or bleaches whereas dry cleaning involves non- aqueous chemical solvents.

1. Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl).

2. Y Gas i.e., HCl gas is highly soluble and acidic in nature. 

3. Ammonia gas.

Hydroxyl ion (OH^– ) other than Ammonium ion.

(i) Y is hydrochloride (HCl) gas

(ii) Gas Y is highly soluble in water.

(iii) Ammonia gas.

(a) When carbon and conc. Nitric acid is heated the products formed are Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide and water.

C + 4HNO₃ →CO₂ + 2H₂O + 4NO₂

(b) Copper when reacts with dilute HNO₃ forms Copper nitrate, Nitric oxide and water.

3Cu + 8HNO₃ →3Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4H₂O + 2NO

Iron becomes inert when reacted with nitric acid due to the formation of extremely thin layer of insoluble metallic oxide which stops the reaction.

Passivity can be removed by rubbing the surface layer with the sand paper or by treating with strong reducing agent.

(a) Aqua regia is a mixture of 3 parts Hydrochloric acid and one part Nitric acid.

(b) The catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide is exothermic.

(c) Magnesium gives H₂ with very dilute nitric acid.

(d) Iron become passive in concentrated nitric acid

Hydroxide ion

Nitric acid forms a constant boiling mixture with water containing 68% acid. This mixture boils constantly at constant boiling point without any change in its composition. At this temperature, the gas and the water vapor escape together. Hence the composition of the solution remains unchanged. So nitric acid cannot be concentrated beyond 68% by distillation of dilute solution of HNO₃.

During lightning discharge, the nitrogen present in the atmosphere reacts with oxygen to form nitric oxide.

N₂+ O₂ ⇌ 2NO

Nitric oxide is further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide.

2NO + O₂ ⇌ 2NO₂

The nitrogen dioxide dissolves in atmospheric moisture in the presence of oxygen of the air and forms nitric acid which is washed down by the rain and combines with the salt present on the surface of the earth.

4NO₂ + 2H₂O + O₂ → 4HNO₃

First a light blue ppt. appears then ppt dissolves and solution turns inky blue.

(2) 2-butanol

(i) anode, cathode

(ii) inactive, external 

(iii) first, independent 

(iv) potassium cyanide, benzoin 

(v) decreased, common ion effect

(2) Molality

(i) This is because Mn²⁺(3d⁵ ) has extra stable electronic configuration but Fe²⁺(3d⁶ ) does not.

(ii) This is due to the presence of impaired electrons in their (n-1) d – orbitals.

(iii) This is due to lanthanide contraction or ineffective shielding but intervening 4felectrons in Hf.

(i) 2KMnO₄ + 3H₂SO₄ + 5H₂C₂O₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2MnSO₄ + 8H₂O + 10CO₂

(ii) K₂Cr₂O₇ + 7H₂SO₄ + 6KI → 4K₂SO₄ + Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3I₂ + 7H₂O

(iii) K₂Cr₂O₇ + 7H₂SO₄ + 6FeSO₄ → 4K₂SO₄ + Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3I₂ + 7H₂O

(1) Benzaldehyde gives Tollen's reagent test i.e., silver mirror with Tollen's reagent but acetone does not.

(2) Phenol gives white precipitate with bromine water but benzoic acid does not.

(i) 2KMnO₄ + 10KI + 8H₂SO₄ → 6K₂SO₄ + 2MnSO₄ + 8H₂O + 5I₂

(ii) K₂Cr₂O₇ + 4H₂SO₄ + 3H₂S → K₂SO₄ + Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 7H₂O + 3S

(iii) 2KMnO₄ + 8H₂SO₄ + 10FeSO₄ → K₂SO₄ + 2MnSO₄ + 5Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 8H₂O

Isoelectric point: It is the pH at which there is no net migration of an amino acid under the influence of an applied electric field.

An example of an accelerated body moving with uniform speed is a boat moving along a circular path.

Biuret test: When urea is heated just above its melting point it forms a compound called biuret which gives a violet colour with dilute copper sulphate solution in alkaline medium.

Froth floatation

The IUPAC name of dimethyl ether is Methoxy methane.

The electrolysis of acidified water is an example of Redox reaction.

Correct option (D) Copper Nitrate

ionisation..