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(i) A-Guard cell B-Stoma.

(ii) Stomatal apparatus.

(iii) Regulates opening & closing of stomata.

(iv) Guard cells have a thick inner wall facing the opening and a thin outer wall on the opposite side which makes it bulge outwards when rigid.

(v) On the epidermis of the leaf.

(vi) Transpiration is the loss of water as water vapours from the aerial parts of the plant.

(vii) Five.

(i) Part A = Cerebrum 

Part B = Cerebellum 

Part C = Medulla oblongata. 

(ii) Cerebrum: It is the site of controlling memory, reasoning, thinking, perception, emotions and speech. 

Cerebellum: It maintains posture equilibrium and muscular co-ordination. 

Medula Oblongata: It contains centre for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities. It also co-ordinates reflexes for swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting. 

(iii) Three protective membranes covering the brain are : duramater, piamater and arachnoid. 

(iv) The basic unit of brain is neuron.

(i) Three adaptations found in a green plant in the favour of photosynthesis are: 

1. Leaves being thin and flat, offer a large surface area for the process to occur. 

2. Internally, the loose arrangement of mesophyll tissue allows rapid diffusion of gases 

3. The’high concentration’ of chloroplast in the mesophyll, especially the palisade of the dorsiventral leaves, helps to trap the solar energy required for the process. 

(ii) When we come out from a dark room we feel dazzling effect for a very short period. It is called light adaptation. In this case the diameter of pupil is reduced to allow less light to enter the eyes. 

(iii) 1. On a windy day the rate of transpiration increases as moving wind removes the water vapour from around the leaves. 

2. On a foggy day, the rate of transpiration decreases, because atmospheric moisture (humidity) is high which inhibits the rate of transpiration.

(1) A large number of chloroplasts found just under the upper epidermis to absorb more light.

(2) Orientation of leaves is such that maximum light falls on the leaf so that it can be absorbed.

(3) Numerous stomata on leaves allow rapid exchange of gases.

(i) A-Cerebrum    B-Cerebellum     C-Medulla oblongata

(ii) A-It controls memory will power, judgement, intelligence and voluntary functions.

B-It maintains body balance and muscular activities.

C-Controls internal functions of the body like a heartbeat, breathing,  swallowing etc.

(iii) Duramater, arachnoid and piamater.

(iv) Neuron.

(1) Follicle

(2) Graafian

(3) Ovulation

(4) Oviduct

(5) Implantation

The human female gonads are ovaries. A maturing egg in the ovary is present in a sac of cells called ovarian follicle (1). As the egg grows larger, the follicle enlarges and gets filled with a fluid and is now called the Graafian (2) follicle. The process of releasing the egg from the ovary is called ovulation (3). The ovum is picked up by the oviducal funnel and fertilization takes place in the oviduct (4). In about a week the blastocyst gets fixed in the endometrium of the uterus and this process is called implantation (5).

(i) Provide mechanical protection to brain or to provide nourishment to brain. 

(ii) Maintain/Equalize air pressure on either sides of the ear drum. 

(iii) Hold the lens in position. 

(iv) Transport sperm from the epididymis to penis for discharge. 

(v) To facilitate transpiration in older stem.

(i) Cerebrum 

(ii) Malleus/Hammer 

(iii) Recessive gene 

(iv) Insulin, Glucagon 

(v) Photophosphorylation.

(i) Green house effect: Due to increasing concentration of carbondioxide in the atmosphere the heat of the sun remains trapped in the atmosphere and does not radiate back. This effect is called Green house effect. 

(ii) Turgor Pressure: The pressure exerted by the cell contents of a turgid cell onto the wall of cell. 

(iii) Selective Absorption: The process of reabsorbing selected useful substances like water, glucose, mineral ions etc. from the glomerular filtrate by the blood capillaries as they are flowing through the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule. 

(iv) Natality: The number of live birth per thousand per year. 

(v) Pulse: It is the rhythmic coiling of arteries as the blood flows through it with every pumping of heart.

Turgor pressure : It is the pressure of the cell contents on the cell wall. It results due to the movement of water into the cell through osmosis.

Haemophilia.

Selective reabsorption : The reabsorption of water and some other usable substances from the glomerular filtrate.

Pulse : Tire throb in the arteries caused due to the contraction of left ventricle of the heart.

(1) Less economic pressure on parents.

(2) Better living conditions.

(3) Proper education can be given to all.

(i) Guanine, Thymine. Adenine, Cytosine.

(ii) Deoxy ribonucleic acid.

(iii) Gene

(iv) 

(1) Population density: It is the number of individuals living per square kilometre at a given time.

(2) Natality: It is the number of live births per 1000 of population per year.

Natality : It is the number of children born per 1000 people of population in a year.

(i) 1- Bladder

2- Ureter

3- Prostate glands

4- Vas deferens

5- Urethra

6- Testis

7- Scrotum

8- Epididymis

(ii) Fallopian tube

(iii) The high temperature of body does not permit maturation of sperms. Thus the scrotum suspends the testis outside the body at a lower temperature suitable for spermatogenesis.

Natality: It is the number of childbirth per 1000 pecple in a year.

Photolysis: It is the breakdown of water molecules into H⁺ and OH^- ions by the light activated chlorophyll during the light reaction.

Root pressure: It is the pressure generated in the living cells of roots which helps to push water into the xylem.

Parturition: The expulsion or delivery of a fully developed foetus from the uterus is called parturition.

Corpus callosum.

Beta cells of pancreas.

Attachment is an affectional and emotional bond that at first develops with one’s primary care givers. Ambivalent attach¬ment was given by Mary Ainsworth. In ambivalent attachment babies do not explore the environment. They stay close to their parents in the beginning. They show anger and resistive behaviour when the parent returns. They are not easily comforted, even when picked up by the parents. They show opposing tendencies of both clinging and resisting the parents. This style develops when parents them-selves are inconsistent in meeting the babies’ needs.

Consumer behaviour may be described as behaviour that is displayed by consumer while buying, collecting, evaluating the usefulness of any product. Consumer psy chologists try to find out the underlying cognitive processes that determine the consumers’ buying choices.

After completing the analysis of an indivi dual’s characteristics (testing individuals) and the specific nature of a job (job analysis), a career counselor selects and recruits the suitable person for the job, matching the person’s abilities with the job requirements.

William Stem (1912) coined the concept of IQ.

Social perception is a process by which individuals seek to know and understand other persons. They draw inferences about other people depending upon the initial knowledge gained about them. Social perception is the central part of social thought and social behaviour.

Rehabilitation is the procedure of restoring an individual to their normal life after a period of disfavour. Rehabilitation involves engaging people in various creative, cultural and productive activities as well as vocational training. Rehabilitation is a welfare program that helps in recons¬truction of an individual’s social, economic, family and professional life.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- Fourth Edition (1994), produced by American Psychiatric Association.

Personality types according to Charak Samhita of Ayurveda are- Vata (air), Kapha ( water and earth), Pitta( Fire and water).

Hypertension is also called high blood pressure. It indicates that blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It slowly damages various organs such as kidneys, brain and eyes.

Substance abuse is a maladaptive or pathological pattern of substance use (mainly alcohol and dmgs) that results in potentially hazardous behaviour such as driving while intoxicated and continued use despite social, psychological, occupational or health problem.

Use of chemical preservatives: 

1. Two important chemical preservatives permitted in different parts of world are Benzoic acid and Sulphur dioxide. The salt of benzoic acid is called sodium benzoate which is used as preservative. Benzoic acid is more effective against yeasts than moulds. 

2. Potassium metabisulphite is used as a salt of Sulphur dioxide. Potassium metabisulphite is a crystalline salt and is fairly stable in natural and alkaline medium. Fruits and vegetables which have red colour should be preserved by using sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulphite as a red colour of fruits or vegetable gets discoloured by the use of Sulphur dioxide. 

3. Use of chemicals during preservation should be controlled.

Principles of meal planning: 

1. Use of five food groups in diet plan. 

2. Knowledge of nutritional needs of family members. 

3. Knowledge of nutritive value of foods, nutrients and sources. 

4. Use of available resources – skill, knowledge, ability. 

5. Budget of the family allotted for food. 

6. Knowledge of seasonal foods. 

7. Equipment available for cooking. 

8. Storage facilities available.

9. Likes and dislikes of the family.

Effects of sex hormone during puberty: 

• Development of hair in pubic region and armpits. 

• In boys, development of facial hair, cracking and deepening of voice. 

• In girls, development of breasts and thickening of hips.

Storage of semi-perishable food: 

• Suji and Dalia – Dry roast before storing in dry air tight containers to retain flavour for a longer time. 

• Spices should be stored in dry air tight containers to retain their flavor. 

• Potatoes, onion, ginger and garlic may be stored in cool, dry and dark places to keep sprouting to a minimum. 

• Ghee, oil and butter should be stored in air tight containers because air and moisture make them rancid. ‘ 

• Paneer – must be kept in refrigerator to keep it for a longer time.

Three dimensions of colour: The three dimensions of colour are basically value, hue and intensity. 

1. Value: A colour’s lightness and darkness is known as value. On the colour wheel, the basic colours can be lightened to pale tints and darkened to nearly black shades. Basically, there are total nine value steps. 

2. Hue: It is simply the colour quality that has been given a technical name for its identification. 

3. Intensity: It refer to the brightness and dullness of a colour.

In a living room or family room we should use general lighting for entering and watching television, task lighting for reading and accent lighting to highlight, art work. B right light over the front and rear entrances are necessary. 

Colours change as light change. Artificial light softens colours. Colours that appear attractive under light might not be pleasing in the day light.

Sale on approval: Under this method, goods are actually sent to the prospective buyer for inspection and approval. If the buyer is satisfied with the quality of the goods, he approves the goods and it becomes a contract of sale.

Functions of a bank: Bank is an institution which accepts deposits from the public and in return advances loans by creating credit. Banks perform so many functions and provide varieties of services to the society. 

Following are the functions : 

1. It receives deposits from the public for the purpose of making investments and granting loans. 

2. The bank also lends out the money which it gets from the deposits of the public. 

3. Bank also grant loans for a specific time period.

Mild soap can be used on rayon fabrics. Always use kneading and squeezing method for washing these fabrics. The more dirty spots should be cleaned with gentle rubbing by flat hand.

Master budget: Master budget is a consolidated summary of various functional budgets. According to CIMA London, a master budget is, “the summary budget incorporating its components functional budgets and which is finally approved, adopted and employed.”

Current account: An account in which money may be deposited and withdrawn at anytime is called current account. Generally, it is operated by the Business houses. Under this account, the depositor can withdrawn money by cheque at anytime during the working hours of the bank. There are no restrictions to limit the number of withdrawals but minimum credit balance has to be maintained as per the rules of the bank. The bank does not pay any interest on such deposits.

Types of Kitchens : Generally kitchens have two styles : one is – Indian Type or Sitting Kitchen and the second one is – Foreign or Standing Kitchen.

Indian Style Kitchen or Sitting Kitchen : These type of kitchens are generally used in the villages of India. In such types of kitchens, the cooking of food, serving of food, cleaning of utensils etc., are carried out in sitting positions. Here, racks and almirahs are of low height. 

Types of Foreign Kitchen or Standing Type Kitchen : 

1. Strip kitchen 

2. Two wall kitchen 

3. L-shaped kitchen 

4. U-shaped kitchen 

1.Strip kitchen: Generally found in the small houses where there is a little space for a kitchen. It is one wall with the components placed in a row fashion.

2. Two wall kitchen: This is more workable kitchen. It resembles with the strip kitchen, the difference between both is that it is on both sides of the wall, facing each other. 

3. L-shaped kitchen: This type is known as a good type of kitchen. This leaves two wall empty for windows and doors. The free comers can be utilised for keeping storage or dining area. 

4. U-shaped kitchen: This type of kitchen provides good continuous space for working whereas in the U-shape the continuity is broken up.

According to Banking Regulation Act of India 1949, Banking means the accepting for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public repayable on demand and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order.

Standardization Mark: A standardization mark is a mark given to a product which meets certain standards with respect to the quality of the product in terms of material used, method of manufacture, labelling, packaging sale and performance.

Or

It indicate to a buyer that the product has been tested and found to be of good quality. 

Few marks are: ISI, FPO, AGMARK etc.