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Right option is (d) Procaine

To explain: Procaine is used in dentistry when the patients have proven allergy to the amide group. Used intra-arterially, to treat the arteriospasm which might occur during intravenous SEDATION. It has EXCELLENT vasodilatory PROPERTIES. The first and most potent local anesthetic agent is COCAINE used topically.

Right answer is (a) Anesthetic potency is related to the ability of anesthetic to inhibit enzyme activity

The best explanation: The Protein (Receptor) THEORY states that based on the fact that anesthetic potency is correlated with the ability of anesthetics to inhibit enzymes activity of a pure, soluble protein. Also, attempts to explain the GABAA receptor is a potential TARGET of anesthetics ACTION. The lipid theory states that higher the solubility of anesthetics is in OIL GREATER is the potency of that anesthetics. It is based on the fact that anesthetic action is correlated with the oil/gas coefficients.

The correct choice is (a) PLANE 1 of stage III

Explanation: The patient’s BREATH is normal in the 1st stage, then in the 2ND stage patient will have a problem in breathing thus will have scattered breathing, in the plane 1 of stage III The patient will breathe heavily, with SLOW and normal breathing in plane 2. Increase in the concentration of general anesthesia will cause the death of the patient thus in stage IV the patient breathing stops.

The correct CHOICE is (d) Indomethacin

The best I can explain: Anti-inflammatory drugs are of five kinds and these are salicylates, phenylpropionic acids, pyrazalone derivatives, INDOLE derivatives and DISEASE modifying drugs. Example of indole derivative drugs are indomethacine. ASA comes under salicylates. phenylpropionic acids e.g., ibuprofen, ketoprofen, pyrazalone derivatives e.g., PHENYLBUTAZONE, disease modifying drugs: e.g. chloroquine.

Correct option is (c) Sulindac

Best explanation: Sulindac is an inactive pro-drug closely RELATED to indomethacin. It must be metabolized by hepatic MICROSOMAL enzymes to an active form. It has a long duration of action (half-life = 8h). The ADVERSE effects are less severe than other NSAIDs (ex. GI and renal). Indomethacin is an indole derivative more potent than ASA but INFERIOR at doses tolerated by rheumatoid arthritis patients, QUITE toxic.

Correct option is (c) Release of enzymes and increased of tissue PRESSURE

The explanation is: The pain is due to local release of enzymes and increased tissue pressure. Bradykinin is the most important pain mediator in an inflammation reaction. The REDNESS and heat is due to the local blood vessel dilation. The swelling is due to the INFLUX of plasma proteins and phagocytic CELLS into the tissue spaces. These are the four signs of inflammation which can be seen in a HUMAN body.

The correct option is (d) The prostaglandins, THROMBOXANE produced from EPA are less active

The explanation is: EPA is found in fish oil. It acts as a substrate for cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases thus it competing with arachidonic acid for the enzymes. The prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and LEUKOTRIENES produced from EPA are less active than AA METABOLITES. These products then compete with products of AA metabolism for SHARED target receptors.

Right choice is (a) Euphoria

The best explanation: Short term effects of heroin are in the central nervous system it will create euphoria, ALTERNATELY alert and drowsy state. The mouth become dry, warm flushing skin and the muscle becomes weak, slowed breathing. The long-term effect of heroin is such as addiction, TOLERANCE, DEPENDENCE, the addicted person will have collapsed VEINS, infection of heart lining and valves, the liver will have DECREASED function.

Correct answer is (c) FENTANYL

The EXPLANATION is: Fully synthetic opioids are such as fentanyl, methadone, etc. These are fully made in the laboratories by the researchers. Most of them are made by mimicking the EXISTING structures. Natural opiates are ALKALOID contained in the resin of the opium poppy including morphine and codeine. Semi-synthetic opiates are CREATED from natural opiates such as hydromorphone, oxycodone, and diacetylmorphine.

The correct answer is (c) HIGHER the solubility of the anesthetic in oil higher potency it has

Best EXPLANATION: The lipid theory states that higher the solubility of anesthetics is in oil greater is the potency of that anesthetics. It is BASED on the fact that anesthetic action is correlated with the oil/gas coefficients. The Protein (Receptor) theory states that based on the fact that anesthetic potency is correlated with the ABILITY of anesthetics to inhibit enzymes activity of a pure, soluble protein. Also, attempts to explain the GABAA receptor is a POTENTIAL target of anesthetics action.

The correct option is (d) Diflurane

Explanation: Examples of inhaled anesthetics are haloethane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane. They are a halogenated compound containing fluorine or bromide simple, small MOLECULES. Inhalational anesthetics refers to the delivery of gases or vapours from the RESPIRATORY system to produce ANESTHESIA. A special SET of physical PRINCIPLES govern absorption, distribution, and elimination.

The CORRECT option is (c) The molecules of the agent get incorporated into the lipid membrane

Explanation: The membrane expansion theory depends upon the lipophilic moiety of local anesthetics agents. The molecules of the agent get incorporated into the lipid cell membrane which RESULTS in the SWELLING of the membrane. This provides physical obstruction of the SODIUM channels thus prevents NERVE depolarization.

The correct option is (b) RENDER a specific portion insensitive to pain

Explanation: LOCAL anesthetics are also called REGIONAL anesthetics. Used to render a specific portion of the body insensitive to pain. They interfere with nerve IMPULSE TRANSMISSION to specific areas of the body. These anesthetics do not cause loss of consciousness.

Correct answer is (d) Presence of vasodilator

To explain I would say: MANY factors influence the entry of local anesthetic into the circulation some of these are vasodilating ABILITY of the drug, volume, and CONCENTRATION of the drug, vascularity of the tissues, the ROUTE of ADMINISTRATION of the drug, the presence of vasoconstrictor.

Correct answer is (b) Benzocaine

Best explanation: Natural anesthetic is cocaine. Synthetic nitrogenous local anesthetics are DERIVATIVES of PABA e.g. procaine, benzocaine, a derivative of acetanilide e.g. lignocaine, a derivative of quinoline e.g. cinchocaine, bucricaine. Synthetic non-nitrogenous will be benzyl ALCOHOL and propanediol. Clove OIL, phenol, chlorpromazine can also be USED as a local anesthetic.

Correct choice is (c) Benzyl alcohol

The best explanation: Natural anesthetic is cocaine. SYNTHETIC nitrogenous local anesthetics are PROCAINE, benzocaine, LIGNOCAINE, cinchocaine, bucricaine. Synthetic non-nitrogenous will be benzyl alcohol and propanediol. CLOVE oil, phenol, CHLORPROMAZINE can also be used as a local anesthetic.

Right answer is (d) Clove oil

For explanation I would say: Natural anesthetic is cocaine. Due to its uses in drug ABUSE, this is not used anymore in practices. Synthetic NITROGENOUS local anesthetics are PROCAINE, benzocaine, LIGNOCAINE, cinchocaine, bucricaine. Synthetic non-nitrogenous will be benzyl alcohol and propanediol. Clove oil, phenol, chlorpromazine can also be used as a local anesthetic. Clove oil is being used in dentistry purposes.

Right answer is (a) Cocaine

The BEST I can explain: Natural anesthetic is cocaine. Due to its uses in DRUG abuse, this is not used anymore in practices. Synthetic nitrogenous local anesthetics are procaine, BENZOCAINE, lignocaine, cinchocaine, bucricaine. Synthetic non-nitrogenous will be BENZYL alcohol and propanediol. Clove oil, PHENOL, chlorpromazine can also be used as a local anesthetic.

The correct option is (c) When injected to CNS through spinal injection techniques

The best EXPLANATION: Parenteral applications are injected to the CNS through various spinal injection techniques. Topical APPLICATION is applied directly to the SKIN or mucous membranes. These can be done through creams, solutions, ointments, gels, ophthalmic drops, lozenges, suppositories, ETC.