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(1) Improve the standard of sports: it is one the objectives of inter-school or extramural competitions to improve the standard of sports. By participating in extramural, the students become technically and tactically efficient in respective sports. They become skilful. They become able to perform well in competitions. In this way, extramural improve the standard of sports.

(2) To provide experience to students: Experience has its own value in any field. Extramural provide experience to students who participate in such competitions. Due to experience, students exhibit good performance in competitions.

(3) To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques: To provide the knowledge of new rules, regulations, advance techniques and tactics of sports and games to the students is another important objective of extramural. Students come to know about new rules and regulation of the game and sports. They learn new techniques as well as tactics which enable them efficient in improving their performance.

Meaning of Extramural: the word 'Extramural' is derived from the Latin words 'extra' and 'murals'. Extra means 'outside' and 'mural' means 'wall'. It means that the activities, which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school. It means that the activities, which are organized by an institution/school and the students of two or more schools participate in them. In fact, in extramural competitions, the students of other schools also participate in sports related activities. Extramural competitions are also called inter-school competition. Extramural are fixed well in advance so that the students of other schools may prepare well for such competitions. Need of extramural : Extramural are essential in the field of physical education remain incomplete. 

The following points are significant to show the need of extramural competitions. 

1. Provide opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities: Extramural competitions provide ample opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities. The students of a school have good sports capabilities and show good performance in extramural, they will be able to put the colorful feathers in the cap of that institution. It will enhance the image of that intuition. 

2. For enhancing the standard of sports performance: through extramural competitions the standard of sports performance can be enhanced specially. The losers can make strenuous efforts to improve their sports performance in next extramural competition. 

3. Provide appropriate knowledge of sports techniques: Extramural are essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new techniques of sports. The teams, which do not have appropriate as well as advanced techniques of various sports and games, can get such knowledge by participating in extramurals. 

4. For making and implementing the programmes of physical education effective: Extramural are essential for making and implementing the programme of physical education more effective. Extramural also help in broadening the base sports. 

5. Improve the opportunities to participate in sports: Extramural competitions enhance the opportunities for the students of various schools to participate in sports. Many schools who do not take part in such competitions, are motivated and consequently such school tend to participate in intramurals.

1. Arrangement committee

2. Technical committee

3. Transport committee

4. Boarding and lodging committee

5. Decoration committee

6. Ground and equipment committee

7. Refreshment committee

8. Committee for officials

9. Announcement committee

10. First aid committee

1. Arrangement committee 

2. Technical committee 

3. Transport committee 

4. Boarding and lodging committee 

5. Decoration committee 

6. Ground and equipment committee 

7. Refreshment committee 

8. Committee for officials 

9. Announcement committee 

10. First aid committee

 List of committees for organizing sports events: 

1. Committee for publicity. 

2. Transport committee. 

3. Boarding and loading committee. 

4. Decoration and ceremony. 

5. Refreshment and Entertainment committee.

6. Reception committee. 

7. Ground and Equipment committee. 

8. Announcement committee. 

9. Committee for Officials 

1. Transport committee: This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams to the venue of sports events or the place of boarding and lodging as the case of may be. Its main duty is to make necessary arrangements for transportation. 

2. Boarding and lodging committee: Boarding lodging committee is responsible for making necessary arrangement for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sports persons and officials. 

3. Decoration and ceremony committee: decoration and ceremony committee is responsible for the decoration of sports area of stadium. It is also responsible to make necessary arrangements for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing ceremony of the games/sports meet. This committee also makes arrangements for trophies, medals and certificates. 

4. Ground and equipment committee: This committee is responsible for making the grounds or laying out the track and field. This committee also makes necessary arrangements of equipments related to the games/athletic meet. This committee is also responsible for providing the equipments according to specifications. 

5. Refreshment and Entertainment committee: This committee takes the charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials and competitors etc. it also makes some arrangement for entertainment programmes at the opening ceremony and closing ceremony of sports events. 

6. Reception committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies. It is also the duty of this committee welcome the other guests and spectators. 

7. Committee for Officials: The committee selects various officials such as referees , judges, recorders, clerks of the course, starters, marshals, track umpires, timekeepers and lap scorers for athletic meet and referee, umpires, timekeepers, recorders, and judges, etc. in case of games as per requirement. 

8. Announcement committee: This committee is solely responsible for making various announcements during the sports meet or games. This committee announces regarding opening and closing ceremonies, which and when an event is going to take place, the name of officials, who are conducting the event and the running commentary of games/sports event.

In a league tournament each team competes with every other team participating in the tournament. Winners are decided on the basis of the points acquired after all the competitions. For each win a team may be awarded 2 points, for draw 1 point and for a loss no point is awarded. Formulae to find the number of matches in a league tournament – n (n – l)/2, where n = number of teams participating in the tournament. 

For example : 

The number of matches in a league tournament of 8 teams = 8 (8 – l)/2 = 28 matches. In a single league tournament, every team competes with every other team participating in the tournament once. In a double league tournament, every team competes with every other team participating in the tournament twice. 

Advantages of league tournament: 

• Luck factor does not have a role to play as each team gets to play with all the teams. 

• If a good team has lost a match, it still can be winner of the tournament because it has other matches to play. 

• There is less pressure on players to perform well because each match is not crucial. 

• More number of matches for players to show their talent and also for the selectors to spot the talent. 

Disadvantages of league tournament: 

1. It takes more time to finish the tournament. Number of matches in a league tournament is more compared to the knock-out tournament. 

2. It is not economical. 

3. Each match is not crucial. So, some matches may become boring for spectators, riding to cyclic method.

League fixture for 8 teams According to cyclic method

1. Maximum Strength: It is the ability to act against maximum resistance. Maximum strength is not usually used in majority of sports. It is Usually used in those sports in which very heavy resistances have to be tackled, eg: Weightlifting, shot-put, hammer throw etc. 

2. Explosive strength: Explosive strength can be defined as the ability to overcome resistance with high speed. In fact, it is a combination of strength and speed abilities. Explosive strength is generally used in sprint starts, weightlifting, shot put etc.

If ears and shoulders are not in line then an individual is likely to have round shoulders. The body leans forward, which creates round shoulders and shoulders look like round in shape. Sometimes it is because of weakness in muscle or shortening of pectoral (chest) muscles.

Four Physical activities for correcting Round Shoulders are:

(i) Rotate your shoulders in backward directions. 

(ii) Do push-ups regularly to strengthen your shoulder muscles. 

(iii) Regular physical activities, such as yoga, aerobics, swimming, cycle are recommended to strengthen whole body. 

(iv) Walk in Vishram position. This will make you conscious every time you sit, stand or walk.

(d) Joint injury

 The factors affecting Motor Development in Children are:- 

1. Heredity:-Jeans are the small structure of body, which are responsible for various types Of development of children. The working capacity of all organic systems are dependent on jeans. The no of factors, which are transferred from parents to children are: 

a. Muscle fibres 

b. Length of limbs 

c. Working capacity of Cardio-vascular system 

d. Bony structure 

e. Inhered chronical diseases 

f. Gender

Unusual reactions, difficulty in communication

SPD is known as Sensory Integration Dysfunction. It refers to the way the nervous system receives messages from the senses and turns them into appropriate motor and behavioral responses.

(c) Advantage given to a team to not play in initial round.

Isometric Exercises are those exercises, which are not visible. In fact, there are no direct movements, hence they cannot be observed. In these exercises, work is performed but it is not seen directly.

The answer is: (b) ODD

1. Pushing against the wall

2. Holding pushup position

3. Standing straight with holding barbells dumbbell

(a) Own body weight 

(b) Gravitational force 

Static and dynamic resistance own body weight, gravitational force can be used for developing strength among children.

(a) Own body weight 

(b) Gravitational force 

Static and dynamic resistance own body weight, gravitational force can be used for developing strength among children.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. In fact it is a medical condition that indicates that the child cannot sit still, focus and pay attention.

Stress is define as a state of mental, emotional or other strain.

Ballow and mcgee defines speed as the capacity of an individual to perform successive movement of the same pattern at a fast rate.

Type of speed:

1. Movement Speed: It is the ability to do a movement in minimum time. It depends upon technique, explosive strength, flexibility and coordination abilities.

2. Acceleration ability:-It is ability to achieve maximum speed from a stationary position or from low speed state. Generally, sprinters achieve their maximum speed after approximately six sec. this ability mainly depend upon explosive strength, technique and flexibility. This ability is important in all games and sports in which maximum speeds are to be achieved in quickly such as sprint races.

3. Starting speed: It is the ability of an athlete to go from a stopped or non-moving state to a moving or mobile state. Starting speed is a crucial opponent of sports and it is always considered as the first step. For many sports, it is the first step to blow by your opponent. So Proper tanning for stating speed is very important in sports.

4. Speed endurance: It is the ability of athlete to maintain top levels of speed while performing reposted of your sports skill without becoming fatigued. Usually, it is dictated by the three energy system of the body.

Example 400, 800 and 1500 m races.

Symptoms of stress: Memory problem; inability to concentrate; poor judgement; anxious; constant worrying; irritability; short temper; agitation; unhappy; aches and pain; rapid heartbeat; sleeping; variation.

Positive body image means the way you look and feel good about your body.

Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic Motivation is external. It occurs when external factors compel to do something. Motivation is always extrinsic, when external forces, positive or negative produce a behavioural change. Reward, punishment, praise, blame or cash price are example of extrinsic motivation. It has been found that such devices motivate some person more strongly than others.

Conscientiousness: Common feature of this dimension include high level of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal direction behaviours. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organised and mindful of details. Such people are efficient, careful and vigilant. They exhibit a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully and aim for achievement. They remain planned, systematic, and neat, though, self-organised and think very carefully before act.

Body image of a person is the scene of his own physical appearance and personality.

Personality is defined as the enduring personal char. Of individuals.

Dimensions of personality:

1. Emotionality: Emotional stability or control over emotions such as anger, fear, love, hate etc. is another requirement of good personality. Emotionally unstable person can be a threat to himself and the society. Man can’t be free of emotions but emulation of an individual getting out of control can create many problems for the individuals and society.

In fact emotional control is a sign of good mental health of an individuals and is, therefore, an important indicator of personality.

2. Sociability: Sociability is a very important quality of an individual’s personality. Since an individuals and society cannot be spreader, and individual looked upon in the context of society.

3. Intellect: - Man is considered as the supreme creation of god due to this intelligence. His intelligence adds charm to his personality. A good physical without mind and intellect has no meaning. Intellectual quality of individuals are appreciated by others and help them in becoming leaders in many fields. These qualities enhance his personality.

Negative body image means being unhappy with the way you look.

1. Isometric exercise: Isometric exercises are those exercises, which are not visible. In fact, there are no direct movements, hence they cannot be observed. In these exercises, work is performed but it is not seen directly. 

2. Isotonic exercise: These are those exercises in which movements can be seen directly. Work is done in these exercises. Isotonic exercises tone up the muscles. Muscles become flexible. Length of the muscle can be increased by isotonic exercises are of much values in the field of sports.

1. Problem focused coping strategies. 

2. Emotional focused coping strategies 

3. Appraisal focused coping strategies

Fortlek training method is used for developing endurance. Gosta holmer developed Fortlek training in 1937. The word ‘fortlek’ is a Swedish word means ‘speed play’. It is such a training method that blends continuous training with interval training. This training method lays emphasis on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems. In this method, pace or speed is not preplanned so it is left upto the individual. He can change his speed according to the surroundings (hills, rivers, forests, muddy roads, metal roads and grassy grounds) self discipline plays a vital role in Fortlek training method.

Signs and symptoms of back pain can include:  

• Muscle ache 
• Shooting or stabbing pain 
• Pain that radiates down your leg 
• Pain that worsens with bending, lifting, standing or walking 
• Pain that improves with reclining

Coping is expanding conscious effort to solve personal or interpersonal problems and seeking to minimised or tolerate stress or conflict.

Emotional focused coping strategies involve releasing and controlling emotions like distracting oneself, managing hostel feeling, meditating or using systematic relaxation procedure. these strategies are oriented towards managine the emotions. that accompany the perception of stress.

Emotional focused coping strategies are used to handle feeling of distress, rather than actual problem situation. The main focus is on emotions like accept new task rather saying ‘no’ to new task; imagine or dream about better situation; plan yourself for the situation avoid everything that is related to stress; get social support to reduces stress.

Conscientiousness: Common feature of this dimension include high level of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal direction behaviours. Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organised and mindful of details. Such people are efficient, careful and vigilant. They exhibit a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully and aim for achievement. They remain planned, systematic, and neat, though, self-organised and think very carefully before act.

Barrow Motor ability test:

Harold M Barrow developed a test of motor ability for college men as well as for high school boys. The test battery comprised of three items which are explained below:

1. Standing Broad Jump

(a) Purpose of the Test: To measure Power mainly but also agility, speed and strength.

(b) Facilities and Equipment required: One 5x12 feet mat marked with take offline and parallel lines 2 inches apart as shown in the diagram.

Instructions:

The subject must crouch before jump. Before the jump is taken the arms are swung. Three trials are given.

Scoring:

The final score is the distance in inches from the best jump.

2. Zigzag Run

(a) Purpose of the Test: To measure agility mainly but also speeds.

(b) Facilities and Equipment required: One stop watch & 5 flags or cones as shown in the diagram given below:

Instructions:

The subject can take start from standing position. After the start running is done in a manner of figure of eight. Like this three circuits are completed.

Scoring:

The final score is the time in seconds for three laps.

Six Pound Medicine Ball Put

Purpose of the Test:

To measure mainly strength of arm and shoulder girdle but also to measure power of arm and shoulder girdle coordination speed and balance.

Facilities and Equipment required:

A space in the gymnasium hall with 90x25 feet. A 15 feet restraining line marked. One medicine ball weighing six pounds and one measuring tape.

Instructions:

The subject must take the position before the restraining line. No overstepping is allowed after restraining line. The medicine ball is put not thrown.

Scoring:

The final score is the distance of the best put in nearest foot.

COPING STRATEGIES:

Coping strategies are referred as thoughts and actions to counter a threatening situation.

Coping is a very complex process and it is mainly dependent on various variables like situation, the evaluation of the situation, and the resources available.

Coping in Sports: In sports many challenging situations occur and to tackle that situation coping strategies are used. Sometime how to bear pressure competition is most important.

The trained athletes cope successfully the unexpected events like a bad call from an official, weather conditions, rude behavior of opponents etc.

Problem-focused coping strategies :

(a) Analyze the situation.

(b) Seek professional help

(c) Reframing

(d) Slow down pace

(e) Stay focused

(f) Realistic Goal-setting

(g) Proper Planning

Emotion-Focused Coping Strategies:

(a) Physical Recreation

(b) Venting

(c) Seeking Support

(d) Humorous Attitude

(e) Denial

(f) Blame

(g) Be Positive

Physiological Factors Determining strength:

The muscle strength is defined as the greatest amount of force that muscles can produce in a single and maximal effort. This depends on the following physiological factors:

(a) Muscle Cross-Sectional Area: the cross sectional area is generally measured with girth measurement.

(b) Types of Muscle Fibres: The strength largely depends on the types of muscle fibres.

(c) Muscle Length: All individuals have different length of muscles.

(d) Age: The age cannot be controlled but people of all ages can develop their muscles.

(e) Gender: It is well known that gender does not affect the quality of our muscle, but does influence the quantity.

(f) Point of Tendon Insertion: Muscle strength is influenced by the point of tendon insertion of an individual.

(g) Nerve Impulses: The muscular strength also depends on nerve impulses and number of motor units.

(h) Energy Level: the energy for muscular contraction is derived from the breaking down of phosphogens (ATP & CP)

B. Physiological Factors Determining Speed:

(a) Nervous System and its Mobility: To generate more speed the muscles have to contract and relax at maximal speed.

(b) Composition of Muscle Fibres: Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of individual muscle fibres.

(i) Slow twitch muscle fibres.

(ii) Fast twitch muscles fibres.

(c) Flexibility: Flexibility is referred as range of movement around the joints.

(d) Phosphagens Stores: To exhibit speed performance muscles need high amount of energy.

Coordinative abilities In an individual can be following types.

i. Reaction time

ii. Kinesthesis or kinaesthetic impressions formation.

iii. Body balance

iv. Neuromuscular coordination

v. Eye muscle coordination

Different types of coordinative abilities are:

(a) Coupling Ability

(b) Reaction Ability

(c) Balance Ability

(d) Orientation Ability

(e) Adaptation Ability

(f) Rhythm Ability

Types of Coordinate Abilities: 

A. Coupling Ability: Coupling ability of the body is considered as capacity of an individual to perform better coordination of different parts of the body. For example while dribbling a basketball, the coordination of both the limbs is required. 

B. Reaction Ability: Reaction ability is a skill to react quickly to a stimulus. For example chaser in Kho-Kho runs quickly after Kho is given. 

C. Balance Ability: Balance ability is known as capability of an individual to maintain balance while the body is in motion. Even during distributed balance regaining the lost balance is known as balance ability. 

D. Orientation Ability: The orientation ability is a skill to determine and change the position in complex situations. For example defending an opponent in football, the position is changed according to the movement of opponent. 

E. Adaptation Ability: Adaptation ability is the capability of person to change the movement on the basis of predicted changes. This ability is achieved after mastering the skills. 

F. Rhythm Ability: Rhythm ability is to make out motor actions on a well defined rhythm.

The types of coordinative abilities are: 

1. Orientation ability – It is the ability to determine the position of the body and its parts in time and space in relation to gravity, opponents etc., depends on functional capacity of sensory organs. 

2. Coupling ability – It is the ability to combine the movements of different body parts for performing perfect sports movements like in boxing, the movements of hands, trunks are essential. 

3. Reaction ability – It is the skill to react quickly to a stimulus. It can be simple or complex. For examplethe chaser in kho-kho runs immediately after the kho is given. 

4. Balance ability – It is the ability to maintain balance during the complete body movements and to regain balance quickly after the balance disturbing movements, like in water skiing and performing on balancing beam. 

5. Rhythm ability – It is the ability to observe or perceive the rhythm of a movement and to do the movement with the required rhythm, like in gymnastics, diving, etc. 

6. Adaptation ability – It is the ability to adjust or change the movement effectively on the basis of changes or anticipated changes in the situation.

Coordinative abilities are those abilities of an individual which enable the individual to do various related activities properly as well as efficiently. Our accuracy, rhythm, flow and constancy depend on our coordinative abilities. 

Types of coordinative abilities: 

1. Orientation ability: It is the ability to determine the position of the body and its parts in time and space in relation to gravity, moving objects like ball, opponent, partner and playing field etc. This ability depends on functional capacity of sensory organs like eyes and kinesthetic sense organs etc. 

2. Coupling ability: Coupling ability is the ability to combine the movements of different body parts for performing perfect sports movements. This ability is very significant for approximately all sports but specially in team games, gymnastics and combative sports (boxing and wrestling etc.). For example in boding, the movements of hands, head, trunk and fat are essential to couple to achieve a certain goal.

Hard training, constant dieting and a desire to achieve better physique creates a disorder, i.e., osteoporosis, menstrual dysfunction and eating disorder. This is more common in Gymnastics, figure skating ballet, fitness and bodybuilding. If unnoticed those can become health risk and lead to many complications.

(a) The first eating disorder is Anorexia and bulimia. Physical appearance pressure transforms into ideal body weight. It also affects the psychological well being of the athlete.

(b) The second component is Osteoporosis. Athletes who are participating in high impact activities are at risk of stress fracture since their bones may not be as dense due to inadequate calcium and constant dieting.

(c) The third component is Menstrual dysfunction. This is caused by high intensity exercise, psychological stress and energy deficiency. As energy stores drop, levels of blood estrogen are decreased and menstruation will no longer occur.

(a) Weight training requires supervision and athletes must know safety rules applied in weight training. 

(b) Explosive strength. 

(c) (i) Always train under the expert guidance. 

(ii) Always follow safety rules.

Aerodynamics has vital applications in building a better aircraft and sports. It is used in variousgames like basketball, soccer, tennis, athletics, etc. aerodynamics is related to the flow of air around a projectile, which can influence the speed and direction of the object. The best example is aerodynamic head guard in cycling. It is found that every cyclist has to conquer wind resistance. Common bicycles have very poor aerodynamics. Sports ball aerodynamics is related with lateral deflection in flight which is known as swing, swerve or curve. It is well known in basketball, golf, tennis, cricket, volleyball and soccer. In these games the deflection is produced by spinning the ball about an axis perpendicular to the line of flight which generates with Magnus effect that makes the ball curve faster towards the ground than it would under the action of gravity alone.

The word ‘Aerodynamics’ is originated from the Greek word aero means related to air and dynamics means motion. So, collectively aerodynamics means the study of motion of air. It is the way air moves around things. In simple words, aerodynamics is related to the flow of air around a projectile which can influence speed and direction of the object.

Basic forces of Aerodynamics

(a) Lift /Air Resistance: It is the force that pushes the object to move upward.

(b) Weight /Head Wind: It is the force generated by the gravitational attraction of the earth.

(c) Drag /Tail Wind: It is a force that tries to slow the object down

(d) Thrust: It is the force that is opposite of drag.