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Majoritarianism is sometimes pejoratively referred to by its opponents as "ochlocracy" or "TYRANNY of the majority". Majoritarianism is often referred to as majority RULE, which may refer to a majority class ruling over a MINORITY class, while not REFERRING to the DECISION process called majority rule.

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EXPLANATION:

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Representativedemocracy (alsoindirect democracy, representative republic, representativegovernment or psephocracy) is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a GROUP of PEOPLE, as OPPOSED to DIRECT democracy.

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An ideal Prosecutor must consider herself/himself as an agent of justice. In India, we have a public prosecutor who acts in accordance with the directions of the judge. Normally, the CONTROL of entire TRIAL is in the hands of the trial judge. INVESTIGATION is the prerogative of the police. However, it is generally believed that traditional RIGHT of nulle prosequi is available to the prosecutor. The public prosecutor in India does not seem to be an advocate of the STATE in the sense that the prosecutor has to seek conviction at any cost. The prosecutor must be impartial, fair and truthful, not only as a public executive but also because the prosecutor belongs to the honourable profession of law, the ethics of which demand these qualities.

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Hello when power of government is DIVIDED between different levels and ORGANS is govt is called power sharing in India there are mainly two groups where the power is divided vertical power sharing and horizontal power sharing .. when power of govt is divided between different level is called vertical power sharing ND when power of government is divided between different organ is called horizontal power sharing it is necessary bcoz if there is no sharing the central govt will enjoy all power nd this doesn't SUPPORT democracy hope u GOT your answer thanks

Because it GIVES a better EQUALITY between the citizens and the GOVERNMENT or DEMOCRACY

Democracies REST upon fun- damental principles, not uniform PRACTICES. Democracy is government in which power and civic RESPONSIBILITY are exercised by all adult citi- zens, directly, or through their freely ELECTED rep- resentatives. Democracy RESTS upon the principles of majority rule and individual rights.
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Before partition (1947 A.D.) only a few people were given the right to vote. We think that the people must be given the right to vote. The given statement shows it a CASE of discrimination because of the following: (i) All citizens are equal by law. (ii) ACCORDING to constitution, there is no difference between a man and woman, a poor and a rich. (iii) The laws are not made for MEN only. {iv) All citizens must be granted right to vote.  

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Article 21 reads as: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal LIBERTY except according to a procedure ESTABLISHED by law.” According to Bhagwati, J., Article 21“embodies a constitutional value of supreme importance in a democratic society.

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After date announcement of E. C HAND over FILLED nomination papers SUBMIT to collector

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SOCIAL DEMOCRACY is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economicand social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal DEMOCRATIC polity and capitalist economy.




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(i) The Gram Sabha : The Gram Sabha which is not a tier of Panchayati Raj is the general body CONSISTING of all the voters residing in the JURISDICTION of a Gram Panchayat. The Gram Sabha is supposed to work as the watchdog ofthe Gram Panchayat which is its executive body.

(ii) Gram Panchayat: The Gram Panchayat is the first tier in the Panchayat Raj System. It is constituted for one village or group of villages.

• It is a decision-making body for the entire village. It has to meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget.

• This is a council consisting of several ward members often called panchs, and a President or Sarpanch.

• They are directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village by secret ballot system.

(III) Panchayat Samiti : The INTERMEDIATE tier in the Panchayati Raj System is known as the Panchayat Samiti. It is constituted for two or more Gram Panchayats at the block level.

• The members of this representative body are elected by all the Panchayat members in that area.

• The elected head of the Samiti is known as "President, chairman or pradhan.

• Panchayat Samiti are the executive bodies for the state government and the Zilla Parishad. They execute transferred schemes, which were previously implemented by the different departments of state governments.

(iv) Zilla Parishad. This is the top tier of Panchayati Raj constituted at the district level by the Panchayat Samitis or mandals. Most members of the Zilla Parishad are elected.

It comprises following categories of members.

• Presidents of Panchayat Samitis.

Local MPs, MLAs and MLCs.

• Persons REPRESENTING women and scheduled castes and tribes.

• Zilla Parishad chairperson is the political head of the Zila Parishad.

iska MATLAB HAI ki JO INDIA ka judicary hai waisa aur koi nahi hai matlab kisi bhi country ka judicial system itna bada ni hai aur ye kisi bhi person KO apna baat rakhne ka mauka deta hai

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Whale SHARK is the biggest fish in the WORLD

Elections make a fundamental contribution to DEMOCRATIC governance. Because direct democracy—a form of government in which political decisions are made directly by the entire body of qualified citizens—is impractical in most modern societies, democratic government must be conducted through REPRESENTATIVES. Elections enable voters to select leaders and to hold them accountable for their performance in office. Accountability can be undermined when elected leaders do not care whether they are reelected or when, for historical or other reasons, ONE party or coalitionis so dominant that there is effectively no choice for voters AMONG alternative candidates, parties, or policies. Nevertheless, the possibility of controlling leaders by requiring them to submit to regular and periodic elections helps to solve the problem of succession in leadership and thus contributes to the continuation of democracy. Moreover, where the electoral process is competitive and forces candidates or parties to expose their records and future intentions to popular scrutiny, elections serve as forums for the discussion of public issues and facilitate the expression of public opinion. Elections thus provide political education for citizens and ensure the responsiveness of democratic governments to the will of the people. They also serve to legitimize the acts of those who WIELD power, a function that is performed to some extent even by elections that are noncompetitive.

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Prospectus of a COMPANY is nothing but a company's PORTFOLIO.

A prospectus defines aims and objectives of a company. It also INCLUDES all the information about the Company and services they PROVIDE.

This gives an insight about how a company provides its services to their clients.

A company's prospect helps to throw some light upon to understand it's NATURE

SALUT AMIS !!



The key feature of a democratic state { political body } is Equality.And the elections through which people belonging to any caste , creed or race can VOTE is another ensurance or you may say the main way of ensuring equality.As it ENSURES equality the most important one among fundamental rights it is important to have elections.It allows not the powerful or DOMINANT group to lead the country but the FAIR group to rule the country as government ...!!



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The ROLE and IMPORTANCE of political parties in democracy is that a political PARTY is the important in the government as it brings PEOPLE together to form a government and to form a democracy democracy is proportional to 5 political parties and political parties in proportional to democracy

A citizen-centric approach to delivering government services refers to when governments deliver services based on the NEEDS of the people, i.e. their citizens. They can increase public satisfaction and reduce costs.

What the barriers are:

1-Problems faced in executing FREE and fair elections in INDIA.

2- Following all rules of election commission of India.

3- Corruption

4- PROVIDING correct PENSION rates

5- Not giving unemployment benefits

Answer:

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Explanation:

BUREAUCRACIES have four key characteristics that make their resemblance to beehives all the more apparent.

A clear hierarchy - Bureaucracies have a firm chain of command. Every worker has his or her own place in the chain, and everyone's work is overseen by someone on the next level up. Power flows down from the top of the hierarchy and diminishes as it approaches the bottom. Just think of the beehive. The queen bee stands at the top, and each worker bee or drone has its own place in the hive's chain of command.

Specialization - Everyone in a bureaucracy has a specific job to do and often becomes an expert at it. Bees have specific jobs, too, collecting pollen, making honey, or populating the hive.

A division of labor - In a bureaucracy, NEARLY every task is broken down into its component parts, and different people work on different parts of the task. Together they get the job done, just like bees in a hive who divide their labor for maximum efficiency.

A set of formal rules - These so-called standard operating procedures are the clear, written instructions for each specialized job at every level of the hierarchy. Workers who follow them can be sure that they are on the same page as their colleagues and are doing their jobs properly. According to beekeepers, bees, too, have a sophisticated system of communication that keeps their hives running smoothly.

Functions of the Bureaucracy

America's bureaucracy performs three primary functions to help keep the governmental beehive buzzing along.

1. The bureaucracy implements the laws and policies made by elected officials.

These laws and policies need to be put into practice in specific situations and applied in all the contingencies of daily LIFE. For example, a city council has decided that all dog owners MUST have their pets licensed and microchipped, but the city council members don't have the time to make sure that their decision is carried out. City workers, members of the city's bureaucracy, are the ones who answer questions and complaints about the law, help dog owners fill out the proper forms, decide when to waive the license fee, refer owners to veterinarians who can insert the microchips, work with the vets to hand out coupons for discounts on microchips, and enforce the law to make sure that all dog owners have their animals licensed and microchipped in a reasonable amount of time.

2. The bureaucracy provides necessary administrative functions, like conducting examinations, issuing permits and licenses, and collecting fees.

Essentially, it handles the paperwork of everyday government operations. ANYONE who has a driver's license has come face-to-face with bureaucratic administration through the required written and behind-the-wheel exams, learning permits, fees at all stages, and finally applying for and receiving the driver's license itself.

3. The bureaucracy regulates various government activities.

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A city CALLED Porto Alegre in Brazil has CARRIED out an extraordinary experiment that combines both.

⇒ decentralisation

and

⇒ participative democracy.

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Objective resolution is passed on 13th dec 1946 by P.J.NEHRU. in the first session of constituent assembly

It consisted the philosophy of certain fundamental principles like

India should be a Democratic, Sovereign and Republic state.
It should also contain the basic principles of federalism.
People of India should enjoy basic liberties such as free to express, free to form associations, free to worship etc
A country where the minorities are provided constitutional safeguards, and also to promote SOCIALLY and educationally backward classes.
To attain rightful and honoured place in the world and also to contribute to the promotion of world peace and welfare of mankind.
All the citizens are treated equally without any discrimination, etc.

‘Objectives Resolution’ was the resolution moved by Jawaharlal Nehru on the 13th of December, 1946 in the 1st Session of India’s Constituent Assembly, which was charged with the objective to frame India’s constitution. It was unanimously adopted on 22nd of January, 1947.

It laid down the fundamentals & philosophy of the constitutional structure.

The Constituent Assembly declared it’s firm resolve to proclaim India an Independent Sovereign Republic & draw up a Constitution for her governance.
wherein shall be guaranteed to the people of India, justice, social, political and economic, equality of status and opportunity, and before law, freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship, vocation, association and action, subject to law and public morality.
wherein adequate safeguards for minorities, backward and tribal areas
It STATED that this ancient land must attain it’s rightful and honored place in the world and make it’s full and willing contribution to the promotion of world peace and welfare of mankind.
The ‘Objectives Resolution’ influenced the eventual shaping of the Constitution and it’s modified version forms the Preamble of the Constitution.


Originally Answered:
Objective resolution in simple sense, direction given to Indian constitutional makers on the basis which it has to be written, that why it latter became preamble of our constitution, which has a pet name “Identity card of the indian Constitution”




Originally Answered:
Objective resolution was passed by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946 it laid down the basic principles and the ideas on which the Indian constitution has to be made by the assembly. it was the objective resolution that give institutional expression to the fundamental commitments that is equality sovereignty and liberty.

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This was a draft moved by Nehru in 1946 and adopted by constituent assembly in 1947 which later formed as a base to Preamble of Indian Constitution.

It lays down the fundamentals and philosophy of the constitutional structure.


It was framed by nehru in light of making a blue copy of rules n regulations as constitution. This resolution expresses the great desire of indian INTELLECTUALS who wanted to show britishers that we(indians ) could govern our country ourselves.


Its a momentous resolution that outlined the drafting ideals of the Constitution of Independent India and provided the frame work within which the work of the Constitution making was to proceed.
On 13 December 1947 jawaharlal nehru introduced in constituent assembly.

Answer:

Federalism is a type of government in which the power is DIVIDED between the national government and other governmental units. It contrasts with a unitary government, in which a central authority holds the power, and a confederation, in which states, for example, are clearly dominant.

Main Features of Federalism :

(i) There are two or more levels of government. INDIA has

three levels.

(ii) Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in

matters of legislation, taxation and administration even though they govern the

same citizens.

(iii) Powers and functions of each tier of government is

specified and GUARANTEED by Constitution.

(IV) The Supreme Court has been GIVEN power to settle

disputes between federal governments.

(v) Fundamental provisions of Constitution cannot be altered

by any one level of government. It applies to India also.

 (vi) Sources of

revenue between different levels is specified by Constitution.

(vii) There is mutual trust and agreement between the

government at different levels.

.

.

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The powers of the president can be divided into the following :

Legislative powers:

The president summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them.
He or she can dissolve the Lok Sabha
The President uses these powers according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after RECEIVING the assent of the President.
President can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as laws passed by Parliament when both Houses of the Parliament are not in session and if government feels the need for immediate action.


Executive powers:

The Constitution vests the President of India as the executive head of the government
The President appoints the Prime Minister the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha.
The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The President is responsible for making a WIDE variety of appointments.


Financial powers:

All money bills originate in Parliament, but only if the President recommends it.
He or she causes the Annual Budget and supplementary Budget before Parliament.
No money BILL can be introduced in Parliament without his or her assent.
The President appoints a finance commission every five years.


Judicial powers:

The president appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of the Chief Justice.
The President dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that effect by two-thirds majority of the members present.
He/she has the right to grant pardon.
He/She can suspend, REMIT or commute the death sentence of any person..
He/she enjoys the judicial immunity: No criminal proceedings can be initiated against him/her during his term in office.
He/She is not answerable for the exercise of his/her duties.

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A general election is the election held after a stipulated period of time to elect all MEMBERS of a given political body. For example, the Lok Sabha elections that are held in India, every five years.
Mid-term Elections: If a government (central and STATE) fails a confidence motion and no other alternative to the government is possible, mid-term elections are held. These are CALLED midterm elections, as they are conducted before the end of the term of a given government. Such elections cause undesired load of expense over the public.
By Elections: By elections are the elections that are held for particular seats in case of death, region cancellation of election commission or conceding of a seat by a candidate winning two seats, during the term of legislature.

The Equal REMUNERATION Act in India was enacted to prevent discrimination between workers on grounds of gender. ... It PROVIDES for payment ofequal remuneration to men and WOMEN workers, for same work or work of SIMILAR nature and for the prevention of discrimination against women in the matters of EMPLOYMENT.

1.encourage settelment of INTERNATIONAL disputes by arbitration

2.maintain just HONORABLE RELATIONS between NATION

State REORGANISATION commission was formed by the central government to RECOMMEND the reorganisation of state boundaries on the basis of LANGUAGE, culture, ETHNICITY, or geography.

To be EQUAL AMONG all the other CITIZENS of a COUNTRY

The creation of linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic POLITICS in our country. ... Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise DIFFERENCES based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These include Stateslike Nagaland, UTTARAKHAND and Jharkhand.Apr 18, 2012
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.........................................................................................................................................                  CABINET

Meeting :-Frequently HELD

COLLECTIVE FUNCTIONS:- Several collective functions

Policy making :- Performed by Cabinet

Decisions :- Takes policy decisions, and supervises its implementation

council of minister

Meeting:- Rarely held

Collective Functions :- No collective functions

Policy making:- Not performed by the council

Decisions :- Implements the decisions TAKEN by the cabinet

......................................................................................................................................................

Heyaa,,,
There are three types of EMERGENCY which can be proclaimed in India
1.National Emergency, 2.State Emergency or Presidential Rule in state and
3.Financial Emergency.

¤ The two EFFECT of financial emergency are as follows;

1. The most SIGNIFICANT effect is that the FEDERAL form of the Constitution CHANGES into unitary.

2.while a proclamation of emergency is in operation.
__________________
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The child got disappointed and frustrated by his father’s BEHAVIOR but the MOTHER of the child understood the situation.

She SHOWED his child the beautiful flowering mustard field and made the boy to imagine many IMAGINARY creatures over that beautiful scenery.

The boy IMAGINED and rejoiced and felt more happier than playing with the toy.

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above picture shows the non democratic features and now democratic features:-

1. in a democracy the final decision making power MUST rest with those elected by the people.

2. a democracy must be BASED on a free and FAIR election where does currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

3. in a democracy each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.

4. a democratic government rules within LIMITS said by CONSTITUTIONAL law and citizens rights.

5. it is necessary for a democracy to respect some rights of the citizens.

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An election is a contest between different candidates from various parties out of which the voters elect one as their representative. Ihere may also be independent candidates taking part in the election. There are following stages in the electoral process (procedure):
(a) Delimitation of constituencies: First of all the entire area-the whole country in the case of Lok Sabha elections and of that particular State in the case of Legislative Assembly elections-is divided into as many constituencies as there are seats.
(b) Preparation of voters' list: After the demarcation of constituency, the voters' list of each constituency is prepared and published.
(c) Filing of nomination papers:
The dates of election, filing of nomination papers and withdrawals are fixed by the Election Commission. Any person, who wants to fight the election, can file his nomination papers by the due DATE. His name must be there irn the voters' list and he should be eligible to fight election. His name should be proposed and seconded by the voters of that Constituency. Every candidate has to deposit some security along with his nomination papers.
(d) Scrutiny of nomination papers and withdrawals: A date is fixed for the scrutiny of all the nomination papers. If the nomination papers of any candidate are found to be hot in order, they are rejected. Ihe candidates can also withdraw their names from elections upto a certain date fixed by the Election Commission.
(e) Election campaign:
The next stage in the election is the election campaign by various candidates and political parties. Posters are distributed, meetings are held and speeches are delivered Processions are also taken out and SOMETIMES use of Radio and lelevision is also made. Through all these means voters are requested for votes he election campaign normally ends 48 hours before the election. Although every political party and candidate are free to do their election campaign yet according to our election laws no party or candidate can
(i) bribe or threaten the voters.
(ii) appeal to the voters in the name of caste or religion.
(iii) use government resources for election campaign.
(iv) spend more than 25 lakhs for a Lok Sabha Election and Rs. 10 lakh for an Assembly Election. n case they indulge in any of the above practices their election can be annulled by the court even after they have been duly elected.
(f) Model CODE of conduct: In addition to the laws, all the political parties in the country have agreed to a model code of conduct for the election campaign. Ihis includes:
(i) Any place of worship shall not be used for election propaganda.
(ii) Criticism of the opposing candidates shall be limited to their policies and programmes past record of public service and not mention of their private personal lives.
(iii) The government official transport like car, vehicles, machinery and aircraft and personnel shall not be used by government OFFICIALS or ministers.
(iv) No posters, pamphlets or notice, slogans shall be placed on any building without the permission of the owner.
(v) Any minister shall not lay down foundation stones of any project, make appointments and transfer of officials or make any promises for providing public facilities after the elections have been announced
(g) Voting: On the date fixed EARLIER, voting takes place. For voting, election booths are set up. Voters go to the polling booths and cast their votes for the candidates of their choice. Voting is held by secret ballot. These days Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) is used to record votes. EVM has the names of the candidates and their election symbols. The voters have to press the button against the name and symbol of the candidate they wish to vote for.
(h) Counting of votes and declaration of result: After the voting is over, the ballot- boxes are sealed and taken to the counting centers. There the ballot boxes are opened before the candidates or their agents and voteS are counted under the supervision of the returning officer. A candidate who gets the highest number of votes is declared elected
(i) Election petition: If any candidate feels that the election in his Constituency has not been held properly, or if he has any objection against the result, he can file an election petition in the Court. If theelection petition in the Court. If the objections raised are found to be correct the court can set aside that election. In that Constituency, the election will be held again.


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Coalition POLITICS is now considered as Indian poltiics.

There is no Indian PARTY that can claim to enjoy a full majority.

After the elections of 1999, the coalition was called as NDA.

No coalition can claim to have the mandate of people, as people VOTE for INDIVIDUAL party candidates or party candidates.

Hey there !

(i) A community government is one in which different social groups are given the power to handle the affairs related to their COMMUNITIES. They are EXPECTED to work jointly for the benefit of the common masses without undermining any one community.

(ii) The ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community-Dutch, FRENCH and German speaking – no matter where they live.

(III) This government has the power regarding CULTURAL, educational and language-related issues.

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the four FUNCTION of national human rights are

1):-right of FREEDOM to move freely in INDIA
2):-we can choose any religion I.e. india has no OFFICIAL religion
3):-indians can adopt any occupation and business
4):-Indians have right to vote without any discrimination

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This has been taken from ‘The story of my LIFE’ by Helen Keller.

Miss Sullivan taught Helen with VARIOUS innovative methods.

She taught Helen by SPEAKING right into her hands. Helen could understand what Miss Sullivan was saying as if she could hear everything.

She showed Helen that every LEAF and every RIVER had a story to tell.

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Caste POLITICS. Caste in INDIAN society refers to a social GROUP where membership is decided by birth. Members of such local group are ENDOGAMOUS, i.e. they tend to enter into MARITAL relationships among themselves. They often have related political preferences.

THE RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION SAFEGAURD FOR DIGINITY OF THE HUMAN BEING BECAUSE -

1.TAKE CARE OF HUMAN TRAFING - The right against explortation help to reduce the trafing of the women,CHILDREN,etc.,

2.SAFE GAURD THE CHILDRENS-It ALSO take care that hhe children are not working in any stream or dangerous areas

"• PARTICIPATION: The decision making will be done by both men and women.

• Transparency: It is the FREE flow of the information where it can be accessed directly.

• Equity: The women and men will be given equal opportunity to maintain and improve the wellbeing.

• STRATEGIC vision: The public and leaders have a long-term perspective on human DEVELOPMENT.

"