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17651.

Question : Give one example each of Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae .

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SOLUTION :CHLOROPHYCEAE : Ulothrix , Phaeophyceae : SARGASSUM , Rhodophyceae : Batrachospernum.
Discussion
17652.

Question : Give one example each for an animal possessing placoid scales and that with cycloid scales.

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Solution :Placoid scales are FOUND in CARTILAGINOUS fish EG scoliodon.
Cycloid scales are found in bony fish i.e. Rohu.
Discussion
17653.

Question : Give one basic functional difference between phellogen and phelloderm.

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SOLUTION :Cork cambium is an active tissue while periderm is a permanent tissue. PHELLOGEN is produced from cells of CORTEX. Sometimes formed from cells of pericycle. These cells are ACTIVELY divided and produce phellem cells outside and cells of periderm inside. Hence periderm is produced from cork cambium.
Discussion
17654.

Question : Give names of various gastric intestinal hormones and describe their functions.

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Solution :The activities of the gastro intestinal tract are under neural and hormonal control for proper coordination of different parts.
The sight, smell and/or the presence of food in the oral cavity can stimulate the secretion of a saliva.
GASTRIC and intestinal secretions are ALSO similarly stimulated by neural signals. The MUSCULAR activities of different parts of the alimentary canal also be MODERATED by neural MECHANISMS both local and through CNS.
Hormonal control of the secretion of digestive juices is carried out by the local hormones produced by the gastric and intestinal mucosa.
Discussion
17655.

Question :Give name and function of membrane bound structure occupying most of the space in plant cell.

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Solution :The VACUOLE is the membrane-bound space found in the cytoplasm. It contains water, sap, excretory product and other materials not USEFUL for the cell.
The vacuole is bound by a single membrane called tonoplast.
In plant CELLS the vacuoles can occupy up to 90 PER cent of the volume of the cell.
In plants, the tonoplast facilitates the transport of a number of ions and other materials against concentration gradients into the vacuole, hence their concentration is significantly higher in the vacuole than in the cytoplasm.
In Amoeba the contractile vacuole is important for excretion. In many cells, as in PROTISTS, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing the food particles.
Discussion
17656.

Question : Give name of scientists contributing towards classification and classification of plants.

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Solution :• In earlier ARTIFICIAL classification methods, completely superficial morphological characters such as location of leaves, colour of leaves, number of leaves and shapes were USED.
• They were based mainly on vegetative characters or on the androecium structure.
• System given by LINNAEUS were artificial. Artificial methods gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics.
• Natural classification systems developed which are based on natural relations among living beings and they don.t follow only superficial morphological characters.
• But follows internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry Such a classification for flowering plants was given by George BENTHAM and JOSEPH Dalton Hooker (1817-1911).
Discussion
17657.

Question :Give microtubular arrangement of centriole and cilium.

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SOLUTION : Centriole has 9+0 microtubular arrangement, while cilium has 9 +2 microtubular arrangement.
Discussion
17658.

Question : Give information regarding location of thyroid gland and its hormones.

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Solution :Location: The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are located on either side of the trachea.
Both the lobes are interconnected with a thin flap of connective tissue called Isthmus.
Structure : The thyroid gland is composed of follicles and stromal tissues. Each thyroid follicle is composed of follicular cells, enclosing a cavity.
These follicular cells synthesize two hormones, tetralodothyronine or thyroxine (`T_(4)`) and triiodothyronine (`T_(3)`).
lodine is essential for the normal rate of hormone synthesis in the thyroid.
Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism and enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called goitre.
Symptoms of goitre stunted growth (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence quotient, abnormal SKIN, deaf-dumbness ETC. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy causes defective development and maturation of growing body.
In adult women, hypothyroidism may cause menstrual cycle to become irregular.
Due to cancer of the thyroid gland or due to development of nodules of the thyroid glands, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormal high levels leading to a condition called hyperthyroidism which ADVERSELY affects the body physiology.

Functions :
(i) Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the Basel Metabolic Rate. (B.M.R.)
(ii) It support the process of Red Blood Cell (RBC) formation.
(iii) Thyroid hormones control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and FATS. (iv) Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance is also influenced by thyroid hormones. (v) Thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin (TCT). regulates the blood calcium levels.
Exophthalmic goitre is a type of hyperthyroidism. It INCREASES size of thyroid gland. Eye ball come out, there is rise in metabolic rate, decrease in weight etc. It is also called Graves disease.
Discussion
17659.

Question : Give information regarding location and components of midbrain.

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Solution :Location: The midbrain is located between the thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and PONS of hindbrain.
A canal CALLED the cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain.
Structure : The DORSAL portion of the midbrain consists MAINLY of four round Lobes called corpora QUADRIGEMINAL. Midbrain and hindbrain form the brain stem.
Discussion
17660.

Question : Give information regarding structural organization and functions of polysaccharides ?

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Solution :The acid insoluble pellet also has polysaccharides (carbohydrates) as another class of macromolecules.
Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars. They are threads (literally a cotton thread) containing different monosaccharides as building blocks.
Cellulose is a polymeric POLYSACCHARIDE CONSISTING of only one type of monosaccharide i.e., glucose. Cellulose is a homopolymer.
Starch is a variant from cellulose but present as a store house of energy in plant tissues.
Animals have another polysaccharide glycogen.

Inulin is a polymer of fructose.
* In a polysaccharide chain (glycogen), the right END is CALLED the reducing end, and the left end is called the non-reducing end.
Starch forms helical secondary structures starch can HOLD I2 molecules in the helical portion. The starch-`I_2` is blue in colour.
Cellulose does not contain complex helices and hence cannot hold `I_2`.
* Plant cell walls are made of cellulose. Paper made from plant pulp and cotton fibre is cellulosic.
*There are more complex polysaccharides in nature. They have as building blocks, amino-sugars and chemically modified sugars (e.g., glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, etc.).
* Exoskeletons of arthropods, have a complex polysaccharide called chitin. These complex polysaccharides are heteropolymers.
Discussion
17661.

Question : Give information of various parts of human car and its function.

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Solution :The EARS perform two sensory functions, hearing and maintenance of body BALANCE. Hence it is also called Phonoreceptor.
Anatomically, the ear can be divided into three main regions :
(a) Outer ear (b) Middle ear (c) Inner ear

(a) Outer/External ear : Consists of the pinna and external auditory canal.
Ear pinna is round, some what funnel shaped structural. Its outer rigid part is called helix and lower soft part is known as lobules. The pinna collects the vibrations in the air which produce sound.
Auditory canal is .s. shaped type, extends up to the tympanic membrane.
There are very fine hairs and wax secreting glands in the upper SIDE of auditory canal. It prevents entry of dust particles in the ear wax glands and are also called Ceruminous glands. It secretes brown coloured fatty substance also known as Earwax. It protects and lubricate inner mining of the auditory canal.
(b) Middle ear : Tympanum is a thin, double layered epithelial partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear.
 It is made up of fibrous connection tissue, on its outer side epithelial layer and inner side muscular layer is seen.
Inner wall of tympanum is having two aperture, upper is Round Window and lower one is Oval Window. Both are surrounded by membrane.
Ear ossicles : The middle ear contains three ossicles - Malleus, Incus and Stapes attached to one another in a chain like fashion.
The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and stapes is attached to the oval window of the Cochlea.
The ear ossicles increase the efficiency of sound waves to the inner ear.
An Eustachian tube connects middle ear cavity with the pharynx. The Eustachian tube HELPS in equalising the pressure on either sides of the ear drum.
(c ) Inner ear : The fluid filled inner ear called labyrinth consists of two parts, the bony and the membranous labyrinths.
The bony labyrinth is a series of channels. Inside these channels lies the membranous labyrinth, which is surrounded by a fluid called perilymph.
The membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called endolymph.
The coiled portion of the labyrinth is called cochlea.
The membranes constituting cochlea, the reissner.s membrane and basilar membrane divide the SURROUNDING perilymph filled bony labyrinth into an upper Scala Vestibuli and a lower scala tympani
The space within cochlea called Scala media is filled with endolymph. At the base of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli ends at the oval window, while the scala tympani terminates at the round window which opens to the middle ear.
The organ of corti is a structure located on the Basilar membrane which contains hair cells that act as auditory receptors.
The hair cells are present in rows in the inner side of the organ of Corti.
The basal end of the hair cell is in close contact with the afferent nerve fibres. A large number of processes called stereo cilia are projected from the apical part of each hair cell.
Above the rows of the hair cells is a thin elastic membrane called tectorial membrane.
(ii) The inner ear also contains a complex system called vestibular apparatus located above the cochlea.
The vestibular apparatus is composed of three semi-circular canals and the otolith organ consisting of the saccule and utricle.
Each semi-circular canal lies in a different plane at right angles to each other. The membranous canals are suspended in the perilymph of the bony canals. The base of canals is swollen and is called ampulla which contains a projecting ridge called crista ampullaris which has hair cells.
The saccule and utricle contain a projecting ridge called macula. The crista and macula are the specific receptors of the vestibular apparatus responsible for maintenance of balance of the body and posture.
Discussion
17662.

Question : Give information of hormones secreted by hypothalamus. State its target / function in the body.

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Solution :The hypothalamus is the BASAL part of diencephalon, forebrain.
It regulates major body functions.
It contains several group of neurosecretory cells called Nuclei which produce hormones.
Hypothalamus is connected with anterior pituitary gland by hypophyseal portal vein and with posterior pituitary gland by axons of the neuron.
Hypothalamus produces two types of HORMONE.
(i) Releasing hormone (R.H.) which stimulate secretion of pituitary hormones
(ii)the inhibiting hormones (which inhibits secretions of pituitary hormnes).
E.g. HYPOTHALAMIC hormone called Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the pituitary SYNTHESIS and release of gonadotrophins.
Somatostatin from the hypothalamus inhibits the releas of growth hormone from the pituitary.
These hormones originating in the hypothalamic neurons, pass through axons and are released from their nerve endings.
These hormones reach the pituitary gland through a portal circulatory system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary.
The posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation of the hypiothalamus.
Discussion
17663.

Question : Give Information regarding characteristics of muscles and its types.

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Solution :Muscle is a specialised tissue originated from mesodermal.
It has total 40-50% weight of adult MAN.
Muscle have special PROPERTIES like excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity.
Muscles have been classified using different criteria, like location, appearance and functionality.
There are three types of muscle based on their location: (i) Skeletal Muscles (ii) Visceral Muscles (iii) Cardiac Muscles.
(i) Skeletal Muscles : They are closely associated with the skeletal component of the body. (Head, Limbs, trunk etc.)
Under the microscope they have dark and light stripes hence they are called striated muscles.
They are under the control of voluntary nervous system hence they are known as voluntary muscles too.
These muscles are associated in locomotory actions and changes of body POSTURES.
(ii) Visceral Muscles / Non-striated : They are located in inner walls of HOLLOW visceral organs of body like the alimentary canal, reproductive track, trachea etc.
They do not show any striation and are smooth in appearance, so they are called smooth muscles (non- striated muscle).
Their activitiesare not under the voluntary control of the nervous system and are therefore known as involuntary muscles.
They are involved in functions like transportation of food through the digestive tract, gametes through the genital tract.
(iii) Cardiac Muscles : It is the group/bunch of muscles forming heart. Many cardiac muscles cells assemble to form branching pattern, cardiac muscles are short, cylindrical and connected with each other by branching processes.
Contraction of cardiac muscles is speedy, regular and continuous (not Fatigued). They are connected with each other by many small bridges and RECEIVES tremendous blood supply.
Discussion
17664.

Question : Give Information regarding disorders of skeletal system.

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SOLUTION :Myasthenia gravis : It is autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue, WEAKENING and paralysis of skeletal muscle.
Muscular dystrophy : Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic disorder.
Tetany : Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low `Ca^(++)` in body fluid.
Arthritis : Inflammation of joints.
OSTEOPOROSIS : Age-related disorder characterised by decreased BONE mass and increased chances of fractures. Decreased levels of estrogen is a common cause.
Gout : Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric ACID crystals.
Discussion
17665.

Question : Give information of structural organization of proteins. Mention their general functions.

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Solution :Proteins are polypeptides. They are linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Each protein is a POLYMER of amino acids. There are 21 types of amino acids (e.g., ALANINE, cysteine, proline, tryptophan, lysine, etc.)
Protein is a heteropolymer. A homopolymer has only one type of monomer repeating .n. number of times.
Certain amino acids are essential for our health and they have to be supplied through our DIET. Dietary proteins are the source of essential amino acids.
Amino acids can be essential or non-essential. Essential amino acids we get through our food, while non essential are those which our body can make.
Proteins carry out many functions in living ORGANISMS, some transport nutrients across cell membrane, some fight infectious organisms, some are hormones, some are enzymes.
Some proteins and their funcions,
Discussion
17666.

Question : Give information of endocrine glands and hormones.

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Solution :Endocrine glands are ductless glands and their secretions are CALLED hormones.
The classical definition of hormone is, they are PRODUCED by endocrine glands, released into the BLOOD and transported to a distantly located target organ.
The current scientific definition is as follows - Hormones are non - nutrient chemicals which ACT as intercellular MESSENGERS and are produced in trace amounts.
The new definition covers number or new molecules in addition to the hormones secreted by the organised endocrine glands.
Invertebrates possess very simple endocrine systems with few hormones whereas a large number of chemicals act as hormones and provide coordination in the vertebrates.
Discussion
17667.

Question : Give information of evolution of neural system in animals.

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Solution :The neural system of all ANIMALS is composed of highly specialised cells - neurons It can receive, transmit and detect VARIOUS kinds of stimuli.
In lower invertebrates, the neural organisation is very simple.
eg.: Hydra - Network of neurons. Insects - neural system is better organized, where brain is present ALONG with a number of ganglia and neural tissues.
The vertebrates have a more DEVELOPED neural system.
In higher organisms neural system performs three basic functions -
(i) It receives sensory impulses from the external and internal environment and sends it to the brain.
(ii) Brain analyses the TYPE of stimuli.
(iii) Responses, according to stimuli are transported in the form of nerve impulses to various body parts or cells.
Discussion
17668.

Question : Give information for hindbrain.

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Solution :The HINDBRAIN comprises PONS, CEREBELLUM and medulla oblongata.
Pons : Consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain.
Cerebellum: Has very long convoluted surface in order to provide the additional space for MANY more NEURONS.
The medulla oblongata contains centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
Discussion
17669.

Question : Give information about structure of cell membrane and its specific functions.

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Solution : Prokaryotic cells have a chemically complex cell envelope.
The cell envelope consists of a tightly bound three layered structure (i) the outermost glycocalyx (ii) cell wall (iii) plasma membrane.
Although each layer of the envelope performs distinct function. They act together as a single protective unit.
Bacteria can be classified into two groups on the basis of the differences in the cell envelopes and the manner in which they respond to the STAINING procedure developed by Gram viz.,
(i) Those that take up the gram stain are Gram positive.
(ii) That do not take up the gram stain are Gram negative bacteria.
(i) The outer most Glycocalyx : The outer most layer of bacteria is formed of Glycocalyx. Glycocalyx differs in composition and thickness among different bacteria.
Slime layer : It could be a loose sheath CALLED the slime layer.
Capsule : In some bacteria this layer may be thick and tough, called the capsule.
(ii) Cell wall : The cell wall determines the shape of the cell and provides a strong structural support to prevent the bacterium from bursting or collapsing.
(iii) Plasma Membrane : The plasma membrane is semipermeable in NATURE and interacts with the outside world.
This membrane is similar structurally to that of the eukaryotes.
A special membranous structure is the mesosome which is formed by the extensions of plasma membrane into the cell.
These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae.
Function : They help in cell wall formation, DNA replication and distribution to DAUGHTER cells. They also help in respiration, secretion processes, to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane and enzymatic content
In some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, there are other membranous extensions into the CYTOPLASM called chromatophores which contain pigments.
Discussion
17670.

Question : Give information about structure, location and function of mitochondria.

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Solution :Mitochondria is stained, SPECIFICALLY to observe under microscope.
The number of mitochondria per cell is variable depending on the physiological activity of the cells.

In terms of shape and size also, considerable degree of variability is observed.
Typically it is sausage-shaped or cylindrical having a diameter of 0.2-1.0 `mu`m (average 0.5 `mu`m) and length 1.0-4.1 `mu`m.
Each mitochondrion is a double membrane-bound structure with the outer membrane and the inner membrane dividing its lumen distinctly into two aqueous compartments, i.e., the outer compartment and the inner compartment.
The inner compartment is called the MATRIX. The outer membrane forms the number of infoldings called cristae TOWARDS the matrix. The cristae increase the surface area.
The two membranes have their own specific enzymes associated with the MITOCHONDRIAL function.
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration. They produce cellular energy in the form of ATP, hence they are called .power houses of the cell.
The matrix also possesses single circular DNA molecule, a few RNA molecules, RIBOSOMES (70S) and the components required for the synthesis of proteins.
The mitochondria divide by fission.
Discussion
17671.

Question : Give information about ribosomes in short.

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SOLUTION :Ribosomes are the granular structures first OBSERVED under the electron microscope as dense particles by George Palade (1953).
Ribosomes are composed of ribonucleic ACID (RNA) and proteins and are not surrounded by any membrane.
The eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S while the prokaryotic ribosomes are 70s. Here .S. stands for the sedimentation coefficient, it indirectly is a measure of density and size.
Both 70s and 80S ribosomes are composed of two subunits.
Discussion
17672.

Question : Give information about Rh blood group.

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Solution :This Antigen was actually found from the Rhesus monkeys. So it in named (RH - factor).
Such Antigen is also observed on the surface of RBCs of humans. Such individuals are called RH positive. When this Antigen is absent in those are called Rh negative individuals.
About 85% PEOPLE of human population are Rh positive and 15% people are Rh-nagative.
An `Rh^(ve)` person if exposed to `Rh^(+ve)` blood, will FORM specific antibodies against the Rh antigens. Therefore the Rh group should also be matched before transfusion.
A special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed betweed the `Rh^(-ve)` blood of the foetus.
Rh antigents of the foetus do not get exposed to the `Rh^(-ve)` blood of the mother in the first pregnancy as the TWO bloods are well separated by placenta.
in such cases, the mother starts preparing antibodies against in her blood. In cases of her subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother, `RH^(+ve)` can leak into the blood of the foetus `RH^(+ve)` and destroy the foetal RBCs. This could be fatal to the foetus.
This could case severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby. this coundition is called ERYTHROBLASTOSIS foetalis.
This can be avoided by administering anti -RH antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child.
Discussion
17673.

Question : Give information about modern classification methods.

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SOLUTION :• At present phylogenetic classification systems based on evolutionary relationships between the various organisms are acceptable.
• Numerical Taxonomy which is now easily carried out USING computers is based on all observable characteristics.
• All the characters and ACCEPTED data indicate number of digits and symbols. In this way each character is given equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characteristics can be considered.
• Cytotaxonomy that is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure, BEHAVIOUR are used.
• Chemotaxonomy uses the chemical constituents of the plant to resolve confusions are also used by taxonomists.
Discussion
17674.

Question : Give information about open and closed type of circulatory pathways.

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Solution :There are two types or patterns of circulatory PATHWAYS : (i) Open circulatory system, (ii) Closed circulatory systrem.
(i) Open circulatory system : In this type of circulatory system blood is transported by partial blood vessels and partial blood SPACES. In this circulation heart pushes the blood into blood vessels and from there blood flows cavities called sinuses. This blood comes back to hert. There are no blood capillaries in it.
This type of circulatory system is present in ARTHROPODS and Molluscs.
(ii) Closed circulatorysystem : THECIRCULATION of blood flows by pushing through heart into variousblood vessels. Boodvessels from a complexnetworkin the body . Valves are located in onedirection pathway of blood .
Discussion
17675.

Question : Give information about Inclusion bodies.

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Solution :Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are STORED in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies.
These are not bounded by any MEMBRANE system and lie free in the cytoplasm.
e.g., phosphate GRANULES, cyanophycean granules and glycogen granules.
Gas VACUOLES are found in blue green and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.
Discussion
17676.

Question : Give information about essential mineral elements for plants and Give criteria for essentially.

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Solution :Most of the minerals present in soil can enter plants through roots. In fact, more than sixty elements of the 105 discovered so far are FOUND in different plants.
Some plant species accumulate selenium. Some plant species store gold.
Some plants growing near nuclear test sites take up radioactive strontium.
There are technique that are able to detect the minerals even at a very low concentration `(10^-8g//mL)`
The criteria of essentially of an element are given below:
(a) THe element must beabsolutely necessary for supporting normal GROWTH and reproduction. In the absence of the element the plants do not COMPLETE their life cycle or set the seeds.
(b) The requirements of the element must be specific are not replaceable by another element. In other words, DEFICIENCY of any one element cannot be met by supplying some other element.
(c ) The element must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plant.
Based upon the above criteria only a few elements have been found to be absolutely essential for plant growth and metabolism.
Discussion
17677.

Question : Give information about diseases related to blood circulation.

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SOLUTION :Hypertension and Etheroscelerosis are major diseases related to blood corculation.
(1) Hypertension : Hypertension is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/180).
In this meansurement 120 mmHg is the systolic and 80 mmHg is the diastolic.
If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140/90 or higher. It shows hypertension.
Higher blood pressure leads to heart disease and also affects vital organs like brain and kidney.
(2) Coronary Artery Disease : Coronary artery disease, OFTEN referred to as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels yhat supply blood to the heart muscles.
(3) Angina Pevtoris : When no enough oxygen is REACHING the heart muscle, acute chest pain appears. Angina can occur in men and WOMEN of any age but it is more c ommon among the middle-aged and elderly people.
Heart Failure : Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of heart.
Somethimes Congestive Heart failure is seen. Its main reason is accumulation of bloodin lungs.
heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest.
when the heart muscle is suddenly DAMAGED by an inadequate blood supply it is called heart attack.
Discussion
17678.

Question : Give information about chemical composition and function of cell wall.

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Solution :A non-living rigid structure called the cell wall forms an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi and plants.
Cell wall not only gives shape to the cell and protects the cell from MECHANICAL damage and infection, it also helps in cell-to-cell interaction and provides barrier to UNDESIRABLE macromolecules.
Algae have cell wall, made of cellulose, galactans, mannans and minerals like calcium carbonate.
While in other plants it consists of cellulose, HEMICELLULOSE, pectins and proteins.
The cell wall of a young plant cell, the primary wall is capable of growth, which gradually diminishes as the cell matures and the secondary wall is formed on the inner side of the cell.
The middle lamella is a layer mainly of calcium pectate which holds or glues the DIFFERENT neighbouring cells together.
The cell wall and middle LAMELLAE may be traversed by plasmodesmata which connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
Discussion
17679.

Question : Give in detail about the vitality of Boron and Zinc in plant nourishment.

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Solution :ZINC (Zn) : ESSENTIAL for the sythesis of Indole acetic acid (Auxin) activator of carboxylases, alcohol dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenases, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, carboxy peptidases and tryptophan synthetase. It is absorbed as `Zn^(2+)` ions.
Deficiency : Little leaf and mottle leaf due to deficiency of auxin, Inter veinal chlorosis, stuntedgrwoth, NECROSIS and Khaira disease of RICE.
Boron (B) : Translocation of carbohydrates, uptake and utilisation of `Ca^(++)`, pollen germination, nitrogen metabolism fat metabolism, cell elongation and differentiation. It is absorbed as borate `BO^(3-)` ions.
Deficiency : Death of root and shoot tips premature fall of flowers and fruits, brown heart of beet root, internal cork of apple and FRUIT carcks.
Discussion
17680.

Question : Give importance of cell division for growth in living organisms.

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Solution :All organisms, even the smallest or the largest start their life with the single cell (Zygote).
Zygote is produced by fertilization of MALE and female gametes which is a unicellular structure.
Due to constant cell division and differentiation of zygote, multicellular body structure is formed.
GROWTH and reproduction of CELLS are the CHARACTERISTICS and need of all living organisms.
All cells reproduce by dividing into two with each parental cell giving rise to two daughter cells each time they DIVIDE. These newly formed daughter cells can themselves grow and divide.
In other words cycles of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells.
The number of cell in an adult person is `10^(14)`
Discussion
17681.

Question : Give information regarding nucleic acids.

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Solution :Almost all enzymes are proteins.
There are some nucleic acids that behave like enzymes. These are called ribozymes.
An enzyme can be depicted by linear diagram. An enzyme like any protein has a primary structure, i.e. amino acids SEQUENCE of the protein.
An enzyme like any protein has the secondary and tertiary structures. Back bone of the protein chain folds upon itself, the chain criss-crosses itself and hence, many crevices or POCKETS are made.
One such pocket is the .ACTIVE site.. An active site of an enzyme is a crevice or pocket into which the substrate fits.
Thus enzymes, through their active site, catalyse reactions at a higher rate.
Enzyme catalysts differ from inorganic catalysts in many ways, one major difference is that, Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temperatures and high pressures, while enzymes get damaged at high temperatures (above 40°C).Enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms who LIVE under extreme high temperatures (e.g., hot vents and sulphur springs etc.), are stable and retain their CATALYTIC power at high (80°-90°C) temperatures. Thermal stability is thus an important quality of such enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms.
Discussion
17682.

Question : Give two example of tranferases

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Discussion
17683.

Question : Give general information about cockroach.

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Solution :Cockroaches are brown or black bodied animals.Cockroaches are included in class Insecta of Phylum Arthropoda. Bright yellow, red and green coloured cockroaches have also been reported in tropical regions.Their SIZE ranges from 1/4 inches to 3 inches and having ANTENNA, legs and flat extension of the upper body wall that conceals head. They are nocturnal OMNIVORES that LIVE in damp places throughout the world. They have become residents of human HOMES and thus are serious pests and vectors of several diseases.
Discussion
17684.

Question : Give general characteristics of phylum coelenterata/cnidaria.

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Solution :There are about 9000 species of Cnidarians.
The name cnidaria (Knide-nettle or sting cells) is derived from the stinging cell or Cnidoblasts present on the ectoderm of tentacles and body of these animals.
Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey.
Cnidarians EXHIBIT tissue level of organisation and are diploblastic
They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a SINGLE opening, hypostome.
Digestion is extracellular and intracellular. Some of the cnidarians, e.g., corals have skeleton composed of calcium carbonate `(CaCO_(3))`.
Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa.
Polyp is a sessile and cylindrical form like Hydra, Adamsia, etc. whereas, the medusae is umbrella shaped and free-swimming like Aurelia or jelly fish.
Those cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit alternation of generation (Metagenesis) i.e., POLYPS produce medusae asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia).
Examples : Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war).
Adamsia (Sea anemone).
Pennatula (Sea-pen).
Gorgonia (Sea-fan)
MEANDRINA (Brain coral)
Aurelia (Jelly fish)
Obelia (sea fur)

Examples of Coelenterata indicating outline of their body
Discussion
17685.

Question : Give full form of ANF.

Answer»

SOLUTION :ATRIAL natriuretic FACTOR.
Discussion
17686.

Question : Give general characteristic of phylum Porifera.

Answer»

Solution :Phylum Porifera (Porous - PORE ferre - to bear) includes the first and most primitive group of multicellular animals referred to as porifcrans, in porc bcaring animals.
They are primitive, multicellular animals and are commonly called sponges,
They are generally marine and mostly asymmetrical animals.
These are primitive multicellular animals and have cellular level of organisation.
Sponges have a water transport or CANAL system.
Water enters through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central cavity, spongocoel from where it goes out through the osculum.

This pathway of water transport is helpful in FOOD gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of WASTE.
CHOANOCYTES or collar cells line the spongocoel and the canals.
Digestion is intracellular.
The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres.
Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite), i.e., eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual.
Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by formation of gametes.
Fertilisation is internal and development is indirect having a larval stage which is morphologically distinct from the adult.
Development is mostly indirect with larval stages called parenchymula (leucosolenia) or amphiblastula (Sycon).
Examples : Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge), Euspongia (Bath sponge).
Discussion
17687.

Question : Give explanation of synthesisof ATP in mitochondria.

Answer»

Solution :The energy RELEASED during the electron transport SYSTEM is utilised in synthesing ATPwith the help of ATP synthase (complex V).

This complex consists of two majorcomponents `F_(0) and F_(1)`.
The `F_(1) ` headpiece is a peripheral membrane protein complex and CONTAINS the site for synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate .`(ADP + Pi to ATP)`
`F_(0)` is an integral membrane protein complex thatforms the channel through whichprotons cross the inner membrane .
The passage of protons through and channel is COUPLED to the catalytic site of the `F_(1)` component for theproduction of ATP.
For each ATP produced `2H^(+)`passes through `F_(0)`fromthe intermembranespace to the matrix down the electrochemical protongradient.
THEREFORE ATP is synthesised.
Discussion
17688.

Question : Give explanation about life cycles in plants.

Answer»

SOLUTION :• In plants both haploid and diploid cells can divide by mitosis. This ability leads to the formation of different plant bodies. haploid and diploid.
• The haploid body produces gametes by mitosis. This plant body REPRESENTS a gametophyte.
• Following fertilisation the zygote also divides by mitosis to produce a diploid saprophytic plant body, Haploid spores are produced by this plant body by meiosis. These in turn, divide by mitosis to form a haploid plant body once again.
• Thus, any plant possessing sexual reproduction forms the body. Thus during the life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant there is an alternation of generations between gamete producing haploid gametophyte and spore producing diploid sporophyte.
• However, different plant groups, as well as individuals representing them, differ in the following patterns.
• Haplontic : Meiosis in the zygote results in the formation of haploid spores. The haploid spores divide mitotically and form the gametophyte. The dominant, photosynthetic phase in such plants is the free-living gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is termed as haplontic. Many algae such as Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of Chlamydomonas represent this pattern.

• Diplontic : In all gymnosperms and angiosperms, sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic, independent phase of the plant. The gametophytic phase is REPRESENTED by the SINGLE to few-celled haploid gametophyte. This type of life cycle is termed as diplontic All seed-bearing plants i.e. all gymnosperms and angiosperms follow this pattern.

• Haplo-diplontic : Bryophytes and pteridophytes, interestingly, exhibit an intermediate condition (Haplo-diplontie), both phases are multicellular and often free-living. However, they differ in their dominant phases.
• A dominant, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid or erect phase is represented by a haploid gametophyte and it alternates with the short-lived multicellular sporophyte totally or partially dependent on the gametophyte for its anchorage and nutrition. All bryophytes represent this pattern.
• The diploid sporophyte is represented by a dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular plant body. It alternates with multicellular, saprophytic/autotrophic, independent but short-lived haploid gametophyte. Such a pattern is known as haplodiplontic life cycle. All pteridophytes exhibit this pattern.
• EXCEPTION : Most algal genera are haplontic, some of them such as Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps are haplo-diplontic. Fucus, an alga is diplontic.
Discussion
17689.

Question : Give explanation: (1) Assimilation (2) Egestion

Answer»

Solution :(1) Assimilation: The absorbed SUBSTANCES finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities. This PROCESS is called assimilation.
(2) Egestion : The digestive wastes solidified into COHERENT faeces in the RECTUM initiate a neural reflex causing an urge or desire for its removal.
The egestion of faeces to the outside through the anal opening is a voluntary process and is carried out by a mass peristaltic movement.
Discussion
17690.

Question : Give explanation about life cycle in Gymnosperms.

Answer»

Solution :• Gymnosperms are heterosporous, they produce haploid microspores and megaspores.
•The two kinds of SPORES are produced within sporangia.
•Spores that are borne on sporophylls which are arranged spirally along an axis to form lax or compact strobili or cones.
•The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called microsporangiate or male strobili.
•The microspores develop into a male gametophytic generation which is highly reduced. This reduced gametophyte is called pollen grain.
•The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or female strobilli.
•In Pinus the male or female cones or strobili may be borne on the same tree. In Cycas male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees.
• The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the nucellus. The nucellus is protected by ENVELOPES and the composite structure is called an ovule.
• The ovules are borne on megasporophylls which may be CLUSTERED to form the female cones.
• One of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium (nucellus) develops into a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two more archegonia or female sex organs.
• The multicellular female gametophyte is ALSO retained within megasporangium.
• In gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free living existence.
• They remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes. The pollen grain is released from the microsporangium.
• Pollination: The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge their contents near the mouth of the archegonia.
• Following fertilisation, zygote develops into an embryo and the ovules into seeds. These seeds are not covered.
Discussion
17691.

Question : Give example(s)Hyperglycemic hormone and hypoglycemic hormones

Answer»

SOLUTION :GLUCAGON and INSULIN
Discussion
17692.

Question : Give example(s) Progestational hormone

Answer»

SOLUTION :PROGESTERONE
Discussion
17693.

Question : Give examples of vegetative propagation in Bryophytes.

Answer»

SOLUTION :`{:("","Bryophyte","Method of vegetative propagation"),("1","ANTHOCEROS","Tubers"),("2","Marchania","GEMMAE"),("3","Riccia","Fragmentation"):}`
Discussion
17694.

Question : Give examples of two species, having same genera.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(i) Solanum tuberosum (POTATO), Solanum melongena (BRINJAL).
(ii) Panthera LEO (lion), Panthera PARDUS (leopard).
Discussion
17695.

Question : Give examples of two short-day flowering plants.

Answer»


ANSWER :CHRYSANTHEMUM, DAHLIA.
Discussion
17696.

Question : Give examples of :Progestational hormone

Answer»

SOLUTION :PROGESTERONE, ESTROGEN
Discussion
17697.

Question :Give examples of proteins which help in blood clotting at injury

Answer»

SOLUTION :PROTHROMBIN and FIBRIN
Discussion
17698.

Question : Give examples of :Hyperglycemic hormone and Hypoglycemic hormone

Answer»

SOLUTION :Hyperglycemic - GLUCAGON.
HYPOGLYCEMIC - INSULIN.
Discussion
17699.

Question : Give examples of :Hypercalcemic hormone

Answer»

SOLUTION :PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
Discussion
17700.

Question : Give examples of angiosperms in which stems are not developed.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Podostemon, MONOTROPA.
Discussion