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351.

What are the principles behind Iso electric focusing and SDS PAGE techniques? Why is 2D electrophoresis better than single dimension electrophoresis?

Answer»

Principle of IEF:

Separation of proteins on the basis of their different pI values

Principle of SDS PAGE:

Separation of proteins on the basis of their size 2D electrophoresis is better because proteins are separated into 2D patterns with high resolution on the basis of charge and size.

352.

Describe the principle of MALDI technique. Write its two main uses in protein studies.

Answer»

A popular method called Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation (MALDI) is used to volatalise and protonate peptides and proteins. In this procedure, the sample is transferred from a condensed phase to a gas phase with the help of a solid matrix. This technique determines the molecular weight of proteins by separating molecular ions according to their mass/charge ratio.

Uses: To obtain protein structural information such as peptide mass or amino acid sequences.

To identify the type and location of amino acid modification within proteins.

353.

A protein from cell A and cell B is compared to find the whole protein pattern by a technique developed by O’Farrel. Name the technique. State its principle. 

Answer»

Two dimensional gel electrophoresis.

The proteins are separated by their isoelectric points (pI) in the first dimension (IEF), and according to their molecular mass in the second dimension (SDS-PAGE).

Cumulative effects of these techniques lead to high resolution 

354.

What are inverted microscopes and why are they useful in animal cell culture lab? 

Answer»

Inverted microscopes have objectives at bottom unlike regular microscopes. (Light source is at top)

Animal cells are present at the bottom of culture vessels and hence easier to observe.

355.

Interspecific cross leads to formation of sterile seeds. What could be the reasons for the same and how can normal development be achieved? 

Answer»

Interspecific crosses lead to abnormal endosperm development resulting in premature death.

Embryo should be excised and cultured

356.

Enlist the advantages and limitations of animal cell culture.

Answer»

Advantages of animal cell culture: 

Homogenous genetic population, Controlled physico-chemical environment, Easy to add genes, Available in adequate numbers, Easy production, No ethical clearance required, Cost effective. 

Disadvantages of animal cell culture: 

small size sensitive to detect the changes, challenging scale up, may not represent in vivo phenotype and genotype. 

357.

Explain a visual method of screening the transformed host cells. 

Answer»

Insertional inactivation of the lac Z gene present on the vector (e.g. pUC 19). This gene expresses the enzyme β-galactosidase whose activity can cleave a colourless substrate called X-Gal into a blue coloured product. If the lac Z gene is inactivated due to the presence of the insert then the enzyme is not expressed.

Hence after the transformation experiment recombinants will appear as white colonies and non-recombinants appear as blue colonies

358.

The groups of letters that form the same words when read both forward and backward, eg. "MALAYALAM" is called_________.

Answer» Correct Answer - Palindrome sequence of base pairs
359.

Now a days which is the most commonly used matrix of electrophoresis ?

Answer» Correct Answer - Agarose
360.

Identify the A and B in given diagram.

Answer» Correct Answer - A-Largest, B-Smallest DNA fragment
361.

Identify the A, B, C and D in given diagram.

Answer» Correct Answer - A-Forign DNA , B - Sticky end , C- Recombinant DNA , D- EcoRI
362.

Match the column for enzyme EcoRI

Answer» Correct Answer - 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A
363.

Today we know more than _______that have been isolated from over_________of bacteria each of which recognize difference recognition sequences.

Answer» Correct Answer - 900 restriction enzymes, 230 strains
364.

What is the Recognition sequence of EcoRI ?

Answer» Correct Answer - 5 GAATTC3
365.

Which is the oldest form of biotechnology ?

Answer»

Making curds or bread is the oldest form of biotechnology. Preparation of wine and other alcoholic beverages using microbial fermentation is also old biotechnology.

366.

(a) Which enzyme has recognition sequence shown in the diagram given below? (b) What is meant by palindrome? (c) Enzyme in the given diagram cuts DNA to produce ———- ends.

Answer»

(a) Enzyme is EcoRI. 

(b) Palindrome is a DNA sequence which when read in opposite direction (3’ to 5’ or 5’ to 3’) it reads same. 

(c) Enzyme in the given diagram cuts DNA to produce sticky ends.

367.

Who used the term biotechnology for the first time and for what purpose?

Answer»

Karl Ereky in 1919 first used the term biotechnology to describe a process for large scale production of pigs.

368.

Complete the tableOrganizationExpandOECD——————GEAC——————USDA——————USPTO——————CSIR——————

Answer»
OrganizationExpand
OECDOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development
GEACGenetic Engineering Approval Committee
USDAUS Department of Agriculture
USPTOUS Patent and Trademark Office
CSIRCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research
369.

What is meant by traditional knowledge? What is its importance?

Answer»

1. Traditional knowledge is a deep understanding of ecological processes and the ability to obtain useful products from the local habitat in a sustainable way. 

2. Most traditional knowledge is handed down through generations. This helps in the development of modern, commercial applications. This saves the makers time, money and effort.

Traditional knowledge includes:

1. Knowledge about food, crop varieties and agricultural/farming practice. 

2. Sustainable management of natural resources and conservation of biological diversity.

3. Biologically important medicines.

370.

Classify the following to form Column B as per the category given in Column A(i) Provide tissues for human transplants (ii) Cancer research (iii) E. coli hygromycin resistant gene (iv) Supply of factor IX.Column A: (Transgenic animal)Column B : (Application)(a) Transgenic mice——————(b) Transgenic cattle——————(c) Pig clones——————(d) Transgenic fish——————

Answer»
Column A: (Transgenic animal)Column B : (Application)
(a) Transgenic mice(ii) Cancer research
(b) Transgenic cattle(iv) Supply of factor IX
(c) Pig clones(i) Provide tissues for human transplants
(d) Transgenic fish(iii) E. coli hygromycin resistant gene
371.

Match the column :Restriction enzymeRecognition sequence(1) Alu I(a) 5′ G-A-A-T-T-C 3′3′ C-T-T-A-A-G 5’(2) Bam HI(b) 5′ G-T-C-G-A-C3′3′ C-A-G-C-T-G 5′(3) Eco RI(c) 5′ A-G-C-T 3′3′ T-C-G-A5′(4) Hind II(d) 5′ G-G-A-T-T-C 3′3′ C-C-T-A-A-G 5′

Answer»
Restriction enzymeRecognition sequence
(1) Alu I(c) 5′ A-G-C-T 3′
3′ T-C-G-A5′
(2) Bam HI(d) 5′ G-G-A-T-T-C 3′
3′ C-C-T-A-A-G 5′
(3) Eco RI(a) 5′ G-A-A-T-T-C 3′
3′ C-T-T-A-A-G 5’
(4) Hind II(b) 5′ G-T-C-G-A-C3′
3′ C-A-G-C-T-G 5′
372.

Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to discovery ofA. OncogenesB. TransposonsC. Restriction endonucleasesD. Exonucleases

Answer» Correct Answer - C
Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to discovery of restriction endonuclease
373.

Which of the following most used in genetic engineering?A. E. coil and AgrobacteriumB. Mycobacteria and SalmonellaC. AspergillusD. Penicillum

Answer» Correct Answer - A
E.coli is mostly used as host to multiply and express the desired DNA and Agrobacterium is used to transfer genes to plants & fungi.
374.

Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to :A. oncogenesB. transposonsC. exonucleasesD. endonucleases

Answer» Correct Answer - D
Endonuclease is an enzyme that hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain or nucleic acid molecule.
375.

Pentadiplandra brazzeana produces a protein called brazzein which is about 2,000 times as sweet as sugar. This plant belongs to :A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. West AfricaD. South America

Answer» Correct Answer - C
Brazzein is a high-potency thermostable sweet protein obtained from the fruit of a wild west African climbing plant pentadiplandra brazzeana Baillon. Brazzein is 2,000 times sweets than sucrose in comparison to 2% sucrose aqueous solution and 500 times in comparison to 10% of the sugar. Its taste is more similar to sucrose. Its sweethess is not destroyed by `80^(@)C` for 4 h.
376.

Which of the following is not required in the preparation of a recombinant DNA molecule ?A. E. coliB. DNA ligaseC. DNA fragmentsD. Restriction endonuclease

Answer» Correct Answer - A
377.

Which is used in molecular genetic engineering ?A. CarrotB. TomatoC. TobaccoD. Arabidopsis

Answer» Correct Answer - D
378.

Which one of the following technique is not used for early molecular diagnosis ?A. Polymerase chain reactionB. Recombinant DNA technologyC. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisD. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Answer» Correct Answer - B
379.

Which of the following is not a feature of the plasmids ?A. Independent replicationB. Circular structureC. TransferableD. Single-stranded

Answer» Correct Answer - D
Plasmid is a autonomously, replicating, double circular extra-chromosomal DNA.
380.

The taq polymerase enzyme is obtained fromA. Thermus aquaticusB. Thiobacillus ferroxidansC. Bacillus subtilisD. Pseudomonas putida

Answer» Correct Answer - A
A thermostable DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) is isolated from a bacterium, thermus aquaticus, which remain active during the high temperature induced denaturation of double stranded DNA.
381.

Which of the following is a resctriction endonucleus?A. Hindi IIB. ProteaseC. Dnase ID. Rnase

Answer» Correct Answer - A
The first restriction endonuclease-Hind II.
382.

Which one of the following is used as vector for cloning genes into higher organisms ?A. Rhizopus nigricansB. RetrovirusC. BaculovirusD. Salmonella typhimurium

Answer» Correct Answer - B
383.

First artificial synthesysed hormone is:A. SecretinB. InsulinC. GlucagenD. Renin

Answer» Correct Answer - B
384.

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is widely used in contemporary biology asA. Source of industrial enzymeB. Indicator of water pollutionC. InsecticideD. Agent for production of dairy products

Answer» Correct Answer - C
385.

The genetic defect-adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency may be cured permanently byA. Enzyme replacement therapyB. Periodic infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes having functional ADA cDNAC. Administering adenosine deaminase activatorsD. Introducing bone marrow cells producing ADA into cells at early embryonic stage

Answer» Correct Answer - D
386.

Transgenic animal hasA. Foregin DNA is all its cellsB. Foreign RNA is all its cellsC. Foreign DNA is some of the cellsD. Both 2 and 3

Answer» Correct Answer - A
387.

Assertion: A good vector in that whose ori support high copy number Reason :It helps in identifying & eliminating non-transformants & permitting the growth of transformantsA. If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the AssertionB. It both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the AssetionC. If Assertion is True but the Reason is FalseD. If both Assertion & Reason are false

Answer» Correct Answer - C
388.

In addition to Ori, the vector requires a ……., which help in identifying non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants.A. Selectable markerB. cloning sitesC. recognition siteD. All of these

Answer» Correct Answer - a
389.

Choose the correct statementA. Aspergillus niger is bacterium which is used for obtaining acetic acid & citric acidB. Streptokinase is used as a clot busterC. Monascus purpureus is responsible for production of large holes in Swiss cheeseD. Toddy is manufactured by Lactobacillus

Answer» Correct Answer - B
390.

Find the odd one out:A. vaccines - immunologyB. eco degradation - pesticidesC. solar energy converter - pest controlD. recombinant DNA - biotechnology

Answer» Correct Answer - C
391.

What is true about Bt toxin ?A. The concerned Bacillus has antitoxinsB. The inactive protoxin gets converted into active form in the insect gutC. Bt protein exists as active toxin in the BacillusD. The activated toxin enters the ovaries of the pest to sterilise it and thus prevent its multiplication

Answer» Correct Answer - B
392.

Enzymes reverse transcriptase is naturally produced byA. lambda phageB. retrovirusC. bacteriaD. None of these

Answer» Correct Answer - b
393.

The protein products of the following Bt toxin genes cryIAc and cryIIAb are responsible for controlling:A. BollowormB. RoundwormC. MothD. Fruit fly

Answer» Correct Answer - A
394.

Who is the father of genetic engineering?A. Steward LinnB. Stanley CohenC. Paul BergD. Kary Multis

Answer» Correct Answer - C
In 1972, genetic engineering was strated by Paul Berg. He was able to introduce a gene of `SV - 40` virus into a bacterium with the help of lambda phage. Berg is often considered as "Father of genetic engineering". He was awarded Nobal Prize in 1980.
395.

Which of the following processes/techniques can be included under biotechnology ? (i) In vitro fertilisation (ii) Synthesis of a gene (iii) Correcting a defective gene (iv) Developing a DNA vaccineA. (i) and (ii)B. (ii) and (iii)C. (iii) and (iv)D. (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv)

Answer» Correct Answer - D
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live micro-organisms, plant or animal cells or their components or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes (service) useful to human beings. In vitro fertilisation, synthesis of recombinant gene, correcting a defective gene and developing a DNA vaccine are all parts of biotechnology.
396.

Plasmid used to construct the first recombinant DNA was isolated from which bacterium species?A. Escherichia coliB. Salmonella typhimuriumC. Agrobacterium tumefacinesD. Thermus aquaicus

Answer» Correct Answer - B
The first recombinant DNA was constructed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972. They cut the piece of DNA from a plasmid carrying antibiotic resistance gene in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium and linked it to the plasmid of Escherichia coil.
397.

Which one of the following makes use of RNA as a template to syntesize DNA-A. Reverse transcriptaseB. DNA dependent RNA polymeraseC. DNA polymeraseD. RNA polymerase

Answer» Correct Answer - a
398.

RESTRICTION ENZYMESA. cut or join DNA fragmentsB. are required in vectorless direct gene transferC. are endonucleases which cleave DNA at specific sitesD. make DNA complementary ot an existing DNA or RNA

Answer» Correct Answer - C
399.

The function of restriction enzyme is :A. cleavages of fatB. cleavages of DNAC. cleavages of starchD. cleavages of protein

Answer» Correct Answer - B
400.

Restriction endonuclease are utilized in genetic engineering as :A. molecular build up at nucleotidesB. molecular degradation to DNA break upC. molecular scalpels for cutting DNA at specific sitesD. molecular cement for combining DNA bits into long chains

Answer» Correct Answer - C