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Multinational Corporations are spreading their productions in different ways : 

(i) By setting up partnership with local companies. 

(ii) By placing orders with local companies. For example, garments, footwear, sports items, etc. 

(iii) By closely competing with the local companies. 

(iv) By buying local companies. To take an example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC has bought over smaller Indian companies such as Parakh foods. Parakh Food had built a large marketing network in various parts of India, where its brand was well-reputed.

Activities can be classified under the following three sectors on the basis of their nature of their products or materials used :  

(i) Primary Sector: Activities concerned with collecting or making available materials  provided by nature are included in the primary sector. Some such activities are (a)  Agriculture; (b) forestry; (c) animal husbandry; (d) poultry farming; (e) finishing and  (f) mining.  

(ii) Secondary Sector: Such act ivies which transform raw materials or primary products  into commodities more useful man are included in the secondary sector. Some such  activities are (a) manufacturing and (b) quarrying.  

(iii) Tertiary Sector: This sector included those activities which are a must for running  modern industries in a big way. Some such activities are (a) trade; (b) transport; (c)  communication; (d) banking; (e) health; (f) education; (g) insurance; (h) tourism and  (i) various other services .

Yes, when income is zero or less than subsistence level of consumption . Saving is –ve. 

Consumption expenditure (A) = Rs 50Crores
MPS = 0.2
So, MPC = 1 – MPS
= 1 - 0.2
= 0.8
Y = 4000 Crores
We know that AD = A + cY ……………… (1)
Putting the values in equation ……………… (1)
AD = 50 + 0.8 x 4000
= 50 + 3200
= Rs 3250 Crores
But, Rs 3250 < Rs 4000
Implies that AD < Y
Hence, the economy is not in equilibrium.

The equilibrium level of output will be 4 units. This is because at this point the two conditions of equilibrium using (MR-MC approach) are met. This can be seen as follows: 

we are given. tire Total Revenue (TR) and Total Cost. From here, we can find Marginal Revenue (MR) and Marginal Cost (MC), as given in the following schedule :

Here, as we can see, the first and the order condition of equilibrium through MR-MC approach are being met at unit 4. That is, 

What to produce and in what quantity: 

It is the problem of choosing which commodities should be produced and in what quantities. The goods can be consumer goods (like wheat, cloth, shoes, sugar, etc.), producer goods (like machine, tools, etc.), necessities (such as food, clothing, housing, etc.), luxuries (such as car, colour TV, refrigerator etc.). The society has to decide which goods should be produced in view of limited resources. 

The guiding principle is to allocate resources in a way that generates maximum aggregate utility.

National Income or NNP_FC = Compensation of Employees + Rent + Profit + Interest + Mixed

income of self-employed - Net Factor Income to Abroad

NNP_FC = 2000 + 400 + 900 + 500 + 7000-50

NNP_FC =10,750

(b) Net National Disposable Income = NNP_FC + Net Indirect Thxes - Net current transfers to abroad

Net Nationai Disposable Income = 1,0,750 + 300-30 =Rs.11,020

D-glucose does not explain following reactions by its open chain structure.

1. It does not respond to Schiff’s test or 2,4-DNP test.
2. It does not react with NaHSO₃ and NH₃
3. Glucose petaacetate does not react with NH₂OH means there is absence of free -CHO group.

Length of rectangular lawn = 10 m, breadth of the rectangular lawn = 5 m And radius of the circular flower bed = 2 m

(i) Area of the whole land = length x breadth

= 10 x 5 = 50 m²

(ii) Area of flower bed = πr ²

= 3.14 x 2 x 2 = 12.56 m²

(iii) Area of lawn excluding the area of the flower bed = area of lawn – area of flower bed

= 50 – 12.56

= 37.44 m²

(iv) The circumference of the flower bed = 2πr

= 2 x 3.14 x 2 = 12.56 m

Radius of pipe = 4 cm

Wrapping cord around circular pipe = 2πr

= 2 x 3.14 x 4 = 25.12 cm

Again, wrapping cord around a square = 4 x side

= 4 x 4 = 16 cm

Remaining cord = Cord wrapped on pipe – Cord wrapped on square = 25.12 – 16 = 9.12 cm

Thus, she has left 9.12 cm cord.

Given: Percentage of females = 30% Percentage of males = 40%

Total percentage of females and males 

= 30 + 40 = 70%

Percentage of children = Total percentage – Percentage of males and females

= 100% – 70%

= 30%

‘Credit’ refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment. 

Credit plays a vital and positive role as : 

(i) Credit helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and support their families. 

(ii) To some people loan helps a lot in constructing their houses and get relief from monthly rent. 

(iii) To others it helps a lot in raising their standards. 

(iv) Example of Salim : If Salim borrows some money from the bank, he can invest it in his business. This will increase his inventory and an increase in turnover. This increased turnover will generate more earning for him.

Credit has its own unique role for development because of following reasons

(a) Credit helps to increase earning and therefore a person is better off than before.

(b) Credit helps to earn money as well as the capital for the future.

(c) Credit helps in the development of infrastructure of the society that leads to the overall development.

‘Credit’ refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.
Credit plays a vital and positive role as :
(i) Credit helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and support their families.
(ii) To some people, loan helps a lot in constructing their houses and get relief from monthly rent.
(iii) To others, it helps a lot in raising their standards.
(iv) Example of Salim: The credit helps him and he is able to increase his earnings

1. It affected civil liberties of peoples i.e. in April 1976 it was proved that the government could take away citizens’ right to life and liberty by overruling of High Courts under Supreme Court and accepted government’s plea. 

2. The 42nd Amendment was also passed to bring a series of changes in the Constitution. 

3. It affected the functioning of mass media also as press censorship took place which banned freedom of press and newspapers, which were supposed to prior approval before they publish any material. 

4. Despite of filing many petitions government claimed it not to be necessary to be informed on the grounds to arrested persons.

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was established in 1951 under the leadership of Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. Its can be traced back to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Hindu Mahasabha before Independence. The Jana Sangh was different from other parties in terms of ideology and programmes. 

1. It emphasised the idea of one country, one culture and one nation and believed that the country could become modern, progressive and strong on the basis of Indian culture and traditions. The party called for a reunion of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat. 

2. The party was in forefront of the agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language of India and was also opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities. 

3. The party was a consistent advocate of India developing nuclear weapons especially after China carried out its atomic tests in 1964. 

In the 1950s Jana Sangh remained on the margins of the electoral politics and was able to secure only 3 seats in 1952 Lok Sabha elections and 4 seats in 1952 Lok Sabha elections. In the early years, its support came mainly from the urban areas in the Hindi speaking states like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The notable leaders of the Jana Sangh were Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Balraj Madhok. The Bharatiya Janata Party traces its roots to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

The condition of India was not good due to the following reasons laid down by the government for the imposition of Emergency. 

1. Opposition parties were not allowing the ruling party to rule the country democratically. 

2. Fragment agitations, protests and collective action were not good for democracy. 

3. Continuous extra-parliamentary politics targeting the government was bad for democracy. 

4. The internal disturbance leads to instability and distracts the administration from its routine task of ensuring development. 

5. The government diverts all energies for the maintenance of law and order, and as a result, development is not taken care of. 

6. Indira Gandhi claimed that subversive forces were trying to obstruct the government’s progressive policies and were attempting to dislodge her from power through extra¬constitutional means. The Congress said that there was an ‘international conspiracy against the unity of India’.

1. The Emergency of 1975 at once brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India’s democracy. Though there are many observers who think that India ceased to be democratic during the Emergency, it is noteworthy that normal democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time. Thus, one lesson of Emergency is that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India. 

2. It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution that have been rectified since. Now internal emergency’ can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’ and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim Emergency must be given in writing by the Council of Ministers. 

3. The Emergency made everyone aware of the value of civil liberties. The courts, too, have taken an active role after the Emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the t individuals. This is in response to the inability of the judiciary to protect civil liberties effectively during the Emergency. Many civil liberties organizations came up after this experience.

Ravi, Beas river dispute was resolved between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. 

Directing takes place wherever superior-subordinate relationship exists. It is so because directing is pervasive and is required at every level.

Correct option (d)  Company of own age

The old age needs special care because: 

1. It is a period of decline 

2. Risk of many health problems 

3. Need for safety 

4. Inactive 

5. Physically weak

The old age needs special care because

1. It is a period of decline

2. Risk of many health problems

3. Need for safety

4. Inactive

5. Physically weak

We make the truth table as follows

So the final statement is always true. So it is a tautology.

1/f = (n - 1) (1/R₁ - 1/R₂)

For biconvex lens R₁ = + R, R₂ = - R

Given f = 2/3R

∴ 3/2R = (n -1) (2/R) => (n -1) = 3/4 => n = 1 + 3/4 = 7/4

There are 6 defective bulbs out of 24 bulbs
Favourable number of elementary events = 24 – 6 = 18

∴ Probability that the bulb is not defective =18/24=3/4

When the selected bulb is defective and not replaced, then
Total bulbs = 23, defective bulbs = 5

∴ Probability that the second bulb is defective =5/23

(i) Here, let E be the event ‘getting a number greater than 4’. The number of possible outcomes are six : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and the outcomes favourable to are 5 and 6. Therefore, the number of outcomes favourable to E is 2. So,

P(E) = P (number greater than 4) = 2/6=1/3

(ii) Let F be the event ‘getting a number less than or equal to 4’.
Number of possible outcomes = 6
Outcomes favourable to the event F are 1, 2, 3, 4.
So, the number of outcomes favourable to F is 4.

Therefore, P(F) =4/6=2/3
 

Labelling function performed is :

Helps in Promotion of products’ as labelling plays an important role in sales promotional schemes launched by companies. 

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum constitutes of one President and two other members, one of whom should be a woman.

District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum consists of a President and two members appointed by the state government. One of the members should be a woman.

Since, the sum of lengths of any two sides in a triangle should be greater than the length of third side. 

Therefore, 

In ΔABM, AB + BM > AM ……….(i) 

In ΔAMC, AC + MC > AM ……….(ii) 

⇒ AB + AC + (BM + MC) > 2AM 

⇒ AB + AC + BC > 2AM 

Hence, it is true.

Boxes ‘A’ and ‘B’ represents 

(i) square law device 

(ii) band pass filter 

(i) Square law device is a non linear device and produces the output 

y(t) =Bx (t) +Cx(t)² 

where B and C are constants. 

(ii) It rejects dc and sinusoids of frequencies ω_m, 2ω_m and 2ω_c and finally produces amplitude modulated wave by retaining frequncies ω_c, ω_c – ω_m and ω_c + ω_m.

When current in an electric circuit abruptly rises due to some default in the circuit, it is called short – circuiting. Two precautions to Prevent it are:
(i) Wires should be well insulated.
(ii) Too many appliances should not be connected to a single socket.
The colour of insulation of earth wire green. The metallic appliances are earthed so that the earth wire provides a low resistance conducting path for the current. Thus it ensures that any leakage of current to the metallic body of the appliance keeps its potential to that of the earth and the user may not get severe electric shock.

By Lenz’s law, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes its own cause of production. The induced current opposes the increase in magnetic flux. Hence the direction of induced current is PSRQP (anticlockwise).

Multiple ovulation embryo transfer method/MOET.

Net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur is low mainly due to the hilly and rocky terrain. They are also largely covered by dense forests, which will need to be cut to develop agriculture. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are covered by dense tropical forests and so net sown area is low.

\(^{238}_{92}U +\, ^1_0n \longrightarrow \,^{140}_{58}Ce+\,^{99}_{44}Ru\)

Then Q value

\(Q = \left[m\left(^{238}_{92}U\right)+\,m\left(^1_0n\right) - m\left(^{140}_{58}Ce\right)-m\left(^{99}_{44}Ru\right)\right]\times931.5\)

Q = [238.05079 + 1.008665 - 139.90843 - 98.90594] x 931.5

Q = [239.059455 - 238.81137] x 931.5

Q = 0.248085 x 931.5

Q = 231.09 MeV

A₁ < A₂. 

Reason : In parallel combination, current depends on resistance, I ∝ 1/R i.e., more will be the resistance, less is the current.

The thymus provides micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes. The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but, they help B cells produce them. Therefore, the immunity will be reduced.

Physiological barriers : Acid in the stomach and saliva in the mouth. 

Fertilisation 

(i) The process of fusion of a sperm (male gamete) with an ovum (female gamete) is called fertilisation. 

(ii) During coitus, semen is released by the penis into the vagina (insemination). 

(iii) The motile sperms swim rapidly, through the cervix, enter into the uterus and reach the ampullary–isthmic junction of the oviduct. 

(iv) A sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida layer of the ovum and induces changes in the membrane to block the entry of additional sperms.

(v) The enzymes of the acrosome of sperm help to dissolve zona pellucida and plasma membrane of the ovum and sperm head is allowed to enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum, i.e., secondary oocyte. 

(vi) Ultimately diploid zygote is produced by the fusion of a sperm and an ovum. 

Implantation 

(i) Zygote divides rapidly by mitotic division called cleavage and as a result 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells are produced which are termed as blastomeres. 

(ii) Embryo with 8–16 blastomeres is called a morula. 

(iii) The morula changes into a large mass of cells called blastocyst which passes further into the uterus. 

(iv) Blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called trophoblast and an inner group of cells attached to trophoblast called inner cell mass. 

(v) The trophoblast layer gets attached to the cells of the endometrium and the inner cell mass gives rise to the embryo. 

(vi) The cells of endometrium divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. 

(vii) So, the blastocyst gets embedded in the endometrium of the uterus called implantation leading to pregnancy.

(a) Our rishis retired to forests to meditate and to do penance. 

(b) The trees are referred to ’Vrikshadevata’ and ’Vanadevata’ in the passage. 

(c) In western countries walnut trees are beaten to encourage them to bear fruits. 

(d) didn’t flower. 

(e) advising it to give plenty of fruit the next time if it wants to live. 

(f) Interrupts 

(g) tall tree 

(h) threateningly.

(a) Restriction endonuclease: These are enzymes that make cuts at specific positions within the DNA. They bind to their specific recognition sequence and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar-phosphate backbones. They are used in biotechnology to form recombinant molecules, which are composed of PNR from different sources. To insert a foreign DNA into an intact DNA, it must be cut from its source and the intact DNA also must be cut open. Both these Processes are carried by using the same restriction endonucleases.

(b) Gel electrophoresis: It is a technique that allows us to separate DNA fragments on the basis of their size. In this technique, the negatively charged DNA fragments are forced to move under an electric field through a medium or matrix. all the DNA fragments thus move towards anode and get separated according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The DNA of desired length can then be isolated and used in constructing recombinant DNA by joining them with cloning vectors.

(c) pBR322 has two antibiotic resistance genes, one for ampicillin and other one for tetracycline. Antibiotic resistance serves as selectable marker. If the foreign DNA is ligated at the site of tetracycline resistance gene in pBR322 vecto, the recombinant plasmid will lose tetracycline resistance due to insertion of foreign DNA but can still be selected out from non-recombinants by plating the transformants on ampicillin-containing medium. The transformants growing on ampicillin containing medium are then transferred on a medium containing tetracycline. The recombinants will grow in ampicillin containing medium but not on the tetracycline-containing medium. However, the non-recombinants will grow on both. Thus by using antibiotic resistant genes as selectable markers, we can differentiate between recombinants and non- recombinants 

Strategic Positioning.

(i) Societal marketing philosophy
. It holds that the task of any organisation is to identify the needs and wants of the target market and deliver the desired satisfaction in an effective and efficient manner so that the long-term well being of the consumers and the society is taken care of

.It is the extension of the marketing concept as it supplements the concern for the long-term welfare of the society.
(ii) Values that are being promoted by the company are:
(a) Fulfilling social responsibility/ Concern for the society
(b) Concern for health
(c) Sensitivity towards the environment.

Two types of tests that Mr Murthy can use to meet his requirements are:
(i) Personality Test: It provides clues to a person’s emotions, reactions,\ maturity, value systems etc. They probe the overall personality and are difficult to design and implement.
(ii) Intelligence Test: It measures the level of intelligence quotient of an individual. It is an indicator of a person’s learning ability or the ability to make decisions and judgments.

Remaining steps that Mr. Raman should take to complete the selection process are:
(i) Employment interview and Reference and background checks.
(ii) Selection decision.
(iii) Medical examination.
(iv) Job offer and Contract of employment.

Following are the tests that Mr Murthy can use to meet his requirements : 

1. Intelligence test – An intelligence test is a test which is used to judge the level of intelligence quotient of an applicant i.e., mental capacity. An intelligence test measures the applicant’s ability to understand the instructions, to access the learning ability and to make decisions and judgments. 

2. Personality test – A personality test is a test which is used to measure the person’s overall personality and qualities. Personality test measures applicant’s value system, his emotional reactions, maturity etc.

Two types of tests that Mr Murthy can use to meet his requirements are:
(i) Personality Test It provides clues to a person’s emotions, reactions, maturity, value systems etc. They probe the overall personality and are difficult to design and implement.
(ii) Intelligence Test It measures the level of intelligence quotient of an individual. It is an indicator of a person’s learning ability or the ability to make decisions and judgments.