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Loc of A[12][8]= B+W*(N*(I-LBR)+(J-LBC))

=4500+4*(10*12+8)

= 4500 4*(128)

=4500 + 512

= 5012

Total number of rows= 30

Total size= 2 bytes

Base Address= 26500

LOC (P[I][J]) = BaseAddress+((I-LBR) + (J-LBC) * R)*W

Assuming Lower Bound of Row(LBR)=0

Lower Bound of Column(LBC)=0

Total number of Rows(R)=30

Size of each element(W)=2

LOC(P[20][10])= 26500 +((20-0)+(10-0)*30)*2

LOC(P[20][10])= 26500 +640

LOC(P[20][10])= 27140

Row-major Formula:- A[I][J]= B+ W*((I-Lr)*Nc + (J-Lc))

Nr=50, Nc=30, B=?, W=4, Lr=0, Lc=0, A(10,15)=21500

A[10][15]= B + 4*((10-0)*30 + (15-0))

21500= B + 4*(300+15)

21500=B + 4*315

B=21500 – 1260

B=20240

A[30][25] = 20240 + 4*((30-0)*30 + (25-0))

A[30][25] = 20240 + 4*(900+25)

A[30][25] = 20240 + 4*925

A[30][25] = 23940

Total number of rows (R) = 30 

Size of each element (W) = 2 

Base Address (B) = 26500 

Assuming lower bound of row(LBR) = 0 

and lower bound of column (LBC) = 0 

LOC(P[l][J]) = B+W[(I – LBR) + (J – LBC)*R] 

LOC(P[20][10]) = 26500 + 2[(20 – 0) + (10 – 0) * 30] 

= 26500 + 2[20 + 10 x 30] 

= 26500 + 2[20 +300] 

= 26500 + 2 x 320 

= 26500 + 640 

= 27140 

Hence, Location of P[20][10] is 27140.

Postfix form of A + (B – C * (D/E) * F) = ABCDE/F**–+

Formula for finding out address of A[J] [K] element is column-major order of Matrix (MXN) order.

LOC (A[J] [K]) = Base (A) + w (M(K– 1) + (J–1))

Given : M = N = m, w = 4 bytes

Bass address = 1500

address of A[4] [5] = 1608

LOC (A [4] [5]) = 1500 + 4(m (5 – 1) + (4 – 1))

1608 = 1500 + 4(4 m + 3)

1608 – 1500 = 16 m + 12

16 m = 108 – 12 = 96

m = 6

Therefore,

Order of the matrix is (6 × 6)

Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension:
(i) In December 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
(ii) In India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawahar Lal Nehru were both in jail.
(iv) The Congress had been declared illegal.
(v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.

(i) The Portuguese missionaries first introduced printing press in India in the mid 16th century.
(ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.
(iii) By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and Kannara language.
(iv) Catholic priest first published printed books in Tamil in Cochin and in 1713 first Malayalam book was printed.
(v) By 1710, Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed nearly 32 printed texts in Tamil which were later translated.
(vi) The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though officials of the East India company began to import presses from late 17th century.
(vii) From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine; it was a private English enterprise and was free from colonial influence.
(viii) Hickey published a lot of advertisements including those that related to import and sale of slaves.
(ix) By the close of the 18th century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print.

Discrimination against the outcaste groups, caste inequalities.

‘Kesari’ was the news paper started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in India during 19th century.

‘Kesari’ was the newspaper started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in India during 19th century.

(1) Abanindranath Tagore

(2) Nanadlal Bose

(3) kshtindranath Majumdar

(4) M. A. R. Chughati

(5) Ram Gopal Vijaivargiya

c. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

The government and the policy makers use the statistical data to formulate suitable policies of economic development. No analysis of a problem would be possible without the availability of data on various factors underlying an economic problem. For example if the government wants to make a policy to solve the problem of unemployment and poverty, reliable data are required for it. The number of persons who are waiting for a job, unemployed and semi employed persons, educated and illiterate persons, the number of people living below the poverty line, the related data may be required. If the government wants to remove poverty and disparity in income and wants to take appropriate action then proper reliable data are required. For example, if the government wants to help the people affected by Tsunami earthquakes, the bird flu dangers then data should be collected and put together about the disaster's cost systematically and correctly.

Modern economists now includes learning the basic skills involved in making useful studies for measuring poverty, how incomes are distributed, how earning opportunities are related to education, how environmental disasters affect our lives and so on.

In a population of diploid organisms If frequency of allele A = p and frequency of allele a = q

Expected genotype frequency under random mating are

AA = p² (for the AA homozygotes)

aa = q² (for the aa homozygotes)

Aa = 2pq (for the Aa heterozygotes)

(In absence of selection , mutation , genetic drift or other forces allelic frequency p and q are constant through generation) Therefore p² + 2pq +q² = 1

Detailed Answer :

The Hardy-Weinberg model enables us to compare a population's actual genetic structure over time with the genetic structure we would expect if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (i.e., not evolving). If genotype frequencies differ from those we would expect under equilibrium, we can assume that one or more of the model's assumptions are being violated, and attempt to determine which one(s).

Hardy and Weinberg assigned the letter p to the frequency of the dominant allele A and the letter q to the frequency of the recessive allele a.

Since the sum of all the alleles must equal 100%, then p + q = 1. They then reasoned that all the  random possible combinations of the members of a population would equal (p+q)² or p² + 2pq + q² .

The overall equation for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is expressed in this way: p² + 2pq + q² = 1 [binomial expansion of (p + q)²]

(a) Azospirillum / Azotobacter / Anabaena / Nostoc / Oscillatoria / Frankia

(b) They can fix atmospheric nitrogen , due to presence of Rhizobium / N₂ fixing bacteria in their root nodules 

Removal of C - peptide (from pro-insulin)

Detailed Answer :

Insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone, which needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone. The pro-hormone is a single polypeptide chain with an extra stretch called the C peptide. This is removed during maturation.

Insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone, which needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone. The pro-hormone is a single polypeptide chain with an extra stretch called the C peptide. This is removed during maturation.

We know that work done = W = QV

P =W/t
Now, P =QV/t
         V = IR 
         P =Q/t*IR =I²R
    Energy = P × t
               = I²R × t
              =V²/R²*R*t=V²/R *t

Energy = V²/R
Where V = voltage, R = resistance, t = time

You answer question (a) from the ncert textbook.

b) Energy consumed per day = 1 KWh (P x t) cost for 30 days = 1 X 5 X 30 = Rs.150.00

Nationalism in Europe- The Balkans:

• During this period nationalist groups become increasingly intolerant of each other.
• Manipulations of the nationalist aspirations were there.
• The Balkan was under the control of the ottoman empire.
• Ideas of romantic nationalism spread in the Balkan.
• They claimed for independence or political rights on nationality and subjected foreign domination.
• Russia, Germany, England, Austria-hungry were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans.
• This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision- inclusive because it recognised diversity and plurality; democratic because it sought to do away with discrimination and exclusion and bring forth a just and equitable society. 

Ground wave propagation is possible for radio waves of frequency band 540kHz – 1600kHz (or max. 2MHz) 

If a base band signal of frequency 20kHz, wavelength of the wave must be λ =15km, obviously antenna of size l = 3.75km is not possible to construct and operate. 

If base band signals are translated into high frequency radio wave of frequency n >1MHz, then antenna of few metre can be constructed and can be used in sending the information along the ground. 

(i) Low size of the antenna is required for waves of short wavelength and hence comparable. 

(ii) Audio signals of large wavelength cannot be send directly, because large size antenna is required. 

(iii) Modulation index μ = V_m/V_C, and its value should be less than 1, other distortion will produce in the wave.

Paint forms a protective coating on the colourless surface of iron, so that oxygen and moisture present in the air cannot have a direct contact with iron. 

2Cu + O₂ → 2CuO

(a) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water and releases a large amount of heat. 

(b) Calcium hydroxide (Slaked lime) i.e., Ca(OH)₂ is formed.

(a) In small amount, solution becomes milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate. 

Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O. 

(b) In excess, milkiness disappears because calcium carbonate changes to calcium hydrogen carbonate which is colourless in nature

CaCO₃ + H₂O + CO₂ → Ca (HCO₃)₂

(A)  correct answer is 7g

Explanation:

When 5g of calcium is burnt in 2g of oxygen ,we get 7g of calcium oxide  From this we understand that, calcium  and oxygen combine in the ratio 5:2.   

Hence when 5g of calcium is burnt in 20g of oxygen,it will produce only 7g of calcium oxide.  

This is in accordance with law of constant proportions.

The formula of a solid is AB.

Potash Alum (K₂SO₄. Al₂(SO₄)₃.12H₂O) gets dissociated into ions in aqueous solution, hence coagulates blood and stops bleeding.

1. In macromolecular collides particles are of large enough size hence can form colloid easily. These are usually polymers.
On the other hand, in multimolecular colloids the smaller particles aggregated together to come in colloidal range e.g. sulphur sol, gold sol etc.

2. Peptisation: The process in which freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with suitable electrolyte in dispersion medium.
On the other hand, in coagulation colloidal system get precipitated out and get settled.

3. In electrophoresis particles of dispersed phase on passing electricity move toward electrode of opposite charge and causes coagulation.
When the process of dialysis that is, removing dissolved substance from a colloidal solution is carried out under applied electric field, it is known as electrodialysis.

As V_A – V_B = V_B – V_C magnitude of work done is same.

• P-Type material consists of silicon and a trivalent impurity. The number of protons and electrons are equal and there is no net charge 

• N-Type material consists of silicon and a Pentavalent impurity. The number of protons and electrons are equal and there is no net charge. 

Barrier Potential. 

• The electric field formed in the depletion region acts as a barrier. 

• External energy must be applied to get the electrons to move across the barrier of the electric field. 

• The potential difference required to move the electrons through the electric field is called the barrier potential. 

• Barrier potential of a PN junction depends on the type of semiconductor material, amount of doping and temperature.

• A PN junction forms when a piece of intrinsic silicon is doped half Ntype and half P-Type.

The correct option is (D) Helix.

The correct option is B) Mobility.

Mobility of the charge carrier is defined as the drift velocity of the charge carrier per unit electric field. It is denoted by m and is given as. The SI unit of m is m² V⁻¹ s ⁻¹.

The correct option is (C) Heavily doped n-side as well as p-side.

Both regions are heavily dopped.

Permanent Magnets:The magnets prepared from ferromagnetic materials which retain their magnetic properties for a long time are called permanent magnets. An efficient way to make a permanent magnet is to place a ferromagnetic rod in a solenoid and pass a current. The magnetic field of the solenoid magnetises the rod. 

The materials used for permanent magnet must have the following characteristic properties : 

(i) High retentivity so that the magnet may cause strong magnetic field. 

(ii) High coercivity so that the magnetisation is not wiped out by strong external fields, mechanical ill-treatment and temperature changes. The loss due to hysteresis is immaterial because the magnet in this case is never put to cyclic changes.

(d) All of these

(D) None of the statements is true.

(B) Two of the three statements are true. 

Due to high bond dissociation enthalpy of N≡N

Explanation:

Nitrogen molecule is N₂ where two nitrogen atoms are triply bonded,in other words presence of triple bond makes the nitrogen beand strong and less reactive whereas phosphorus is a P₄ molecule where each phosphorus molecule is singly bonded,weak and hence more reactive

(A) People use different modes of communication to convey the messages. T.V, Radio and Satellite communication are the part of mass communication. They play an important role in the mass communication. 

(B) It changed the socio-economic and cultural life of people as they get benefited:— 

(i) All India Radio broadcasts a variety of programmes related to information, education and entertainment. 

(ii) Special news bulletins are also broadcast at specific occasions like session of Parliament and State Legislatures. 

(iii) They are used for the purpose of advertisement of various products. They are used to create awareness on government policies and programmes. 

(iv) They are also used to create awareness about various diseases and their precautions. In this way they act as public health measures. 

(v) Weather forecasting information, important facts and figures reach to general public only through radio and TV

An ammeter has 10 divisions between 0 to 0.5A. So, 

I division = 0.5A/10 

17 divisions = 17/20 = 0.85A

An ammeter has 10 divisions between 0 to 0.5 A. So

1 division = 0.5 A/10

17 divisions = 17/0 = 0.85 A

Due to the presence of 2-electrons in the valence shell and similar chemical properties.

Content ---- 

Expression 

Cause of Matilda's ruin-- 

Her desire to look pretty 

Her poverty 

Her nature of borrowing 

Her carelessness at the ball room 

Her simplicity --not to know the cost before paying the money 

How to help her save herself from the ruin 

Ask her not to borrow jewellery 

Make her feel that she looked extremely beautiful in her dress. 

Giving my own jewellery 

Help her more money 

Ask her to find out the cost from her friend

The answer is  (B) Pseudoscientific

A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given ‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs is different at different times and in different countries. Each country uses an imaginary line that is considered appropriate for its existing level of development and its accepted minimum social norms. For example, a person not having a car in the USA may be considered poor. But, in India, owning of a car is still considered a luxury. While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement, etc. are determined for subsistence.

Some rights which are fundamental to our life are given a special sums in our Constitution, these are called Fundamental Rights.

Some features of Fundamental Rights are as follows:

(i) Fundamental Rights are the promotion and enhancement of Human Rights.

(ii) Fundamental Rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state action. But some rights are enforceable against individuals. For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits ‘begar’.

(iii) These rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions.

(iv) Fundamental Rights given in the Constitution are universal, justiciable and comprehensive. Universal means they are for all the citizens of India without any discrimination.

MNC may buy up local companies and then expand production.

The MNCs provide efficient managerial and advanced technology for faster production and efficient use of resources.

Large MNCs in developed countries place order for production with small producers.

They set up joint production units with local companies, they provide money for buying new machine for faster production.

For example; Coca-Cola is an MNC and it places order for production to many small companies like Superior Drinks.