Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) Yes. The local people are the real stakeholders.
(ii) Chipko movement has challenged the old belief that forests are meant only for timber. Gift of trees to us is soil, water, oxygen.

(iii) Environmental protection, motivation for tree plantation.

Sky wave — Sky wave propagation can be achieved by ionospheric reflection of radio waves back towards the earth, in the frequency range from few MHz up to 30 to 40MHz. Space wave — In this mode of propagation, radio wave travels in a straight line from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. 

(a) Sky wave propagation is restricted to frequency upto 40MHz, because the radio waves of frequencies more than 40MHz penetrates into the ionosphere. 

(b) Space wave propagation (LOS) is used in 

(i) Television broadcast 

(ii) Microwave link 

(iii) Satellite communication

CH₃CH₂ClCHCH₃

Two consequences of Lanthanoid Contraction:

(i) Radii of members of 3^rd transition series are very much similar to corresponding members of 2^nd series.

(ii) Very difficult to separate lanthanoids of 2^nd series elements from 3^rd series elements in pure state during extraction.

Lanthanoid contraction: The contraction in size from La (Lanthanum) to Lu (Lutetum) due to filling of electrons in 4f orbital which has poor shielding is known as lanthanoid contraction.

Due to presence of unpaired electrons in valence shell of transition metals and d-d transitions are responsible for colour of transition metals and their compounds.

(i) Photosynthesis It is a process by which green plants having chlorophyll synthesise simple sugar (glucose) from water and CO₂ using the energy of sunlight. The light energy is used in splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen (i.e. chemical energy).

(ii) Autotrophs Those organisms which can makp their own food from inorganic substances present in the environment are called autotrophs, e.g. green plants, autotrophic bacteria etc.

(iii) Chloroplasts Chlorophyll is the green pigment capable of trapping light energy, required for photosynthesis. This pigment is present in chloroplast present in the leaves.

(iv) Guard cells: Each stomatal pore is sorrounded by a pair of guard cells, that control their opening and closing by .the inflow and outflow of water.

(v) Heterotrophs: Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances and depend on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs, e.g. all animals, yeast etc.

(vi) Pepsin: It is a protein digesting enzyme secreted from gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach.

(i) Small intestine 

(ii) Pancreatic juice 

(iii) Liver 

(iv) Large intestine 

(v) HCl and Enzymes–pepsin, mucus.

Not as a result of his advancing age — once laid a trap to catch rabbits — early morning went to the forest — the trap was empty — decided to brush his teeth — took a small stick — tasted sour — something wrong —rinsed his mouth — spat it out — lost all teeth on the right side.

Detailed Answer : 

Once Mara went to the forest with his friend and laid there a trap to catch the rabbits. He was worried that somebody else would take away his catch. So he went into the forest before daybreak. The trap was empty. Since there was a stream flowing nearby, Mara decided to brush his teeth and wash his face before trekking back. He started brushing with a piece of plant, growing nearby. He felt sour taste in his mouth. So he took water from the stream, put it into his mouth, churned it around in his mouth and spat out. To his surprise, all his teeth, which had been touched by that plant, fell down.

(a) No, social reform movements were not fought by males only. This can be justified by citing the literary works of two women authors Tarabai Shinde and Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain. 

Stree Purush Tulana (or Comparison of Men and Women) was written by a Maharashtrian housewife, Tarabai Shinde, as a protest against the double standards of a male dominated society. A young Brahmin widow had been sentenced to death by the courts for killing her newborn baby because it was illegitimate, but no effort had been made to identify or punish the man who had fathered the baby. Stree Purush Tulana created quite a stir when it was published. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was born in a well-to-do Bengali Muslim family, and was lucky to have a husband who was very liberal in outlook and encouraged her education first in Urdu and later in Bengali and English. She was already a successful author in Urdu and Bengali when she wrote Sultana’s Dream to test her abilities in English. This remarkable short story is probably the earliest example of science fiction writing in India, and among the first by a woman author anywhere in the world. In her dream, Sultana visits a magical country where the gender roles are reversed. Men are confined to the home and observe ‘purdah’ while women are busy scientists vying with each other at inventing devices that will control the clouds and regulate rain, and machines that fly or ‘air-cars’. 

(b) All-India Muslim Ladies Conference (Anjuman-E-Khawatn-E-Islam)

Value points:

• Gandhiji stayed at Muzaffarpur where he met the lawyers and concluded that fighting through courts was not going to solve the problem of the poor sharecroppers of Champaran.
• He declared that the real relief for them was to be free from fear. With this intention, he arrived in Champaran and contacted the Secretary of the British Landlord’s association. The Secretary refused to provide him any information. 
• After this, Gandhiji met the Commissioner of the Tirhut division who served a notice on him to immediately leave Tirhut. Gandhiji accepted the notice by signing it and wrote on it that he would not obey the order. 
• He was even willing to court arrest for the cause of the peasants. 
• After four rounds of talks with the Governor, an official commission of inquiry was appointed in which Gandhiji was made the sole representative of the peasants.
• Through this commission Gandhiji succeeded in getting 25% of the compensation award for the poor sharecroppers from the British landowners.
• The peasants realised that they had rights and defenders. They learnt courage.

Polygyny is the practice of a man having several wives and Polyandry is the practice of a woman having several husbands.

(a) An aquarium is an artificial system which is also incomplete due to absence of producers, food chains and decomposers. There is no recycling and self-cleaning. However, a pond or a lake is a self-sustained, natural and complete ecosystem where there is perfect recycling of nutrients. 

(b) Due to the release of CFCs in the environment, the ozone layer is getting depleted at higher levels of the atmosphere.

Skin Cancer: exposure to UV rays from the sun can lead to increased risk for developing of several types of skin cancers. Malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common cancers caused by exposure to UV rays.

The leaf is boiled to remove its chlorophyll. Green colour of chlorophyll might hinder the reaction of starch with iodine.

The leaf is boiled to remove its chlorophyll. Green colour of chlorophyll might hinder the reaction of starch with iodine.

Inflated green pod is the dominant trait.

(a) The Gutenberg Press ‘Gutenberg’ press was the first printing press of Europe. It was invented by Johann Gutenberg of Strasbourg. He grew up in a large agricultural estate and had knowledge and experience in operating olive and wine presses. The olive press provided him the model for the printing press and he used moulds for casting metal types for letters of the alphabet. He invented the printing press around the year 1448.

(b) Erasmus’s Idea of the Printed Book Erasmus, the latin scholar, was not happy with printing of books because he was afraid that this would lead to circulation of books with rebellious ideas. He felt that although a few books may give useful information, the majority of books may be just useless or give stupid, scandalous of irreligious ideas which may lead to incitement of rebellion.

(c) The Vernacular Press Act It was passed in 1878 by the British government in India. This act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the Vernacular Press. If a Vernacular Paper published any seditious material, the paper was banned and its printing machinery was seized.

Rudyard Kipling.

A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences. For example, Germany and Sweden.

The main causes of water scarcity are:

Overuse of Water: Water overuse is a huge issue that a lot of people are dealing with. It may be overused on people, animals, land, or any other number of things. It may also be used for recreational activities without any care about the effects that it may have on the world around them.

Pollution of Water: Water pollution is a huge problem, especially when you’re looking at areas that don’t necessarily have a good sewage system. Pollution can be anything from oil, to carcasses, to chemicals, and to fecal matter. No matter what it is; it makes a lot of issues for the people who may need to use it.

Conflict: If there is conflict over an area of land, it may be difficult to access the water that is located there. In the worst case scenarios, people could end up dying if they try to access the water in these areas (due to violence). This can result in a variety of other issues, including pollution, which we discussed in the previous point.

It has great importance because it combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.

Rapid growth of population, uneven distribution of water resources and increase in demand of water.

‘Gobar Gas Plants’ are beneficial to the farmers in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.

Maharashtra state 

Tamil Nadu state

Human Resource Management.

Marginal cost = C'(x) = 0.015 x² -0.04x + 30

At x = 3, C'(3) = 30.015

Some of the important factors that affect the economic growth of a country:

(a) Human Resource:  Refers to one of the most important determinant of economic growth of a country. The quality and quantity of available human resource can directly affect the growth of an economy. 

The quality of human resource is dependent on its skills, creative abilities, training, and education. If the human resource of a country is well skilled and trained then the output would also be of high quality.

(b) Natural Resources:  Affect the economic growth of a country to a large extent. Natural resources involve resources that are produced by nature either on the land or beneath the land. The resources on land include plants, water resources and landscape.  

The resources beneath the land or underground resources include oil, natural gas, metals, non-metals, and minerals. The natural resources of a country depend on the climatic and environmental conditions. Countries having plenty of natural resources enjoy good growth than countries with small amount of natural resources.

(c) Capital Formation:  Involves land, building, machinery, power, transportation, and medium of communication. Producing and acquiring all these man made products is termed as capital formation. Capital formation increases the availability of capital per worker, which further increases capital/labor ratio. Consequently, the productivity of labor increases, which ultimately results in the increase in output and growth of the economy.

(d) Technological Development:  Refers to one of the important factors that affect the growth of an economy. Technology involves application of scientific methods and production techniques. In other words, technology can be defined as nature and type of technical instruments used by a certain amount of labor.

(e) Social and Political Factors:  Play a crucial role in economic growth of a country. Social factors involve customs, traditions, values and beliefs, which contribute to the growth of an economy to a considerable extent.

Money acts as a medium of exchange in the following ways :

(i) Overcomes the problem of double co-incidence of wants. For example, if a person needs wheat in exchange of tea, then he/she must search for a person who is ready to trade wheat for tea. Money made the need for such searches redundant.

(ii) Acts as a medium of deferred payment.

(iii) Has a store value

(1) In the given paragraph, following two major concepts related to government policy have been discussed : 

(a) Liberalization – Liberalisation means the extensive reduction in government regulations and making business enterprises free from direct or physical controls. Liberalisation includes the following: 

1. Abolishing licensing requirement in most of the industries except a short list. 

2. Freedom in deciding the scale of business activities i.e., no restrictions on expansion or contraction of business activities. 

3. Removal of restrictions on the movement of goods and services. 

4. Freedom in fixing the prices of goods and services. 

5. Reduction in tax rates and lifting of unnecessary controls over the economy. 

6. Simplifying procedures for imports and exports. 

7. Making it easier to attract foreign capital and technology to India. 

(b) Globalisation – Globalisation refers to the growing economic interdependence among countries. Globalisation ensures free movement of capital, technology, labour and manpower. 

Following are the features of globalisation : 

1. Liberalisation of import licensing. 

2. Rationalisation of tariff structure. 

3. Reforms in foreign exchange management. 

4. Reduction in custom duties. 

5. Lifting of restrictions on imports. 

2. Following are the impacts of liberalisation and globalisation on Indian business and industry : 

• Increasing competition – Asa result of changes in the rules of industrial licensing and entry of foreign firms, competition for Indian firms has increased especially in service industries like telecommunications, airlines, banking, insurance, etc. 

• Loss of budgetary support to public sector – As a result of changes in the government policy, there is a greater role for privatisation and lesser role for public sector. Consequently, budgetary support of the government for public sector has been declining over the years. 

• Professional management – Asa result of global outlook, work culture has improved in India. Management has become professionalised. Managers and workers have become more conscious about quality and cost.

a) The two major concept related to government policy discussed in the question are:

(i) Liberalisation: It refers to removal of controls and restrictions imposed by the government.

(ii) Globalisation: It refers to integration of economies to the world.

(b) Impact of change in policy of the government on business and industry:

(i) Increment in competition : As a results of changes in the rules of industrial licensing, entry of foreign firms have increased especially in service industries like telecommunications, airlines, banking, insurance, etc. which were reserved for PUS earlier sector.

(ii) More demanding customers: Customers today have become more demanding because they are well informed. Increasing competition in the market gives the customers wider choice in purchasing better quality of goods and services at cheaper rater.

(iii) Rapidly changing technological environment: Increasing competition forced the firm to develop new ways to survive and grow in the market. The rapidly changing technological environment creates tough challenges before smaller firms.

(iv) Necessity for change: In a regulated environment of pre-1991 era, firm could have relatively stable policies and practice. After 1991, the market forces have become turbulent as a result of which, the enterprise have to continuously modify their operations.

(v) Need for development of Human resource: Indian enterprises lacked availability of trained technical personal always inadequately trained personnel. New market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment.

(vi) Market Orientation: Earlier firms used to decide production not the demand of products. In a fast changing world, there is a shift of market orientation as the much as the firms have to study and analyze the market first and then produce goods accordingly.

(vii) Loss of Budgetary support to the Public Sector: The central government's budgetary supports for financing the public sector outlays has declined over the years. The public sector undertakings have realised that, in order to survive and grow, they will have to be more efficient and generate their own resources for survival.

(b) Impact of change in policy of the government on business and industry:

(i) Increase in competitions: As a results of changes in the rules of industrial licensing, entry of foreign firms have increased especially in service industries like telecommunications, airlines, banking, insurance, etc. Which were reserved for PSU earlier sector.

(ii) More Demanding Customers: Customers today have become more demanding because they are well informed. Increasing competitions in the market gives the customers wider choice in purchasing better quality of goods and services at cheaper rates.

(iii) Rapidly for Changing Technological Environment: Increasing competitions forced the firms to develop new ways to survive and grow in the market. The rapidly changing technological environment creates tough challenges before smaller firms.

(iv) Necessity for Change: In a regulated environment of pre-1991 era, the firms could have relatively stable policies and practice. After 1991, the market forces have become turbulent, as a result of which, the enterprise have to continuously modify their operations.

(v) Need for Development of Human Resource: Indian enterprises lacked availability of trained technical personnel always. New market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment.

(vi) Market Orientations: Earlier firms used to decide production not the demand of products. In a fast changing world, there is a shift of market orientation as much as the firms have to study and analyse the market first and then produce goods accordingly.

(vii) Loss of Budgetary Support to the Public Sector: The central government's budgetary support for financing the public sector outlays has declined over the years. The public sector undertakings have realised that, in order to survive and grow, they will have to be more efficient and generate their own resources for survival.

Steps in Controlling Process:

(a) Setting Performance standards: The first step in the controlling process is setting up of performance standards. Standards are the criteria against which actual performance would be measured. Thus, standards serve as benchmarks towards which an organisation strives to work. Standards can be set in both quantitative as well as qualitative terms. For instance, standards set in terms of cost to be incurred, revenue to be earned, product units to be produced and sold, time to be spent in performing a task, all represents quantitative standards. Sometime standards may also be set in qualitative terms. Improving goodwill and motivation level of employees are examples of qualitative standards.

(b) Measurement of Actual Performance: Once performance standards are set, the next step is measurement of actual performance. Performance should be measured in an objective and reliable manner. There are several techniques for measurement of performance. These include personal observation, sample checking, performance reports, etc. As far as possible, performance should be measured in the same units in which standards are set as this would make their comparison easier.

(c) Comparing Actual Performance with Standards: This step involves comparison of actual performance with the standard. Such comparison will reveal the deviation between actual and desired results. Comparison becomes easier when standards are set in quantitative terms. For instance, performance of a worker in terms of units produced in a week can be easily measured against the standard output for the week.

(d) Analyzing Deviations: Some deviation in performance can be expected in all activities. It is, therefore, important to determine the acceptable range of deviations. Also, deviations in key areas of business need to be attended more urgently as compared to deviations in certain insignificant areas. Critical points control and management by exception should be used by a manager in this regard.

(e) Taking Corrective Action: The final step in the controlling process is taking correctives action. No corrective action is required when the deviations are within acceptable limits. However, when the deviations go beyond the acceptable range, especially in the important areas, it demands immediate managerial attention so that deviations do not occur again and standards are accomplished.

(a) Delegation:

Delegation of authority refers to downward transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate. Its main elements are authority, responsibility and accountability.

(b) Importance of Delegation:

(i) Effective Management: By delegating routine work to subordinates the managers are able to get more time to concentrate on important matters and excel in new areas efficiently.

(ii) Employee Development: Delegation empowers the employees by providing them the chance to use their skills, gain experience and develop themselves for higher position.

(iii) Motivation of employees: Responsibility for work builds the self-esteem of an employee and improves confidence. He/She feels encouraged and tries to improve his/her performance further. 

(iv) Facilitation of growth: Trained and experienced employees are able to play significant roles in the launch of new projects by replicating the work ethos they have absorbed from existing units, in the newly set unit.

(v) Basis of management hierarchy: Delegation of authority establishes superior-subordinate relationships, which are the basis of managerial hierarchy.

(a) Directions that can be provided by the govt are:

(i) To remove the defect in goods or the deficiency in service.

(ii) To replace the defective product with a new one, free from any defect.

(iii) To refund the price paid for the product.

(iv) To pay a reasonable amount of compensations for any loss or injury suffered by the consumer due to negligence of the opposite party.

(v) To pry punitive damages in appropriate circumstances.

(vi) To discontinue the unfair/restrictive trade practice and not to repeat the same in future.

(vii) Not to offer hazardous goods for sale.

(viii) To withdraw hazardous goods from sale.

(ix) To cease manufacturing of hazardous goods.

(x) To pay any amount not less than 5% of the value of the defective goods to be credited to the Consumer Welfare Funds or any other organisations/person, to be utilized in the prescribed manner.

(xi) To issue corrective advertisement to neutralize the effect of misleading advertisement.

(b) Values:

(i) Cleanliness and hygiene.

(ii) Fulfilling social responsibility.

1. Following are the directions that might have been issued by the court: 

• Removal of defect from the service of pest control. 
• Refund of the price paid for the service.
• Compensation for any loss to inmates. 
• Payment of punitive damages. 
• To issue corrective advertisement in place of misleading advertisement. 
• Payment of cost. 

2. Following other than IYO can file complaint in the consumer court:

• Inmates of the old age home being the beneficiary of services. 
• Any registered consumers’ association.
• Government.

Correct answer is:- (B) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion:- 

-Poverty stricken family/ burdened by stigma of caste and

-Vicious circle created by sahukars, middlemen, policemen, keepers of law, bureaucrats (any two)

Detailed Answer :

“Listening to them, I see two different worlds…”, the author here is talking about two families, one caught in the web of poverty, burdened by the stigma of caste in which they were born and the other is the vicious circle of sahukars, the middleman, policemen, the keepers of law, the bureaucrats and the policemen. All of them together they have put the burden on Mukesh that he cannot keep aside. Before he is aware, he accepts it naturally like his father. For him to do anything else would mean to dare. 

On a spring evening, some years ago, while living in Mumbai, I decided to take in a musical where I heard Lakshya Kumar sing for the first time. I was enthralled. I believed I had discovered the next Kishore Kumar. Yet disappointed by the sparse audience, I decided to write an article to help promote him. Struggling to contain my excitement, the next day, I phoned the theatre where he was performing and unabashedly acted like a professional writer. “May I speak with Lakshya Kumar?” “Please, Just one moment”, replied the person at the other end. “Hello, this is Lakshya Kumar”, answered a deep voice at the other end. “Who is speaking?” My trembling hands dropped the receiver and I seemed to have lost my voice. I heard the phone being disconnected at the other end. What an end to my grand plans ?

Dr. Varun : The Andaman & Nicobar Islands are awesome! What is their history? I mean, how did they get their name?

Maiguru : Mythologically, the name Andaman was presumed to be derived from Hanuman. He was known to the Malays as ‘Handuman’. Since prehistoric times, these islands have been the home of aboriginal tribes.

Dr. Varun : What about the history of settlement in the islands?

Maiguru : The survived revolutionaries of 1858 were exiled to the Andamans. The second settlement was basically a penal settlement. It was followed by the settlement of convicts, Moplas, some criminal tribes and refugees.

Dr. Varun : What are the best places to visit during his trip?

Maiguru : Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park covers an area of 281.5 sq. kms of open sea, creeks and 15 islands. It offers a wonderful view of rare corals and under water marine life. ‘Chidiya Tapu’, 25 km. from Port Blair is famous for its lushgreen mangroves, birds, sylvan sands and beaches. Collinpur is a beautiful sandy beach with shallow waters. Madhuban is a superb trekking area famous for birds, animals, butterflies and elephants. Mt. Harriet is the highest peak in the South Andamans.

Dr. Varun : And what about the social life in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands?

Maiguru : People of all faiths and languages live in complete peace and harmony here. They speak Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Nicobari etc. This amazing racial and cultural mix is correctly described as Mini-India.

Student’s Council 

10th March, 20×× 

Greenland School, New Delhi 

The school is organising an excursion to Kullu, Manali and Rohtang Pass for the students of classes XI and XII during the Easter break. The duration of the excursion will be from 20th to 28th March. Those who wish to join must deposit Rs 5000 per head. It includes boarding, lodging, transport charges and entry tickets. An authority letter signed by the parents must be deposited to the undersigned latest by 5th of March.

R. Ram 

Secretary

(a) The order of increasing acidic strength is H₂O < H₂S<H₂ Se<H₂ Te

(b) The decreasing order of bond enthalpy is HF > HCl > HBr > HI.

1. H₂O < H₂S < H₂Se < H₂Te
2. BiH₃ < SbH₃ < AsH₃ < NH₃
3. I₂ < F₂ < Br₂ < Cl₂

Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules as compared to weaker dipole-dipole interactions in other molecules, alcohols have higher boiling point.

o-Nitrophenol is steam volatile reason being their is intramolecular hydrogen bonding in it as a result, intermolecular force will be weaker. On the other hand, p-nitrophenol possess intermolecular hydrogen bonding so it has high b.pt.

Ortho nitrophenol will be steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding as compared to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in para nitrophenol.

Negative charge is developed on the sol.

Sol is represented as AgI/I^-.

(i) Probability of getting a doublet when two

different dice are tossed. then

Total events n(S) = 6 x 5 = 36

Favourable events i.e., to getting doubtets

E =  {(1, 1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4),

(s,s), (6,6)

n(E) = 6

Probability of getting a  doubtets

n(E)  / n(s)  = 6 / 36 = 1 / 6

Probability of getting a doublets = 1/ 6

(ii) Favourable events of getting a sum 10, of the numbers on the two dice

E = {(4 , 6),(5,5),(6,4)}

n(E) = 3

Probability of getting a sum 10, of the numbers on the two dice  = n(E) /  n(S) 

= 3 / 36 = 1 / 12