Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(a) Religion teaches us to be honest in our dealings. 

(b) An honest man is respected and admired everywhere. or Everywhere an honest man is respected and admired. or An honest man is admired and respected everywhere. 

(c) He prospers and leads a happy life. or He leads a happy life and prospers. 

(d) Teachers are respected since the beginning of humanity.

Chair Conformations are the most accurate representations of how cyclohexane rings are actually oriented in space. They appropriately reflect the angles between the carbons in the ring and the positions of the groups on each carbon in the ring. However, chairs are commonly harder to draw and interpret for students of organic chemistry.

(i) 3

(ii) 5

According to the Manu Smriti, there were some duties of the chandals. 

1. The chandalas had to live outside the village. They used the discarded utensils and wore clothes of the dead. They also wore ornaments of iron. 

2. They could not walk about in village and cities at night. 

3. They had to dispose off the bodies of those who had no relatives. They served as the executioners.

4. They also performed polluting activities like handling corpses and dead animals. They were placed at the very bottom of the hierarchy.

(i) Hampi, the capital city of the Vijayanagra empire, was discovered by Colonel Colin Makenzie. 

(ii) Mackenzie was a well-known engineer, surveyor and a cartographer. He visited Hampi in 1800. He did a survey of Hampi. He collected most information from the priest of Virupaksha and the Pampa devi.

(iii) AS the first Surveyor General of India (1815 – 1821) he tried to understand the past of India in a better way. He surveyed historical sites so that their governance could be made easy and efficient. 

(iv) Mackezie’s efforts gave a new impetus to the future researchers As early as 1836 the epigraphist began to collect inscriptions from the Virupaksha temple.

(i) The male infidelity was not always punished by the state and superior caste groups intervened when it came to ensure that the family, was properly provided for.

(ii) In various cases when women petitioned to the panchayat, their names were excluded from the record. 

(iii) The petitioner was referred to as the mother, sister or wife of the male head of the family. The women were kept under strict control by the male member of the household and the community.

(iv) Wives made protests against the infidelity of their husbands or the male head of the household.

A person screams shrilly when something unexpected happens to him. Here, Max screamed shrilly when he dropped to the balcony, because actually there was no balcony at all; it was only a figment of Ausables imagination. Ausable had described it so vividly, including its history and use, that Max was convinced there was a balcony just outside the window and tried to jump onto it without looking. As the room was on the sixth floor, Max would certainly have been died by falling from such a height.

The Naxalites were the Marxist and Leninist agricultural workers of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and adjoining areas which organised massive agitation against economic injustice and inequality and demanded redistribution of land to cultivators. 

Conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite Movement in India: 

A peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal in 1967. This movement spread very fast to several states and was known as the Naxalite movement. A new party known as the CPI-ML was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. Presently, 83 districts across 10 states (as of July 2011) are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are backward areas inhabited by Adivasis. In these areas, the share croppers, undertenants and small cultivators are denied their basic rights with regard to security to tenure or their share in produce, payment of fair wages, etc. Forced labour, expropriation of resource by outsiders and exploitation by money lenders are also common in these areas. These conditions led to the growth of the Naxalite movement. 

Role in Indian Politics : 

1. Naxalite did not participate in the elections formally but these were actively associated with parties. Some of these parties such as CPI-ML participated in democratic politics. 

2. Naxalites ensured a better representation of demands of deprived social sections in party politics. 

3. These movements retained associations or relations along with the political parties either as an individual or as an organisations

The impact of imposition of National emergency (1975) on party system in India- 

a. After the end of National Emergency, the major opposition parties started coming together on the eve of elections and formed a new party known as the Janta Party. 

b. The people’s verdict of 1977 elections was decisively against the emergency the Congress lost elections and Janta Party came to power. During this period, the Congress(R) also underwent a major split resulting in the formation of Congress (I). Initially, it appeared that Indian political system is heading towards a ‘two party system’ as Janta Party was considered to be an alternative to the Congress. 

c. But this Janta party due to splits and coalition pressures could not complete its five years tenure. It got dissolved in 1980 resulting in the holding of a midterm elections. 

d. As a result of 1980 midterm elections, Congress came back to power at the center but several Non-Congress parties had formed the governments at the state level. The party system in India at this point of time became more diverse and competitive.

1. Due to absolute majority to party in power, leadership even dared to suspend democratic process. 

2. The Constitution makers presumed to be abide by laws and democratic orders. Hence, wide and open ended powers were given to the government during Emergency. 

3. A tension and differences arose between institution based democracy and democracy based on spontaneous popular participation. 

4. It was attributed to incapability of party system to incorporate aspirations of the people. 

5. For the first time, opposition parties came together to form a new party ‘Janata Party’ not to divide the non-Congress votes. 

6. 1977 elections brought an end to one party dominance and created coalition government.

Major Changes :

The fourth general election was held in 1967 for the first time without Nehru: 

1. The election verdict was not in favor of Congress and results jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels.

 2. Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s Cabinet were defeated including K. Kamaraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal, K.B. Sahay in Bihar. 

3. Defection played a major role in making or unmaking of government. The Congress did not lose the only majority in seven states but two other states also prevented it to form a government due to defections. 

4. In Madras (Tamil Nadu) a regional party came to power by securing a clear majority. This was the first time any non-Congress party had secured a majority of its own in any state. 

5. For the first time, any non-Congress party secured a majority in any state and in other eight states i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa (Odisha) and Kerala, different non-Congress parties formed the coalitions. 

6. These election results were called as a ‘Political Earthquake’. Hence, the domination to the Congress was over.

Dalit Panthers denotes to a militant organisation of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972 in Maharashtra. They resorted to mass action for an assertion of Dalit’s rights. 

They took several steps: 

1. These groups mainly fought against the perpetual caste-based inequalities and material injustices that Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice. 

2. They faced collective atrocities over minor symbolic issues of caste pride. 

3. Hence, they demanded effective implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice. Therefore, activities of Dalit Panthers were mostly centered around fighting increasing atrocities on Dalits in various parts of the state.

1. There are different views about the need to declare an emergency. The Indian Constitution simply described ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring Emergency. The government argued that in a democracy, the opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its policies. It felt that frequent recourse to agitations, protests and collective action are not good for democracy. This leads to instability and distracts the administration from its routine task of ensuring development. Some other parties like the CPI that continued to back the Congress during Emergency, also believed that there was an international conspiracy against the unity of India. 

2. On the other hand, the critics of the Emergency argued that ever since the freedom movement, Indian politics had a history of popular struggles. Jai Prakash Narayan and much other opposition leader felt that in a democracy people had the right to publicly protest against the government. The Gujarat and Bihar agitations peaceful. Those who were arrested were never tried for any anti-national activity. The threat was not to the unity and integrity of the country, but to the ruling party and to the Prime Minister herself. The critics say that Indira Gandhi misused the constitutional provision meant for saving the country to save her personal power. 

3. The government used powers given by the constitution and suspended the democratic functioning. It said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring law and order, restore government led by Indira Gandhi announced a twenty-point programme and declared its determination to implement this programme. In the initial months, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end. The poor and rural people also expected an effective implementation of the welfare programmes. Thus, different sections of society had different expectations from the Emergency.

4. Critics of Emergency indicated that most of these promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these were simply meant to divert attention from the excesses that were taking place. 

Therefore, the Emergency of 1975 brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India’s democracy. It brought out some ambiguities regarding the Emergency provision in the Constitution that have been rectified since. Also, the Emergency made everyone aware of the value of civil liberties.

For giving political power to Dalits. 

C. staying as far removed from the dominant power as possible

The Razakaras.

• Monocots: One cotyledon/ parallel venation/ fibrous roots, e.g. wheat, maize, rice.
• Dicots: Two cotyledons/ reticulate venation/ tap root, e.g. green gram, pea.

 Common adulterants in vegetable oils:- 

1. Mineral oil 

2. Argemone oil Anyone 

Health Hazards 

1. Gastro intestinal disturbance 

2. Interfere with absorption of fat soluble vitamin 

3. Affects vital organs 

Two rules to be followed:- 

1. Buy from reputed shops 

2. Read the label carefully 

3. Buy only packed and properly sealed food 

4. Check standard marks

Adulterant in besan- kesari dal 

Adulterant in mustard oil- argemone seeds

Ill effects of kesari dal

a.  Lathyrism

b.  Paralysis of lower limbs

c.  Pain in knee and ankle joints

Ill effects of argemone seeds: 

a.  Gestro intestinal disturbances 

b. Irregular fever

c.  Renal failure

d.  Swelling in feet and legs

e.  Blindness

Precautions to be taken while buying groceries are:

a.  buy from reputed shop

b.  buy packed and sealed spices

c.  check the standardized mark

d.  do not compromise on quality an d price

Adulteration: Addition or removal of harmful or vital substances from food is called Adulteration. 

i. Coriander powder – dirt, saw dust, sand

ii. Red chili powder – lead chromate 

iii. Black pepper – papaya seeds 

iv. Turmeric – Metanil yellow

Precautions to be followed while buying spices: 

i. Buy packed spices. 

ii. Try to buy whole spices. 

iii. It is powdered, check the standard mark. 

iv. Buy from reputed shop. 

v. Take bill

Four career options related to the field of cooking are:

a.  Can pursue graduation in Hotel Management

b.  Can hotel industry at entry level after doing certificate course in cooking

c.  Work in restaurants

d.  Cookery classes

e.  Selling of cooked products

Six important factors which she should follow while planning meal for this family are: 

1. Age of family members 

2. Meal pattern followed by family 

3. Number of family members 

4. Occupation and activity of family members 

5. Availability of food items 

6. Food habits of family 

7. Sex/Gender 

8. Climate condition 

9. Budget of family

Steps to be followed to file a complaint: 

1. Send a notice to opposite party by registered post. 

2. Fil in the prescribed form of complaint. 

3. State all the facts. 

4. Attach the bills along with court fee

5. Submit a notarized affidavit stating that the contents/facts are true. 

6. Submit the complaint and court fee in the district forum.

a. Case will be filled in District forum because the cost of the product is less than 20 lakhs. 

b. Relief can be given: 

1. Removal of defects from the phone. 

2. Replacement of mobile phone. 

3. Refund of price paid. 

4. Compensation for injury/loss suffered. 

5. Grant costs incurred.

Procedure: 

(i) Hershey and Chase grew some bacteriophages on a medium that contained radioactive phosphorus (³²P) and some in another medium with radioactive sulphur (³⁵S). 

(ii) Bacteriophages grown in the medium containing radioactive phosphorus (³²P) contained radioactive DNA.

(iii) Similarly bacteriophages grown in the medium containing radioactive sulphur (³⁵S) contained radioactive protein. 

(iv) Both the radioactive bacteriophage types were allowed to infect E. coli separately. 

(v) Soon after infection, the bacterial cells were gently agitated in blender to remove viral coats. 

(vi) The culture was also centrifuged to separate the bacteriophage particle from the bacterial cell. 

Observations and Conclusions: 

(i) Only radioactive ³²P was found to be associated with the bacterial cell, whereas radioactive ³⁵S was only found in surrounding medium and not in the bacterial cell. 

(ii) This indicates that only DNA and not protein coat entered the bacterial cell. 

(iii) This proves that DNA is the genetic material which is passed from virus to bacteria and not protein.

Analogous 
- Flippers of Penguins & Dolphins / Eye of octopus and mammals ( any other appropriate & correct example)
- Sweet potato ( root modification ) and potato ( stem modification )  They are anatomically dissimilar structure though they perform similar function , convergent evolution

(a) irreparable computers / any other electronic good
(b) Recycling is the only possible solution of e-waste management keeping in mind the safety measures to be adopted by the worker involved in the cycling of e- wastes , so as to avoid their exposure to the toxic substance present in the e- wastes 
(c) By exporting their e-waste to the developing countries / China / India / Pakistan

(a) • Infection - Radioactive phosphorus / phosphorus labelled bacteriophages were allowed to infect E.coli - growing in a culture medium,simultaneously radioactive sulphur / sulphur labelled bacteriophage was allowed to infect E.coli growing in another culture medium
• Blending- As infection proceeds- the viral coats are removed from the bacteria by agitating in a blender

• Centrifugation - virus particles were seperated from bacteria by spinning them in a centrifuge 
(b) Conclusion - DNA is the genetic material  Interpretation - sulphur labelled viral protein did not enter the bacteria during infection , whereas phosphorus labelled viral DNA entered into the bacteria to cause infection

(a) i) Ova from wife / donor and sperms from husband / donor are collected
ii) They are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions ( in the labortory )
iii) The zygote or early embryos upto 8 blastomeres could then be transferred to fallopian tube /ZIFT
iv) Embryos more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus / IUT/ Intra uterin transfer 
(b) Allows couples to bear children who were unable to do so naturally

a - b has polarity 3' - 5'

c - d has polarity 5' - 3'

After the entrance of the virus into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages, where RNA genome of the virus replicates and forms viral DNA by the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. 

The viral DNA gets incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce viruses. The macrophages continue to produce virus that enters the helper T-lymphocytes. Thus, the number of helper T-lymphocytes progressively decreases in the body of the infected person.

Macrophages or Helper T-cells.

A pollen grain is partly germinated microspore representing the male gametophyte. Each mature pollen grain in angiosperms has two cells, the generative cell and vegetative cell.60% of angiosperms have 2-celled stage Pollen grains. In the remaining species, the generative cell divides mitotically and give rise to two male gametes before pollen grains are shed (3-celled stage).

Small rounded unthickened areas on exine (outer layer of pollen grain) are called germ pores.

Colostrum provides Passive immunity to a newborn baby. 

The insertion of antibodies or antitoxins directly for quick immune responses e.g. in tetanus preformed antibodies are directly injected.

(a) Streptokinase, Streptococcus

(b) Curd contains Lactic Acid Bacteria, which play beneficial role in checking disease-causing microbes. It is a source of vitamin B₁₂.

Production Phase, Distribution Phase and Disposition Phase.

Income received without rendering any productive services is known as Transfer Income.

Income earned by factor of production by rendering their productive services in the production process is known as Factor Income.

These are those, which are used for:

1. Further processing (like sugar used for making sweets), or

2. Resale in the same year (If car purchased by a car dealer for resale).

(d) All of them

(a) Households

(i) Factories in Manchester started producing cotton textiles for the domestic market. 

(ii) The government put more import duties on the textile coming from India to encourage the local industries. As a result, the Indian weavers lost their overseas market. 

(iii) Eventually, the Manchester goods started flooding the Indian markets also and it became difficult for the Indian weavers to compete with the low cost Manchester cloth. 

(iv) The British Government in India also levied more taxes on the handloom units which made the Indian textiles costlier in Indian markets when compared to the Manchester textiles. 

(v) The Civil War in USA forced the British to buy more raw cotton from India for their Manchester textile industries. This created an acute shortage of raw material for the weavers and the Indian handloom industry collapsed.

(i) Factories in Manchester started producing cotton textiles for the domestic market.
(ii) The government put more import duties on the textile coming from India to encourage the local industries. As a result, the Indian weavers lost their overseas market.
(iii) Eventually, the Manchester goods started flooding the Indian markets also and it became difficult for the Indian weavers to compete with the low cost Manchester cloth.
(iv) The British Government in India also levied more taxes on the handloom units which made the Indian textiles costlier in Indian markets when compared to the Manchester textiles.
(v) The Civil War in USA forced the British to buy more raw cotton from India for their Manchester textile industries. This created an acute shortage of raw material for the weavers and the Indian handloom industry collapsed.

Merchants began moving to the countryside because the availability of raw material was cheap and even the labourers were also available for more production.

Merchants began to move countryside in 17th & 18th century – 

(i) Merchants could not expand production within towns. 

(ii) The trade guilds restricted the entry of new people into the trade in towns. 

(iii) Any other relevant point Any one point to be examined.

(i) The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health. 

(ii) Cities were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation. 

(iii) There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing. 

(iv) There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. 

(v) Worker's mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London’s poor from turning rebellious.

(i) Due to the expansion of world trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But trade and craft guilds were very powerful. 

(ii) They could create money problems for the merchants in their town. 

(iii) Rulers had granted different guilds and the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products. So merchants were handicapped in towns.

(iv) Guilds regulated competition and prices. 

(v) In the countryside, peasants and artisans were available for work.

The First World War was really the first modern industrial war. It involved the world’s leading industrial nations. These nations harnessed the vast powers of modern industry to inflict the greatest destruction on their enemies. Machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons were used on a massive scale. 

• Millions of soldiers recruited, from around the world, were moved to the front lines on large ships and trains. 
• The scale of death and destruction 9 million dead, 20 million injured was unthinkable before the industrial age, without the use of industrial arms.