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 i. Controlling can rectify the problem by setting standards for the leaders and subordinates, compare standards to actual performance, analyse deviations and take corrective action. 

ii. Importance of controlling are : 

a. Accomplishing organizational goals : 

• The controlling function measures the progress towards the organizational goals and brings to light the deviations, if any and indicates corrective action. 
• It, thus, guides the organization and keeps it on the right track so that organizational goals might be achieved.

b. Judging accuracy of standards : 

• A good control system enables management to verity whether the standards set are accurate and objective. 
• An efficient control system keeps a careful check on the changes taking place in the organization and in the environment and helps to review and revise the standards in light of such changes. 

c. Making efficient use of resources : 

• By exercising control, a manager seeks to reduce wastage and spoilage of resources. Each activity is performed in accordance with predetermined standards and norms. 
• Controlling ensures that resources are used in the most effective and efficient manner. 

d. improving employee motivation : 

• A good control system ensures that employee know well in advance what they are expected to do and what are the standards of performance on the basis of which they will appraised. 
• It thus motivates them and helps them to give better performance. 

1. In the given para, mobilisation of savings and channeling them into the most productive uses is the function of money market. 

2. The other functions performed by the money market are as under : 

• Price discovery – Money market includes both the suppliers and investors of funds. Money market helps in determining current market prices of various securities on the basis of demand and supply. 
• Liquidity – Money market provides ready market for the sale and purchase of financial assets. Financial assets can be converted into cash at any time.
• Lesser cost of transactions – Money market is a common platform where buyers and sellers enter into transactions. It helps to save time, effort and money of investors and lenders of funds.

(a) Allocative function

(b) The other functions of market are as follows:

(i) Mobilises savings and channelise them into most productive uses: Financial market provides the choice of different investment options to the savers. It helps the savers to invest or channelise their surplus funds into the most productive use.

(ii) Facilitates price discovery: In the financial market, households supply funds and business firms make demand. Price of various financial assets and securities is determined through their demand and supply.

(iii) Provides liquidity to financial assets: Financial market facilitates easy purchase and sale of financial assets. So, it provides liquidity to financial assets as it can be easily converted into cash when required.

(iv) Reducing the cost of transactions: Financial market provides a common platform where buyers and sellers can fulfill their individual needs. It provides valuable information about price, cost and availabilities. It reduces the cost of transactions as investors are not required to spend much on getting such information.

(a) It results in the displacement of large number of people living around that area. 

(b) It affects marine life of the river. 

The three types of problems that arise because of the construction of big dams are : 

(i) Environmental problems : Construction of dams across rivers leads to deforestation, which results in the loss of biodiversity. This disturbs the natural ecosystem. 

Solution : We should plant more and more trees. 

(ii) Social problems : Construction of dams involves the building of large reservoirs. In some cases, constructing a reservoir may result in the flooding of nearby towns and villages. A large number of people get displaced as a direct consequence of the construction of reservoirs. In such cases, the government has to rehabilitate the people living in these areas, which, in itself, is a huge task. 

Solution : The government should first relocate the people to a safer place where they can continue with their daily work. If, in case, the life of the people gets affected, the government should provide proper compensation to those people. 

(iii) Economic problems : Construction of dams requires a huge amount of monetary investments. 

Solution : Construction of dams can be profitable if they are used for the generation of electricity. 

A large number of pesticides and chemicals are used to protect our crops from pest and diseases. Some of these chemicals are washed down into the soil, while some enter into the water bodies. From the soil, they are absorbed by plants along with water and minerals and from water bodies, they are taken up by aquatic plants and animals. As these chemicals cannot decompose, they accumulate progressively at each trophic level. As the food chain proceeds, the concentration of pesticides also increases. This increase in the concentration of harmful chemical with each step of the food chain is called biomagnification. That is why food grains, vegetables, fruits and meat contain pesticide residue.

Solar cell is a device that converts solar energy into electricity. Since the output of a single solar cell is quite small, a large number of solar cells are combined using silver for the interconnection. This arrangement of solar cell is called solar panel. It can deliver enough electricity for practical use. 

Limitations : 

(i) Highly expensive and low efficiency 

(ii) Fabrication is a complex process. 

2 KWh = 1000 Wh = 1000 × 60 × 60 Ws = 3600000 J = 3.6 × 10⁶ J (Ws = J)

Bishop Brooks in Helen’s words, was one among many of the ‘men of genius’ with whom she had the pleasure of acquaintance. As a child, Helen used to love sitting on his knees and clasping the great hands in her own just as Miss Sullivan spelled out his beautiful words about God and the spiritual world. She would listen with the wondrous delight of a child, her spirit could not reach up to his but he would give her a real sense of joy in life. Once, when she had been puzzled by the existence of so many religions in the world, Bishop Brooks had told her that there was one universal religion, the religion of love, the love owed to their Heavenly Father with whole heart and soul and the love owed to every child of God, remembering that the possibilities of good were far greater than those of evil. Bishop Brooks’ life was an illustration of his philosophy, love and the widest knowledge blended with faith in his noble soul giving him an insight into life. Bishop Brooks had not taught Helen any special creed or dogma. He had impressed upon her the two great ideas of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, which she came to believe as the overarching truths of her life. Bishop Brooks had taught her the creed of love. 

To combine the two extreme positions, `fixed' and 'flexible', the following exchange rate arrangements are used by governments to bring stability in external accounts: 

i. Wider Bands: A system that allows adjustment in fixed exchange rate is referred to as wider bands. It permits only 10% variation between the currencies of any two countries. For example, a country can improve its balance of payments (BOP) deficit by depreciating its currency, which leads to increase in demand for domestic goods due to increase in purchasing power of other currencies. This further leads to the increase in exports, hence improving the BOP. 

ii. Crawling Peg: Crawling peg system allows continuous and regular adjustments in the exchange rate. Only 1% of variation is allowed at a time. 

iii. Managed floating: Managed floating is a scheme under which government can intervene to vary the exchange rate when the situation demands so. There is no specific limit of variation as in crawling peg and wider bands.

C = 100 + 0.75YD
I = 500
G = 750
X = 150
M = 100 + 0.2Y
Equilibrium income (Y) = C + c (Y - T) + I + G + X - M -mY
Or, Y = 100 + .75(Y - (20/100)Y)  + 500 +750 + 150 - 100 - 0.2Y

Or, 1400 + 75/100 x 4Y/5 - 0.2Y

Or, Y = 1400 + 3/5Y - 0.2Y

Y = 1400 + 2Y/5
Y -2Y/5 = 1400
Or, 3Y/5 =1400
Or, Y= 1400 x 5/3 = 7000/3
Government expenditure = 750
Government receipts (taxes) = 20/100 x 7000/3 = 1400/3 = 466.6

Since, government expenditure > government receipts

It shows the government is running budget deficit
NX = X - M – MY
=150 - 100 - 0.2 x 7000/3
=150 - 100 - 1400/3
= 150 - 100 - 466.66
= 150 - 566.66
= -416.66
Since NX is negative, it implies trade deficit.

C = 40 + 0.8YD
T = 50
I = 60
G = 40
X = 90
M = 50 + 0.05Y
(a) Equilibrium level of income

Y = C + c (Y - T) + I + G + X - M – mY
Y= A/(1 - c + m)
Where, A = C - cT + I + G + X – M
= (C - cT + I + G + X - M)/(1 - c + m)
= (40 - 0.8 x 50 + 60 + 40 + 90 - 50)/(1 - 0.8 + 0.05)
= (40-40+60+40+90-50)/0.25

= 140/0.25 = 140/25 x 100

= 560

(b) Net exports at equilibrium income
NX = X - M - mY

= 90 - 50 - 0.05 x 560

= 40 - 28 = 12

(c) When G increase from 40 to 50,

Equilibrium income (Y) =  (C - cT + I + G + X - M)/(1 - c + m)

= (40 - 0.8 x 50 + 60 + 50 + 90 - 50)/(1 - 0.8 + 0.05)

= (40-40+60+50+90-50)/0.25

= 150/0.25 = 150/25 x 100

= 600

Net export balance at equilibrium income
NX = X - (M + mY)
= 90-50-0.05x600
= 40 - 30 = 10

Price level in foreign country: (Japan) P_f = 3
Price level in home country: (India) P = 1.2

Now, real exchange rate = e(P_f/P)
Price of 1.25 yen = 1 rupee
Price of 1 yen = 1/1.25 = 100/125 = 4/5 rupee
Therefore, e = 4/5
So, real exchange rate = e(P_f/P) 
= 4/5 x 3/1.2
= 2
Therefore, the real exchange rate is 2.

(a) The Concept of Management which helped the Company to Diversify into many Areas and Branches Abroad is “Decentralization” . 

(b) Importance of Decentralization can be explain with the help of following points : 

• Developing Initiative among Subordinates : Passing of authority at middle and lower level shows the trust and faith of top level in their subordinates and this trust and faith motivate the employees working at different levels as they are allowed to take decisions without seeking the approval of superiors.
• Develop Managerial Talent for Future : In decentralization , Managers working at lower and middle level also learn the art of making decisions. They get the experience of performing activities of top executives and learn to manage the authority given to them. So decentralization process prepares the managers working at lower and middle level to perform the task of top level. So, whenever there is vacant job position at top level management, the managers working at lower or middle level can be promoted. This is how it level talent for future . 
• Quick Decision-making : In Decentralization process decision-making is not restricted in few hands only by decision-making power is entrusted to all the managers who are taking actions or performing the activities. This leads to faster decision because employees who have to perform the activities are allowed to take decision also.
• Relief to Top Level Management : In the process of Decentralization top level managers are not overburdened with the responsibilities and authority as they systematically pass the authority and responsibilities at different levels and they become free to concentrate on core and important issues .
• Facilitates Growth : Decentralization grants more autonomy or freedom to lower level. This helps the subordinates to do the work in the manner best suited for their department. When each department is doing to their best then productivity increases and it will generate more revenue which can be used for expansion.
• Better Control : In Decentralization employees working at different levels take their own decisions and they are personally accountable for their decisions, they cannot pass the blame to their superiors. With Decentralization better control can be exercised through Score Card, Management Information System etc. 

The following needs given as per Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory will not be satisfied by the two incentives- Basic pay and allowances (satisfies basic needs) & Retirement Benefits (satisfy safety and security needs) discussed above:

a. Affiliation /Belonging Needs: These needs refer to affection, sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship. 

b. Esteem Needs: These include factors such as self-respect, autonomy status, recognition and attention. 

c. Self Actualization Needs: It is the highest level of need in the hierarchy. It refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. 

Incentive of basic pay and allowances satisfy the basic needs or physiological needs. Retirement benefits satisfy the safety needs or security needs. Maslow has identified three other needs besides the above-mentioned two needs. 

Following are the needs:

1. Social needs – Social needs are also known as affiliation or belonging needs. Social needs include friendship, love, affection, attention and social acceptance. 

2. Esteem needs – Esteem needs are also known as egoneeds. Esteem needs include factors such as self-respect, autonomy status, attention and recognition.

3. Self actualisation needs – Self actualisation need is the highest level of need in the hierarchy of needs. Self actualisation need is the need “to be what one is capable of becoming” and includes need for optimal developmental of potential abilities, knowledge and skills, need to be creative and achieve self-fulfilment.

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Down’s syndrome 

Cause: Additional copy of chromosome number 21 or trisomy of chromosome 21. 

Symptoms: 

(i) Short statured with small round head. 

(ii) Partially open mouth with protruding furrowed tongue. 

(iii) Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease. 

(iv) Slow mental development.

Due to non-disjunction, 21st pair of chromosomes fail to separate during oogenesis. Therefore, the egg possesses 24 chromosomes instead of 23. When the egg fuses with a sperm, the zygote will have three copies of chromosome 21 causing trisomy.

Turner’s syndrome is a disorder caused by the absence of one of the X-chromosomes. Its karyotype will be 45 + XO. 

Symptoms: 

(i) Sterile females 

(ii) Rudimentary ovaries 

(iii) Lack of secondary sexual characters.

(a) klinefelter’s syndrome 

(b) Turner’s syndrome 

Klinefelter’s syndrome. The karyotype is 44 + XXY. Symptoms are: 

(i) Sex of the individual is masculine but possess feminine characters. 

(ii) Gynaecomastia, i.e, development of breasts. 

(iii) Poor beard growth and often sterile. 

(iv) Feminine pitched voice.

Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of a chromosome(s) ( aneuploidy) 

Autosomes:- 

Down’s Syndrome: The cause is the presence of an additional copy of the chromosome number 21 (trisomy of 21)

The affected individual is

• short statured with small round head, 

• furrowed tongue and partially open mouth

• Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease. 

• Physical, psychomotor and mental development is retarded

Sex chromosomes:- 

Klinefelter’s Syndrome : This is caused due to the presence of an additional copy of Xchromosome resulting into a karyotype of 47, XXY. 

Such an individual has overall masculine development 

• has overall masculine development 

• feminine development is also expressed by the development of breast/ Gynaecomastia). Such individuals are sterile.

The members of Rhodophyceae are commonly called red algae because of the predominance of the red pigment, r-phycoerythrin in their body.

(a) i.  point mutation/ single base substitution

ii.  point mutation/ single base deletion

(b)  i.  4 aminoacids

ii.   4 aminoacids 

(a)  Chemical evolution – First form of life originated from pre-existing non-living organic molecules. 

(b)   Amino acids 

(c)   H₂ 

In some species, the diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into the embryo without fertilization.

In many Citrus and Mango varieties some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrudes into the embryo sac and develops into the embryos. In such species each ovule contains many embryos. 

Zoospores are microscopic motile structures. These are special structures by which algae reproduce asexually.

Characterstic feature zoospores are motile, microscopic and thin-walled.

Function zoospores are asexual reproductive structures, which help in multiplication of algae.

The DNA dependent RNA polymerase helps in DNA replication by catalysing the polymerisation in only one direction, i.e., 5′→3′. In bacteria, the RNA polymerase has co-factors b, b′, a, a′, w and s which catalyse the process. 

Initiation: s (sigma) factor recognises the start signal and promotor region on DNA and the s (sigma) with RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and initiate transcription. 

Elongation: The RNA polymerase after initiation of RNA transcription loses the s-factor but continues the process of RNA formation. 

Termination: Once the RNA polymerase reaches the termination region of DNA, the RNA polymerase is separated from DNA–RNA hybrid, as a result nascent RNA separates. This process is called termination which is facilitated by certain termination factor ρ.

Commensalism.

(a) Statin - yeast Monoascus purpureus 

(b) Citric acid - fungus Aspergillus niger 

(c) Penicillin - fungus Penicillium notatum 

(d) Butyric acid - bacterium Closteridium butylicum.

(i) a : Denaturation process 

(ii) b : Primers 

(iii) c : Taq DNA polymerase. Taq polymerase is a thermostable enzyme which remains active during the high temperature induced denaturation of DNA.

Mycorrhizal association is found between fungi and the roots of higher plants. The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while plant in turn provides energy-yielding carbohydrates to fungi.

The Bt toxin protein exists as inactive prototoxins but once an insect ingests the inactive toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut which solubilise the crystals. Therefore, it does not kill the bacteria.

Our body adapts to low oxygen availability by increasing red blood cell production, decreasing the binding capacity of haemoglobin and by increasing breathing rate.

The characteristics of matter which can be demonstrated by diffusion and Brownian motion are

(i) matter is made up of tiny particles.

(ii) the particles of matter are constantly moving.

Work done = 10 Joule
Charge = 2 Coulomb
Potential of point A = V_A = 10J/2C
Given, work done = 20 Joule=5V
Charge = 2 Coulomb
Potential of point B = V_B =20J/2C=10V
Potential difference between two point A and B is
V = V_B – V_A
= 10V – 5V = 5V
Work done directly from A to B
Work done = Potential difference × charge
= 5V × 2C
= 10 Joule 

The correct option is (a) real.

•    When an object is placed at the principal focus of a concave mirror, it produces real, inverted, highly enlarged image at infinity.

Keshvananda Bharathi case gave the doctrine of ‘Basic Structure’ and limited the power of the legislature to amend the constitution.

(i) t_2g⁴e_g⁰

(ii) sp³d²

(iii) optical isomerism

Each monomer of nylon 6, 6 consists of six carbon each.

Osmosis: The phenomenon in which solvent molecules flow through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low concentration to a solution of higher concentration is termed as osmosis

Osmotic Pressure: The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the column of the solution which is just sufficient to prevent the osmosis is called osmotic pressure. Advantage of using osmotic pressure as compared to other collegative properties:
(i) The equilibrium is established very quickly. Hence, results are obtained in a very short time.
(ii) The concentration of the solution does not change during determination of osmotic pressure.
(iii) This is ideal method for proteins to find their molar mass since it happens at room temperature and no coagulation occurs.

(i) Sodium oxide, Na₂O

(ii) Copper (II) oxide, CuO

(iii) Carbonic acid, H₂CO₃

(iv) Copper (II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)₂

(v) Methane, CH₄

Champaran

Bihar.

Copper is more reactive than silver therefore, when a copper coin is kept immersed in silver nitrate solution, then :

(i) A shining white deposit of silver metal is formed on the copper coin.

(ii) The colour of solution changes to blue due to the formation of copper nitrate solution.

Reaction involved

Cu(s) + 2AgNO₃(aq) → Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2Ag(s)

The grey solid crystal of Ag metal are seen growing on the copper coin and solution turns blue in colour.

The non-metallic character of elements increases from left to right across a period. Thus, the decreasing order of non-metallic character is F > N > C > B. Again, the non-metallic character of elements decreases down a group. Thus, the decreasing order of non-metallic characters of C and Si are C > Si. However, Si is less non-metallic than B i.e., B > Si. Hence, the correct order of their non-metallic characters is F > N > C > B > Si.