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On the stems, new buds develop from the nodes. So, for vegetative reproduction of a plant through stem cutting it should have at least one node.

As internodal segments of the sugarcane do not have nodes, they fail to propagate vegetatively even when they are in contact with the damp soil.

It is possible by Artificial Hybridisation where pollen grain of one flower is introduced artificially on the stigma of another flower. But there should not be self-incompatibility. 

1. For this, in one flower emasculation l.e. removal of anthers is done and then flower is bagged. 

2. After some time, the bag is removed and then desired pollen grains are introduced on its stigma.

In orange, the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryo sac and develop into a number of embryos of different sizes.

The copper releasing IUDs release Cu ions which supress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms. 

The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

There are two sites in the large subunit of the ribosome, for subsequent amino acids to bind to and thus, be close enough to each other for the formation of a peptide bond. The ribosome also acts as a catalyst for the formation of peptide bond 23S rRNA in bacteria is a ribozyme. Amino acids become activated by binding with its aminoacyl–tRNA synthetase in the presence of ATP.

Amoebiasis (Amoebic Dysentery) 

→ It is caused by Entamoeba histolytica. 

→ Infection is through contaminated food and water. 

→ Its symptoms include :

(i) Abdominal pain and cramps. 

(ii) Stools with excess mucus and blood clots. 

(iii) Constipation alternating with diarrhoea. Houseflies act as mechanical carriers and transfer the parasite from the faeces of infected person articles and water.

(i) After an industrial activity starts, the urbanisation follows. 

(ii) Sometimes industries are located in or near the cities. 

(iii) Cities provide markets for manufactured goods. Cities provide various services like banking and insurance etc.

The above statement is justified because 

(i) Industrialisation cause a growth in available factory jobs. With this increase in jobs comes an increase in population. 

(ii) The people start moving towards cities for jobs and it gradually develop into urban centres. Sometimes industries are located in or near cities. 

(iii) Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc to the industry.

As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers. It is so because : 

(i) Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry. 

(ii) A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. 

(iii) This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. 

(iv) The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants. 

(v) Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version. 

(vi) Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form. In this way, print recorded old tales but also changed them.

There were a series of innovations in the printing technology in the 19th century:

(i) Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. He could print 8000 sheets per hour. His press was very useful for printing newspapers.

(ii) The late 19th century saw the development of offset press capable of printing six colours at a time.

(iii) Electrically-operated press in the early 20th century increased the rate of printing operations.

(iv) Methods of feeding paper improved, quality of plates became better, machines were fed automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of colour register were introduced.

• The Judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures.
• In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court make a decision.
• The Union and State governments have the power to raise resources by levying taxes in order to carry on the government and the responsibilities assigned to each of them.

(a) Woodblock print was invented around the sixth century in China. It came to Europe, along with Marco Polo, in 1295. Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China, and he brought the knowledge of woodblock print with him on his return.

(b) In 1517, Martin Luther, the religious reformer wrote ‘Ninety Five Theses’ critjcising many of the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church and pasted a printed copy of this on the church door in Wittenberg. Very soon, thousand of copies of Luther’s Theses were printed, spreading his ideas among people. Martin Luther was deeply moved by realising the power of printing, which brought about the Reformation Movement in Germany. Thus, he said, “Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one”.

(c) Print and popular literature encouraged many distinctive interpretations of religious faiths and ideas. In the 16th century, Menocchio, a miller in Italy, began to read books available readily in his locality. He gave a new interpretation of the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, Menocchio was hauled up twice and ultimately executed when the Roman Catholic Church began its inquisition to repress the heretical ideas.
After this, several control measures were imposed on publishers and book-sellers. In 1558, the Roman Church decided to maintain an Index of prohibited Books.

(d) Mahatma Gandhi said these words in 1922 during the Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22). According to him, without the liberty of speech, the liberty of press and freedom of association, no nation can even survive. If the country was to get free from foreign domination, then these liberties were quite important. If there is no liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association, then there is no nationalism. Nationalism requires these three prerequisites for its survival. That is why, he said so, particularly about these three freedoms. To Gandhiji, Swaraj meant to achieve freedom of press before anything else.

Kissa-goi is the traditional art of storytelling.

Gradual increase in demand than the rate of printing by the use of wood-block printing led to the demand of new technology.

Features of subsistence farming are as follows:

(a) It is practised by majority of the farmers in the country.

(b) It is characterised by small and scattered land holdings and use of primitive tools.

(c) The farmers do not use fertilisers and high yielding variety of seeds as they are poor.

(d) Electricity and irrigation facilities are not generally available to them which results in low productivity.

(e) Most of the food production is consumed by the farmers and their families.

(f) Where facilities like electricity and irrigation are available farming has improved.

(i) India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts - in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated. They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.

(ii) Printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara languages. The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though ‘ the English East India company began to import press from late 17th century.

Communalism is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interest at the cost of other communities. Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. 

Communalism involves thinking along the following lines:

• The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community.
• Their fundamental interests should be the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.
• Communalism also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community. If the followers of different religions have some commonalities, these are superficial and immaterial. Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict.
• Sometimes, communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them has to dominate the rest, or they have to form different nations.

Credit is useful because

1. Credit is a working capital which is required for production. The credit helps the farmers to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, and thereby increase his earnings. Credit therefore plays a vital and positive role in this situation.

2. The failure of crop may push the borrower into a situation from which recovery is very painful. In many cases farmers need to sell part of land to repay the loan.

3. Whether the credit would be useful or not depends on the risks in the situation and whether there is some support in case of loss.

Sustainable development is important for development because it results in

(i) protecting the people against pollution ensuring their quality of life and health.

(ii) conserving environment which is necessary for sustainable development.

(iii) raising the standard of living of the existing population.

(A) Kharif Cropping Season 

(B) 16°C – 27°C

(i) Controlling overuses and creating an awareness to provide sustainable development. 

(ii) Increased use of renewable resources. 

(iii) Less use of fossil fuels. 

(iv) Introduction of organic farming. 

(v) Adopting measures to reduce global warming

(i) A tenement is run-down and often over crowded apartment house especially in a poor section of large city.
(ii) In the 19th century, more and more people began crowding into American cities including thousands of newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life. The population got doubled every decade from 1800 to 1880 in New York city. This led to the division of single family dwellings into multiple living spaces to accommodate the growing population.
(iii) These narrow low-rise apartment buildings also known as tenements were too often cramped, poorly built and lacked indoor plumbing and proper ventilation.
(iv) A full two-third of the New York city population was living in the tenement in 1900.

Making people aware about renewable energy resources/use of rooftop solar panels/solar street lighting system/any other relevant point.

The national political party which espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities is the Indian National Congress.
Four features of this party are listed below :
(i) Founded in 1885.
(ii) Dominated Indian politics, both at the national and state levels, for several decades after India’s independence.
(iii) Ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined.
(iv) A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological orientation.

Definition of democracy shall be expanded by adding following features : 

(i) The government elected by the people must take all the decisions. 

(ii) Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers. 

(iii) The choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 

(iv) The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by the basic rules of the constitution and citizen’s rights.

Following efforts have to be made to use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner :
(i) Recycling of metals : We should recycle the metal or metal made products to prevent its scarcity. For example : Used steel blade should be sent for recycling, so that the steel can be used again for other purposes.
(ii) Improved technologies need to be evolved : Traditional technologies should be replaced with new and improved technologies, so that the wastages can be minimised.
(iii) Use of substitute or alternative resources : The resources which cannot be recycled or reused should be replaced with the recyclable resources. e.g. Use of green gas instead of coal for cooking purpose

Improved technologies/ Recycling of metals/ Using scrap metals and other substitutes / Any other relevant point.

The national political party, which espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities, is the Indian National Congress. 

Four features of this party are listed below : 

(i) Founded in 1885. 

(ii) Dominated Indian politics, both at the national and state levels, for several decades after India's independence. 

(iii) Ruling party at the center till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989. its support declined. 

(iv) A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological orientation.

Martin Luther King Junior was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. This movement was started in 1954 and lasted till 1968. 

Importance of Civil Rights Movement : 

(i) It was a reform movement with the aim to abolish legal racial discrimination against African Americans. 

(ii) It practised non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices 

Following efforts have to be made to use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner : 

(i) Recycling of metals : We should recycle the metal or metal-made products to prevent its scarcity. For example : Used steel blade should be sent for recycling, so that the steel can be used again for other purposes. 

(ii) Improved technologies need to be evolved : Traditional technologies should be replaced with new and improved technologies, so that the wastages can be minimised. 

(iii) Use of substitute or alternative resources : The resources which cannot be recycled or reused should be replaced with the recyclable resources. 

e.g. Use of green gas instead of coal for cooking purpose.

India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not about to perform to our full potential largely due to : 

(i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.  

(ii) Lower productivity of labour. 

(iii) Irregular supply of energy and 

(iv) Poor infrastructure.

India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential because of the following reasons: 

(i) Iron and steel industry is the basic industry. Since all other industries — heavy, medium and light depend on it for their machinery. 

(ii) But its high cost and limited availability of coking coal is one of the reasons for not performing to our full potential. 

(iii) Low productivity of labour as labour is lazy and unable to perform to its full potential. (iv) Irregular supply of energy is also responsible for low productivity.

When a consumer in the market place is forced to buy a product or sold for higher price or not returned if defective or sold defective product, he is supposed to be exploited. Consumer can be exploited in the following ways: 

(i) Deceptive Advertising: In some cases, the advertiser speak very highly of their product by giving exaggerated statements. Taking these advertisements to be true, the consumer is tempted to buy these goods. But on actual use, we find that he has been deceived. For example, An advertisement of washing powder claims that a spoonful of powder can wash a full bucket of clothes. On actual use, it was found that it could wash only one or two clothes; this advertisement was quite deceptive. 

(ii) Unreasonable Prices: Sometimes sellers charge a price higher than the maximum retail price (MRP). Traders create artificial scarcity of essential goods by hoarding them. Later, these goods are sold at higher prices, thus leading to consumer exploitation. 

(iii) Adulteration: Adulteration of goods are sometimes dangerous to life or hazardous to health. For example, mixing animal fat with ghee.

 (iv) Poor quality Products: There are large number of deaths and injuries on account of sub-standard and unsafe domestic products like pressure cookers, electrical gadgets, etc. 

(v) Deceptive Packing: Sometimes manufacturers use almost similar brand   name with minor changes in the spelling of a reputed brand, but the appearance of the wrapper is kept almost the same as to give the impression that the product is of reputed brand.  

(vi) Underweighted Supplier: Some manufacturers sell certain products in packings where actual quantity is less than the quantity written on these packages. For example, each LPG cylinder must contain 14.2kg of gas but sometimes underweighed cylinders are supplied to the consumers. 

(vii) Deficiency in Service: Due to this, consumers suffer a lot. For example, (i) undue delay by the courier service, (ii) wrong billing by electricity and telephone department, (iii) Undue delay in settling insurance accident claims. 

(viii) Negligence in Service: In newspapers, some cases of negligence in service are reported. For example, (i) By an oversight, the wrong leg of a patient was amputated by a surgeon. (ii) About 2 dozen persons were operated in a hospital and they lost their eye sight as a result of infection that spread in the operation theatre.

The liberal nationalists belonged to the educated middle class elite among whom were the professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.

Following are the main reasons responsible for the situation when rules and regulations are formed for consumer protection but they are not followed: 

(i) Ignorant Consumers: Illiteracy in a country is highly responsible for ignorance of consumers. Even the literate consumers do not bother about the price, quality, quantity, durability or composition of the product, so it is easy for shopkeepers to breach the uncovered rules and regulations. 

(ii) Limited Supply: If artificial scarcity is created for a particular good, the demand automatically increases, thereby prices rise and hoarding begin. 

(iii) Red-tapism: Dishonest shopkeepers break rules and regulations and develop good relations with government officials put on duty, therefore it doesn’t help consumer anyways. 

(iv) Limited Competition: If production of a particular good is in few hands, they restrict the supply of product and manipulate its price. 

(v) Dishonest Government Officials: Law implementing officials themselves are corrupt and dishonest as they support the dishonest traders and shopkeepers by taking bribe from them.

(i) It is true that consumer movement can be effective only with the consumer’s active involvement. 

(ii) Consumers are the kings in the market place, therefore they should exercise their Consumer Rights. 

(iii) Whenever a consumer buys any product or services, he must be careful before buying, so that he may not be befooled by the producers and shopkeepers. 

(iv) Consumer should exercise his rights and duties diligently. He should insist on buying a standardized product looking at his own safety. 

(v) If consumer is conscious or aware, he should convey this message to others so that this consumer movement may be made more effective.

There are many problems a consumer faces in the process of redressal: (i) The consumer cases require time for filing and attending to the court’s proceedings.

(ii) Many a time, consumers are required to engage lawyers, as cases are increasing and comparatively number of courts are less, so it becomes cumbersome and time consuming. 

(iii) In most purchases, cash memos are not issued, hence lack of evidence stretches the case all the more and evidence is not easy to gather. 

(iv) Moreover, most purchases in market are small retail sales.

When the soap molecules come in contact with water, the non-ionic part of a soap molecule attaches itself to the dirt on the fabric because the dirt is miscible in it. The ionic part remains in the water. The dirt is removed when clothes are rinsed many times with soap in clean water.

When a detergent is added to water, the detergent molecules increase the surface tension of the water and penetrate in between the dirt and the fabric, where water alone cannot enter. The scrubbing action helps in moving the detergent deeper inside the fabric and makes the dirt float on the solution. The dirt hangs on the tail of the detergent molecule and is removed by movement of water particles during rinsing.

(a) Zollverein was a custom union, formed in 1834 at the inititives of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.

(b) The aim of zollverein was to bind the Germans economically into a nation. The Union abolished the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to only two.

It helped to awaken and raise national sentiment through a fusion of individual and provincial interests. The German people realised that a free economic system was the only means to engender national feeling.

Crystallization is the better method of separating the mixture than evaporation. This is because, on evaporation, some of the solid particles in mixture get decomposed leaving behind impurities whereas, in crystallization, pure crystals of solids are obtained.

Radius of circle = 2 cm and side of aluminium square sheet = 6 cm According to question,

Area of aluminium sheet left = Total area of aluminium sheet – Area of circle

= side x side -  πr ²

= 6 x 6 – 22/7 x 2 x 2

= 36 – 12.56

= 23.44 cm²

Therefore, the area of aluminium sheet left is 23.44 cm^2.

Capital account, as it increases liability of the country.

It is not a regular payment, it is paid in lump sum amount.

Balance of trade refers to difference between the amounts of exports and imports of visible items (goods).

Managed floating exchange rate: is a mixture of a flexible exchange rate and a fixed exchange. It refers to a system in which foreign exchange rate is determined by the market forces of demand and supply.

1. Managed floating exchange, rate is a mixture of a flexible exchange rate (the float part) and a fixed exchange rate (the Managed part). 

2. In other words, it refers to a system in which foreign exchange is determined by free market forces (demand and supply forces), which can be influenced by the invention of the central bank in foreign exchange market. 

3. Under this system, also called Dirty floating, central banks intervene to buy or sell foreign currencies in an attempt to stabilise exchange rate movements in case of extreme appreciation or depreciation.

Role of Heat : It helps in denaturation process in PCR. The ds DNA are heated in this process at very high temperature (95°C) so that both the strands separate. 

Role of primers : Primers are chemically synthesised small oligonucleotides of about 10-18 nucleotides that are complementary to a region of template DNA and helps in the extension of new chain. 

Role of Bacterium Thermus aquaticus : From this bacterium, a thermostable Taq DNA polymerase is isolated which can tolerate high temperatures and forms new strand.

NaCl is a salt of strong acid (HCl) and a strong base (NaOH). Therefore, its solution is neutral with
pH = 7
CuSO₄ is a salt of strong acid (H₂SO₄) and weak base [CU(OH)₂]. Therefore, its solution is acidic with pH < 7.
Na₂CO₃ is a salt of strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H₂CO₃). Therefore, its solution is basic with pH > 7.

1. Cerium (Ce)
2. Europium (Eu)
3. Europium (Eu)

(a) what exactly was his problem. 

(b) he was suffering from sleeplessness 

(c) he should go for a walk after dinner everyday. 

(d) that he must read a good book which generates energy and soothes us to sleep.

 (d)  cell-mediated immune response