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Advantage: Since there is a single common data path connecting all the nodes, the bus topology uses a very short cable length which considerably reduces the installation cost.

Disadvantage: Fault detection and isolation is difficult. This is because control of the network is not centralized in any particular node. If a node is faulty on the bus, detection of fault may have to be performed at many points on the network. The faulty node has then to be rectified at that connection point.

(i) VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

(ii) IRC(Internet Relay Chat)

(b) vector r = (-i + 3j + 5k) + λ(2i + 3j) 

Correct option is (a) 0.

(b) p = 3, q = 27/2

The Total Revenue earned by selling 20 units is Rs 700. Marginal Revenue earned by selling 21st Unit is Rs 70. The value of Total Revenue earned by selling total 21 units will be Rs 770.

(c) Perfectly Inelastic Supply

Straight Line.

(i) Demand of the good X will increases, hence demand curve of good X shifts towards right. 

(ii) Demand of Good X may decrease as people may be inclined to consume less due to media reports of harmful effect of the good X, as a result, demand curve may shift towards left. 

(iii)When income of consumer increases the disposable income increases and consumer is in a better position of spending more on the good X. Hence consumer may consume more of the commodity due to which the demand for the good increases and demand curve shifts away from origin.

(d) All of them 

(d) All of them 

(d) All of them

1. Chromatography
2. Different colours get separated due to different rates of rising as a result of different rates of adsorption by the solvent.
3. Awareness, caring attitude for the family, skillful person.

• Layers are the birds reared for egg production.
• Limestone is added in their diet to form the strong shell of eggs.
• Another dietary requirement – Proteins and roughage.

Collision between trucks will be more damaging.
This is because more is the mass more is the inertia and therefore more is the momentum. Mass of the trucks is more than that of cars so collision of trucks will cause more damage.

1. Backwards or opposite to the direction of motion.
2. Downwards the earth’s surface.
3. Towards the centre of the circular path along which the body is moving.

Because each shell has its own fixed energy.

When a body travels equal distance in equal intervals of time, its motion is called uniform motion.
If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object is said to be uniform and motion is said to be uniformly accelerated motion.
Equations: v = u + at and v² = u² + 2as

1. Thallophyta, because plants in this division have the simplest body design.
2. Any two differences

Tuberculosis

There is development of immunity against small pox with formation of memory cells.
Memory cells attack more vigorously and quickly if the microbe enters the body second time.

(C) CaO & CO₂

Explain the Poverty cycle taking into account the following points 

a. Low income and resources 

b. Low health and nutrition 

c. Lack of education and skills 

d. Low employment opportunities 

e. Low motivation 

(a) speed of the particle 

* NaHCO₃ (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate/ Sodium Bicarbonate)

* NaCl + H₂O + CO2 + NH₃ -----> NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃ 

Uses: 

(a) For making baking powder 

(b) As ingredient of antacid. 

(c) Soda-acid fire extinguishers.

The salt is Baking Soda i.e., Sodium bi carbonate.

Na₂CO₃+CO₂+H₂O→2NaHCO₃  

Uses of Baking Soda

(i) It is used as an antacid as it reduces the acidity in the stomach.

(ii)Due to the formation of soapy foam, it is used in fire extinguishers

(i) B'coz Alcohol forms H-bond with water.

(ii) o^-Nitrophenol is strong acid due to presence of e withdrawing group –NO₂ with benzene ring

(1) Tetrafluorethene- Teflon is used as a material resistant to heat & chemical attack.It is also used for making gaskets, pump packings, valves, oil seals,non lubricated bearings.

(2) Phenol and formaldehyde- Bakelite is used for making glue for binding laminated wooden planks & in varnishes,combs, fountain pens, electrical switches.

(3) Vinly chloride- PVC is used in the manufacture of rain coats,curtain cloths, hand bags, toys, artificial flooring,gramophone records & as a good insulating material in wires & other electrical goods.

(4) Adipoyl chloride and Hexamethylene diamine- Nylon 6, 6 is used in the Swimwear, sportswear, cords for parachute ,undergarments and many more where high stretch and high strenth reqired.

(5) 1, 3 Butadiene and styrene- It is used widely in pneumatic tires in shoe heels and soles, gaskets and even chewing gum. It is also used in building applications, as a sealing and binding agent behind renders as an alternative to PVA.

Correct Option  (b) E_max = hc/λ -ϕ₀

To convert a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter, a very high resistance known as ‘series resistance’ is connected in series with the galvanometer.

From Snell's law n = sini/sinr = c/v

For given i,v ∝ sinr; r is minimum in medium A, so velocity of light is minimum in medium A.

Fuse being a wire of low melting point, it melts when a large current flows due to short-circuiting or overloading.

Earthing of appliance: Earth wire is connected to a plate deep in the earth. If there is leakage of current, it goes to earth.

Longitudinal waves : A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrates along the direction of propagation of wave is called a Longitudinal wave. For example, sound waves. 

Transverse waves : A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrates in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave. For example, light waves.

Free Oscillations : The oscillations of a body when it oscillates with its own frequency are called free oscillations.

Forced Oscillations : When a body is subjected to periodic force, it oscillates with the frequency of the periodic force. Such oscillations are called forced oscillation.

Selectivity of the catalyst.

Shows metal deficiency defect / It is a mixture of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺/Some Fe²⁺ ions are replaced by Fe³⁺ / Some of the ferrous ions get oxidised to ferric ions.

(1)  CH₃CHO is more reactive than CH3COCH₃ due to smaller +I effect of one methyl group. CH₃CHO is less hindered than CH₃COCH₃ towards (Nu^–).

Therefore, nucleophilic addition reactions occur more in CH₃CHO.

(2) Carboxylic acids are acidic because of resonance stabilisation of carboxylate anion while phenols are acidic due to resonance stabilisation of phenoxide ion. Carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols because the negative charge in carboxylate ion is more spread out than phenoxide ion as there are two electronegative O-atoms in carboxylate anion in comparison to phenoxide ion.

(a) When a liquid crystallizes into a solid, the molecules attain an ordered state and hence, entropy decreases. 

(b) At 0K, the constituent particles are static and entropy is minimum. If temperature is raised to 115K, these begin to move and oscillate about their equilibrium positions in the lattice and system becomes more disordered, hence entropy increases.

(c) 2NaHCO₃(s) → Na₂CO₃(s) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O(g)

In this reaction, the reactant, NaHCO₃ is a solid and it has low entropy. Among products, there are one solid and two gases. So, the products represent a condition of higher entropy.

(d) H₂(g) → 2H(g)

Here, one molecule of hydrogen gives two hydrogen atoms i.e. the number of particles increases leading to more disordered state. Two moles of H-atoms have higher entropy than one mole of dihydrogen molecule.

(e) When a liquid changes into gas, the molecules attain a disordered state and so, entropy increases.

Since for addition of one Sr²⁺ ion two Na⁺ ion need to be displaced i.e. one vacancy will be created for each Sr²⁺ ion.
Concentration of cation vacancies = Concentration of Sr²⁺ ion = 6.022 × 10²³ × \(\frac { { 10 }^{ -3 } }{ 100 } \) ions/mole of NaCl
= 6.022 × 10¹⁸ ions/mole of NaCl
Hence concentration of cation vacancies is 6.022 × 10¹⁸ vacancies/mole of NaCl

1. Ferromagnetism : The molecular domains of ferromagnetic substances get aligned in the same direction under the influence of electric or magnetic field permanently. The property exhibited by such substances is known as ferromagnetism. Such substances can be made into permanent magnet, e.g. Fe, Ni, Co, CrO₂ etc.
2. Paramagnetism : Paramagnetic substances are weakly attracted towards the magnetic field and the properties of paramagnetism is due to the presence of unpaired electrons. It behaves as magnet only in magnetic field, e.g. O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ etc.
3. Antiferromagnetism : The molecular domains of such substances get aligned in parallel are antiparallel direction in equal number, hence such substances cannot be magnetised and are neutral towards the magnet, e.g. MnO, Fe₂O₃, FeO etc.

ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a, then length of one of its altitude is √3 a. 

Length of altitude of an equilateral triangle = \(\frac{\sqrt3}{2} \times side\)

= \(\frac{\sqrt3}{2} \times 2a\)

= √3 a

Collusive oligopoly is a form of market in which few firms form a mutual agreement to avoid competition. They form a cartel and fix the output quotas and the market price. Leading firm in the market is accepted by the cartel as a price leader. All the firms in the cartel accept the price as fixed by the price leader. 

Non-collusive oligopoly is a form of market in which few firms. Each firm has its price and output policy is independent of the rival firms in the market. The entire firms enable to increase its market share through competition in the market.

Correct Option (c) 60°

Let food P consist x kg and food Q consist y kg in mixture. 

Objective function is minimise cost Z = 60x + 80y 

Subject to constraints are 

3x + 4y ≥ 8 

5x + 2y ≥ 11 

x, y ≥ 0

x + ∆x = 3.01, x = 3 

∆x = 0.01 

f(x + ∆x) = f(x) + f'(x) ∆x 

f(3.01) = f(3) + f'(3) (0.01) = 46 + 23 (0.01) = 46.23

Alluvial soil is the main and important soil that spreads across the river plains. They are formed by deposition of materials or sediments (alluvium) brought in down by rivers that consist of silt, sand, clay, etc.

Capital budgeting decision involves allocation of funds to different projects or assets with long term implications. 

• Goa was under Portuguese along with Daman and Diu since 16th century. 

• We expected freedom in 1947 but Portugal refused to withdraw but the people of Goa wanted to merge with motherland. 

• People of Goa suppressed from religious conversions and civil rights known as ‘Goa Problem’. 

• In 1961, within two days Goa, Daman and Diu were liberated from Portugal rule under ‘Operation Vijay’ by Government of India. 

• Goa became part of India and in 1987, it attained the status of‘State Position’.